Buffalo Research Articles

Sex Differences in Kidney Damage in BUF/MnaMcwi Rats

Kidney disease is commonly found in the BUF (Buffalo) strain of rats. It has been observed that male BUF rats show signs of focal glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). They are known to have proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia as they age. This is preceded by renal macrophage activation and Th2 lymphocyte polarization. There is no prior literature that explores kidney disease in female BUF rats.We previously observed that kidneys in female BUF rats appeared more damaged than their male mates, leading to the hypothesize that the female BUF/MnaMcwi (BUF) breeder rats have greater kidney damage features than male mates. To determine the relationship between sex and function, we collected urine samples using metabolic cages (at 12, 17, and 23 weeks of age), harvested organ tissue (heart left, ventricle, spleen, thymus, and kidneys), and used histopathological examination of formalin-fixed paraffn-embedded kidney samples to determine cortex tubule damage and glomerular area. We expected to see sex differences in relative sizes (mg/g BW) of the thymus, heart left ventricle, kidneys, and spleen. We found that the male BUF rats had larger absolute body weight (g), as expected. We also found that there were no significant sex differences in relative sizes (mg/g BW) of the thymus, heart left ventricle, and spleen. There was a significant sex difference in relative total kidney size (mg/g BW), with the females having larger kidney sizes compared to their body weight. In addition, there was increased microalbumin in the female BUF overnight urine collection that was significantly higher than the male BUF rats. