Buffalo Wallows Research Articles

TINGKAH LAKU KERBAU LUMPUR (BEHAVIOR) YANG DIPELIHARA SECARA EKSTENSIF DI PADANG SABANA DORO NCANGA KAWASAN TAMBORA KABUPATEN DOMPU NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is one of the large ruminants that havesignificant contribution in the development of national livestock. Buffalohas its own advantages to be developed because it can survive withlow-quality feed, tolerant of tropical parasites and their presence has beenintegrated with the life of farmers in the countryside. In Dompu Regency, the buffalo populationmostly concentrated in the Doro Ncanga savanna in the Tambora area. InIn this field, buffaloes are generally kept extensively and their presence is much moreearlier than cattle.The purpose of this study was to determine the eating behavior and wallowing behaviorin the Doro Ncanga savanna, Dompu Regency, NTB. The research results are shownin Figure 4.2, namely eating activities and kissing, grabbing, chewing,and swallow food. Wallowing activity at two locations at Hodo and Mada Oi . springsRao is shown in (Figures 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5). In the morning starting at 07:30 -08:35 WITA a herd of buffalo departs hand in hand to the puddle and in the afternoonaround 17:00 - 18:30 pm climb back up to the slopes of the mountains or hills inMount Tambora area. Doro Ncanga's buffalo wallow time at both locationsit is different. The herd of mud buffalo heading towards Mada Oi Rao (Figure 4.6) beginswallowing at 09:30 to 15:00 local time, while in the Mada Oi Hodo puddle (Picture 4.7)start to wallow at 09:00 - 15:30 pm, and there is no time difference between the twothe puddle. In the afternoon at the two puddles (Hodo and Mada Oi Rao) respectivelybuffalo will go up to the hill at 17:00 - 18:30 pm to rest andgraze on (Figure 4.8). In the evening until the morning from 18:00 to06:00 in the morning the buffalo resting or chewing is shown (Figure 4.9).

Billy and Olive Dixon: The Plainsman and His Lady by Bill O’Neal

Reviewed by: Billy and Olive Dixon: The Plainsman and His Lady by Bill O’Neal Chuck Parsons Billy and Olive Dixon: The Plainsman and His Lady. By Bill O’Neal. (Fort Worth: Eakin Press, 2019. Pp. 259. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.) The names of Billy and Olive Dixon are household words in the Texas Panhandle, just as they should be. At the Battle of Adobe Walls in 1874 Dixon made a remarkable shot with his Sharps “Big Fifty” rifle, shooting a Comanche nearly three-quarters of a mile away. Dixon later claimed it was a “scratch shot” made with a borrowed Sharps, not with his regular weapon. Certainly an element of luck played into it, but two months later Dixon and other hunters were trapped in a buffalo wallow, surrounded by Comanche, again fighting for their lives. Dixon’s actions in this latter engagement earned him the Medal of Honor. The book is written from reliable sources. Dixon himself composed his autobiography; Olive Dixon wrote many articles and other materials that provided additional information about him and his contemporaries. In addition, John L. McCarty wrote a biography of Olive entitled Adobe Walls Bride (Naylor, 1955). Much of the other material O’Neal used is housed in the Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum in Canyon, a valuable resource for any historian dealing with Texas and the American Southwest. A lesser historian would have found these materials sufficient, but O’Neal, a modern historianus herbidus (202), visited the ground where his subjects walked. He not only spent a day at Adobe Walls battleground but also visited most of the museums in the Panhandle counties, and he also created many of the illustrations in Billy and Olive Dixon. Billy Dixon himself may have felt most comfortable on the buffalo range. That he ever married is probably due to Olive King’s influence, because Billy was shy when meeting a woman. He would have remained a [End Page 473] bachelor if not for the “adventurous young schoolmarm” (1) who had left Virginia to visit her cowboy brother in the Panhandle. She fell in love with the land, and when her brother’s sod house became crowded due to her newborn nephew, she contemplated returning to Virginia. Fortunately for history she obtained a teaching position in a school south of the Canadian River. Billy Dixon lived five miles away and the two met in late 1893 through one of Olive’s friends. They were married in late 1894; he was forty-five, she was twenty-one. O’Neal’s dual biography is the first solid work on Dixon in more than fifty years. It is as much a biography of the buffalo hunter as a study of how two people lived on one of the last North American frontiers. As Billy Dixon started to suffer from his years outdoors in severe weather, the couple began to work on his autobiography. After his death in 1913, she continued the work and eventually had manuscripts all over the house. Olive Dixon collected interviews with old-timers and provided much valuable material to the fledgling museum in Canyon, today the Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum. Readers will appreciate not only Billy and Olive Dixon as a fine love story, but also as background for the founding and growth of the Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum, which continues to offer assistance to historians. Chuck Parsons Luling, Texas Copyright © 2020 The Texas State Historical Association

PENYEBARAN KASUS DAN HABITAT PERKEMBANGBIAKAN VEKTOR MALARIA DI KABUPATEN SUMBA TIMUR PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

East Sumba is a district in Sumba Island with high endemicity of malaria. The environment condition and geographical location can support the spread of malaria infection. This is a cross-sectional design research. The result shows that the spreading of malaria case is in 0 to 1000 meters from human settlements and spread evenly in remote villages. Breeding habitat are buffalo footprints, puddles, rice fields, rivers, buffalo wallows, gutters and trenches. With pH of water around 7 until 9 and the highest salt concentration is 1 ppm. It’s breeding habitat is more in the turbid water and exposed by sunlight directy. Types of water biota which is exist on the breeding habitat are alga, moss, grass, paddy, Aplocheilus panchax, Oreochromis sp. and water hyacinth. As the conclusion, malaria case spreads indigenously and the area is very potential for Anopheles spp. to breed.

The Company They Keep

Page 18 American Book Review The Company They Keep Jeanetta Calhoun Mish of constructing an anthology for use as a textbook in a course on Native literature or as one of several texts in a women’s literature course by choosing “depth over breadth,” including several stories by each of the fifteen writers, and by severing stories from novels so the instructor could squeeze them into an undergraduate course which could not possibly discharge Almanac of the Dead (1992) during a single semester. The weaknesses of the anthology are directly related to the compromises necessary to achieve the form of an undergraduate textbook. Several of the stories are frustratingly truncated and do not accurately represent their author’s storytelling abilities. The informational and definitional footnotes to the stories are vaguely irritating and repetitious. Also, if a regular reader of NativeAmerican literature opens this collection hoping for new stories from his or her favorite authors, he or she will be disappointed; with the exception of one story each by Paula Gunn Allen, Kimberly M. Blaeser, and Patricia Riley, all the works by established Native women writers are reprints or excerpts. The anthology does present previously unpublished stories by three emerging writers: Misha Nogha, Beth H. Piatote, and Reid Gómez. The most intriguing aspect of Reckonings is its meta-storytelling— most of the stories are stories about the power of stories. Despite the problems associated with its function as a textbook, the compelling and powerful stories in the collection make it worth reading and rereading . Paula GunnAllen’s previously unpublished story, “Burned Alive in the Blues,” is wryly magical and poignant. It captures the West Coast urban Indian experience in the 60s, and will surely find a home in collections of 60s stories and music tales. Beth E. Brant’s contributions, “Turtle Gal” and “Swimming Upstream,” and Patricia Riley’s rural character study, “Damping Down the Road,” reveal the difficulty of contemporary Native life, the torn and ragged fabric of almost-forgotten cultural traditions, and the possibilities inherent in the conscious reconstruction of family, tribe, and tradition. Janet Campbell Hale is not as well known as other Native women writers of her generation such as Linda Hogan, Joy Harjo, and Leslie Marmon Silko—all of whom who also contributed to this volume—but Hale’s “Claire,” an emotionally satisfying and pitch perfect story of a wise grandmother who escapes from the confines of an “old people’s home” then finds her way back to her tribal homeland, will surely gain for the writer a renewed and expanded appreciation of her talents.Anita Endrezze contributes two entertaining, contemporary re-fashionings of tribal myths, and Kimberly M. Blaeser’s entry, “Growing Things,” would make an enchanting film treatment for a NativeAmerican romantic comedy . Anna Lee Walters muses on the importance of names in “Buffalo Wallow Woman” and “Las Vegas, New Mexico, July 1969” and the vulnerability of raced, gendered poverty in “Apparitions .” Linda Hogan’s “Descent” is a quietly transfixing and ultimately righteous story of a girl’s kinship to a panther. As most readers would expect, the stories by Joy Harjo, Leslie Marmon Silko, and Louise Erdrich are brilliantly conceived and masterfully wrought. However, the pieces by Silko and Erdrich suffer somewhat from the loss of their original context, but perhaps readers who have not encountered the authors’novels would not be aware of the diminution. Of the established writers’stories, only Diane Glancy’s selections fail to stand up to the company they keep; they are neither as fierce nor as mesmerizing as other stories in the collection. The three emerging authors, Gómez, Nogha, and Piatote, are fine writers. Nogha’s two stories display postmodern traits; they resist narrative, relying on imagery and inference to effect the experience of living in two oftentimes antagonistic worlds. Gómez’s terrific linked tales of Native women resisting Western psychiatric medicine’s mistreatment of cultural and spiritual sickness stay with the reader long after the book is closed, and Piatote’s “Life-Size Indian” honestly calculates the alienating effects of exoticism on Native Americans. In the end, the outstanding writing overcomes the irritations of the anthology’s weaknesses. For a seasoned reader of...

A new genus and two new species of multiplacophorans (Mollusca, Polyplacophora, Neoloricata), Mississippian (Chesterian), Indiana

Deltaplax new genus, Deltaplax burdicki new species, and Deltaplax dellangeloi new species (Mollusca, Polyplacophora, Neoloricata, Multiplacophora) from the Mississippian Lower Buffalo Wallow Group (Chesterian) of Indiana, USA are described. the new genus is established by one partially articulated and one associated specimen with marginal fringes of two types of large spines, bilaterally symmetrical head and tail valves, and fifteen medial valves arranged in three longitudinal columns similar to those described previously for other multiplacophorans. the two specimens represent separate species differentiated by morphologies of the auxiliary valves, one type of spine, and subtrapezoidal versus triangular tail valves. the tail valve of the articulated specimen also had sutural laminae that projected under the preceding intermediate valve. the presence of sutural laminae allows for placement of multiplacophorans in Subclass Neoloricata of Class Polyplacophora. the head, intermediate, and tail valves are mucronate with comarginal growth lines and ridged insertion plates that probably inserted into soft tissue comparable to the girdle of modern polyplacophorans. the new specimens also indicate one left-handed, one auxiliary, and one right-handed valve in multiplacophorans was equivalent to a single bilaterally-symmetrical intermediate valve of extant polyplacophorans. However, multiplacophoran head valves have plates that project from the lower layer at the lateral margins and articulate with the first intermediate valves that overlap the head and second intermediate valves. These features have not been observed in more typical neoloricates, fossil or modern. Pending systematic revision of the class, Multiplacophora thus is retained as a separate order distinguished by the unique shared characters.

Traditional Practices of Inland Fishery Resources Management in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka: Implications for Sustainability

Fishery in the village irrigation-tanks has long played an important role as a source of food in the traditional villages in the Dry Zone comprising two-thirds of the area of Sri Lanka. Therefore, the villagers have traditionally developed various management practices which lead to sustainable utilization of fishery resources. This study is an attempt to explore such practices pertaining to fishery in the irrigation systems in the traditional villages and to investigate their relevance to designing appropriate resource-management systems leading to ecologically sustainable development. The study indicates that the traditional practices which contribute to the sustainable utilization of fishery resources are fourfold: (1) ecological, (2) technological, (3) institutional, and (4) cultural.The ecological set-up of the irrigation system of any given traditional village has evolved in such a way that it could facilitate the survival of fishes during the dry season, which is the major threat to their continuous survival. Though all small tanks dry out during the dry season, small amounts of water remain in some big tanks. As all tanks in any given catchment area are interconnected, the fishes remaining in the big tanks can migrate to the small tanks at the beginning of the rainy season and so re-colonize them. While the buffalo wallow which is located at the lower end of the paddy tract acts as a drought refugium, the natural vegetation-cover associated with the irrigation system provides food, a favourable microclimate, and materials required for the construction of nests by those fishes that make them.

The Relationship of Plant Species Heterogeneity to Soil Variation in Buffalo Wallows

The Relationship of Plant Species Heterogeneity to Soil Variation in Buffalo Wallows

Relationships of Vegetation and Environment in Buffalo Wallows

Active and presently inactive buffalo wallows in central and southwestern Oklahoma were examined to determine the distribution and seasonal variation of herbaceous species in relation to environmental factors. Species cover values and soil data were collected from six areas along a transect which spanned the long axis of each wallow and included adjacent prairie at each end. Vegetation composition inside both active and inactive wallows was consistently different from that outside wallows. In each case, these vegetational differences corresponded to differences in soil texture, soil moisture, available phosphorus and pH along the topographic gradient from wallow bottom to prairie. An ordination of samples from May, July and August revealed seasonal differences in the vegetation of areas inside and outside active and inactive wallows. Vegetation inside inactive wallows, though largely characterized by mesic species, displayed a seasonal sequence similar to that outside these wallows. These changes were due to a seasonal shift from cool-season species in May to warm-season species in August. Seasonal patterns inside active wallows were related to the intensity and frequency of disturbance by ungulates. Where disturbance was minimal, Eleocharis spp. remained dominant throughout the season. Vegetation changes resulted from the seasonal fluctuation of minor species. In highly disturbed wallows, cover of Eleocharis spp. and other species associated with inundated conditions in May declined and that of grasses increased with time.

The Effect of Early Spring Burning on Vegetation in Buffalo Wallows

COLLINS, S. L. AND G. E. UNO (Dept. Botany and Microbiology, Univ. Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019). The effect of fire on vegetation in buffalo wallows. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 474-481. 1983.-Buffalo wallows are patchily distributed disturbances in grassland vegetation initiated by male buffalo during the spring rutting season. During the rainy season in spring and early summer, wallows hold water resulting in greater soil moisture than in adjacent grasslands. We examined the effects of early spring burning on wallow vegetation in a wildlife refuge containing about 700 buffalo. Ordinations indicated two vegetation gradients. The first ordination axis was a moisture gradient separating vegetation located outside wallows from that within wallows. The second axis separated samples from the burned and unburned sites. Diversity and richness values were higher outside than inside the wallows. Evenness values, were greatest inside the wallows. Richness was significantly lower in burned than in unburned wallows. Ruderal species such as winter annuals were more abundant in unburned wallows. Overall, wallows contain vegetation different from that of surrounding prairie, which increases regional species diversity in southern mixed grasslands. Also, fire alters the composition of vegetation within wallows to a greater extent than adjacent vegetation. Finally, we suggest that wallows serve as safe-sites for ruderal species within mature grassland vegetation.

Geologic and Economic Significance of the Upper Morrow Chert Conglomerate Reservoir of the Anadarko Basin

The Upper Morrow chert conglomerate is recognized and described for its geologic significance as a new stratigraphic unit and for its economic significance as a reservoir, which has prompted the current deep drilling activity in the Anadarko basin of Texas and Oklahoma. Introduction The Upper Morrow chert conglomerate is a previously unrecognized stratigraphic marker and is one of the most significant gas reservoirs in the western Anadarko basin. It continues to be the object of a widespread exploratory effort in Hemphill and Wheeler counties in Texas and in Roger Mills, Beckham, and Washita counties in Oklahoma. These counties sit astride the axis of the basin and are near the Amarillo-Wichita mountain front (Fig. 1). Drilling to depths greater than 16,000 ft (4900 m) sometimes is required to reach these elusive stratigraphic traps; therefore, knowledge of the depositional environment of these Lower Pennsylvanian Morrow chert conglomerates is necessary to reduce exploratory risk. These chert conglomerates seem to fit a fan delta model, with elongate distributary channels carrying coarse sediments into a shallow marine environment.The reservoir usually is overpressured in the deeper part of the basin and may have a reserve of 1 Bcf/ft (93 million m3/m) of effective porosity on the 640-acre (2.59-km2) drilling unit. Pay thickness may exceed 50 ft (15 m), and deliverabilities of 10 MMcf/D (283 000 m3/d) are not uncommon.Before the discovery of the Shreikey field in Roberts County, TX, in 1974, little was known about the Upper Morrow chert conglomerates except from cores on one or two wells in Hemphill and Roberts counties, TX. Since the Shreikey discovery, this zone has prompted much of the deep exploratory drilling in the basin, with successful efforts in fields such as Buffalo Wallow, Reydon, Cheyenne, Elk City, and in recent discoveries. Regional Setting The Anadarko basin covers an area of approximately 35,000 sq miles (90 000 km2) stretching across northwestern Oklahoma, the northeastern Texas Panhandle, southwestern Kansas, and southeastern Colorado. The Morrow chert conglomerates are confined to a relatively small area in the eastern Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma (Fig. 2). The basin is asymmetrical with its short limb and axis adjacent and parallel to the northwest-southeast trending Amarillo-Wichita uplift. This leads to an easy subdivision into mountain front, basin axis, and shelf area.Major orogenic movements occurred in late Devonian, post-Mississippian/pre-Morrowan, and post-Morrowan/pre-Des Moinesnian time, with the latter episodes producing most of the tectonic features of the area, including uplift, folding, and erosion of the Amarillo-Wichita Mountains and frontal area. The axes of faulted anticlines trend subparallel to the major uplift. JPT P. 489＾

Upper Morrow Fan-Delta Deposits of Anadarko Basin: ABSTRACT

The Pennsylvanian upper Morrow fan delta chert conglomerates are located in the Texas Panhandle and Oklahoma parts of the Anadarko basin. The source area for these chert conglomerates was the Amarillo-Wichita Mountain complex where erosion of cherty limestones and dolomites of Mississippian age occurred. The presence of these chert conglomerates in the upper Morrow sequence precisely defines a time of uplift and erosion of the highlands not previously recorded and therefore provides a new time-stratigraphic marker for the Morrow. Unusually high porosity and permeability in the chert conglomerates at depths greater than 15,000 ft (4,572 m) in a reservoir which may contain a billion cubic feet of gas per net foot of porosity are adequate incentives and justification for dee er drilling in the basins. Successful efforts in the search for these stratigraphic traps have resulted at Shreikey, Buffalo Wallow, Viking, Cheyenne, Elk City, and other fields. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2119------------

The Glaize in 1792: A Composite Indian Community

The geographical setting for this community is an old buffalo wallow, the glaize, at present Defiance, Ohio. In 1792, the locale became the headquarters for the militant Indian confederacy protesting White encroachment on Indian land northwest of the Ohio River. The multicultural society included a French and English trading town and seven Indian villages whose inhabitants were principally Shawnee, Delaware and Miami. The detailed description of individual towns, leading figures, and social life highlights the interesting diversity of this frontier population. Reconstruction of the events of a single critical year, preliminary to the destruction of the towns by the American army in 1794, indicates the local roles of people important in a half-century of Indian-White relations in the United States and Canada.

Morrow-Springer Trend, Anadarko Basin, Target for the 70's: ABSTRACT

The Morrow Formation has accounted for much of the gas reserves on the shelf area and a limited part of the deep area in the Anadarko basin from 1947 to 1970. The Morrow-Springer Formations offer multiple stratigraphic targets in this vast sedimentary basin. Deep drilling during the 70's could account for additional gas reserves from the Morrow-Springer. As the stratigraphy, sedimentation, and depositional patterns are revealed through drilling, additional fields similar to Buffalo Wallow upper Morrow gas field, Hemphill County, Texas; East Elk City Springer gas field, Beckham County, Oklahoma; Indianapolis Springer gas field, Custer County, Oklahoma; and Laverty Springer gas field, Grady County, Oklahoma, will account for much of this reserve. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1687------------

A Soil-Topography Relationship with Two Size Groups of Depressions in Logan County, Kansas

Introduction Undrained depressions of various sizes and shapes characterize much of the Great Plains of western Kansas. Their diameters range from 10 feet to several miles. Thousands of depressions have diameters of 50 to 500 feet. The depth ranges frorn only a few feet to tens of feet. Some are symmetrically circular or oval in shape, whereas others are elongated or irregular. Most depressions do not pond water except for short periods after a rain. The origin and occurrence of Great Plains depressions have interested laymen since the time of settlement. Local people gave them descriptive names such as sinkholes, potholes, lagoons, and buffalo wallows. Condicting theories regarding the possible origin of the depressions were suggested by some of the first geologists to visit the area.

Observations on the Ecology and Natural History of Anura. I. Habits, Habitat and Breeding of Bufo cognatus Say

Bufo cognatus Say may be found in grassland areas of the Great Plains from southwestern Minnesota southward into Mexico and southwestward to the Imperial Valley, southern California. Its habitat varies in different localities; it is present only in lower, moister areas in arid or semi-arid regions (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona) but in central Oklahoma it occupies the higher portions of the plains. It is largely nocturnal in habit but often appears during daylight in moist weather, especially during the breeding season. Dry conditions often keep these toads in underground burrows for weeks at a time. Nothing is known with certainty about the natural enemies of adults. They are probably eaten sparingly by snakes and hawks. Thousands are killed each year by automobiles. They breed only after rain in spring or summer when the temperature exceeds 12⚬ C. Breeding sites in central Oklahoma include buffalo wallows, flooded fields and the edges of extensive temporary pools. They do not use ditches, "tanks" in pastures, streams nor lakes, and they have never been known to breed in excessively muddy water. Differences in behavior of the sexes during breeding insure that most clutches of eggs will be laid in the location most favorable for development through metamorphosis. The eggs are very numerous (20,000 to each full clutch), and the percentage of hatching is high. Concentration of tadpoles in some pools may exceed 750 per cubic foot of water. Food for the larvae (algae and plant and animal debris) is plentiful in the pools, and large numbers of young often succeed in passing metamorphosis. Their number is limited by the following factors: (1) all pools may dry up and the tadpoles in them die; (2) certain pools may become contaminated and thus kill all eggs and larvae in them; (3) predators often take a heavy toll (predaceous tadpoles of Scaphiopus and larvae of water beetles are known to eat the tadpoles); and (4) at and slightly after metamorphosis, birds (crows and possibly others) sometimes eat the young. The embryos and tadpoles can withstand temperatures in the pools of from near freezing to at least 37⚬ C. and probably more. Metamorphosis starts about one and one-half months after eggs are laid at a tadpole length of 26 to 29 mm. The young toads have a distinctive color pattern, the major feature of which is four to eight pairs of large dark spots on the dorsal surface and smaller spots on the sides. In two-day-old toads, the whole dorsal surface is dotted with small, brick-red speckles. Immediately after transformation, the young toads average about 11.0 mm in length, and there is not much variation among them. When at two to three days of age, they disperse from the pool, they are about a millimeter longer. They immediately start feeding and grow very rapidly upon a diet of small insects, young snails and mites. In one week they vary much in size, the larger reaching as much as 20.0 mm in length. In about four months some may be half grown (over 50.0 mm in length), but others may remain much smaller. It is probable that the rate of growth of an individual is primarily dependent upon availability of food. If this be the case, then adult size may be reached in two years by some individuals but not attained by others for three or four years. In any case, difference in size among these young toads is not always indicative of difference in age, as assumed by Dickerson (1913).

Observations on the Ecology and Natural History of Anura. I. Habits, Habitat and Breeding of Bufo cognatus Say

Previous articleNext article No AccessObservations on the Ecology and Natural History of Anura. I. Habits, Habitat and Breeding of Bufo cognatus SayArthur N. BraggArthur N. Bragg Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 74, Number 753Jul. - Aug., 1940 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/280900 Views: 9Total views on this site Citations: 22Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Walt Sadinski, Alisa L. Gallant, James E. Cleaver Climate’s cascading effects on disease, predation, and hatching success in Anaxyrus canorus, the threatened Yosemite toad, Global Ecology and Conservation 23 (Sep 2020): e01173.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01173J. Patrick W. Cusaac, William H. Mimbs, Jason B. Belden, Loren M. Smith, Scott T. McMurry Factors influencing the toxicity of Headline® fungicides to terrestrial stage toads, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 36, no.1010 (May 2017): 2679–2688.https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3816Glenn E. Plumb, P. J. White, Keith Aune American bison Bison bison (Linnaeus, 1758), (Oct 2014): 83–114.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139568098.011Harald Beck, Paporn Thebpanya, Melissa Filiaggi Do Neotropical peccary species (Tayassuidae) function as ecosystem engineers for anurans?, Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no.44 (May 2010): 407–414.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467410000106LAUREN M. CHAN, KELLY R. 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Studies of Native Red Cedars in West Central Kansas

The great drought which began in the spring of 1933 has made it possible for those living in the Great Plains to witness a vast change in the plant population of this area. In many cases, the original basal ground cover of 70 to 90 percent in our grass lands has been reduced to practically nothing. Numerous species of grasses and forbs have been completely annihilated or at best persist only in the more favorable locations, such as buffalo wallows, north-facing slopes, etc. Deciduous trees and shrubs, such as American elm (Ulmus americanus), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), green ash (Fraxinus lanceolata), smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), and buckbrush (Symphoricarpos occidentalis), have suffered almost complete losses in many locations. The native red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) is not common in the Great Plains Region. This is especially true from about the 98th meridian westward through Hays, Kan. In the spring of 1935, studies were begun on the native red cedars in the vicinity of Hays, Kan., which seems to be the approximate western limit in which this species is found to grow. Here this tree is usually restricted to north-facing slopes where limestone layers outcrop, or on stream banks where there is some protection from the heat and drought. Figure 1 shows the four locations where studies have been made. The westernmost

Buffalo Wallows and Trails in Black Hawk County

Buffalo Wallows and Trails in Black Hawk County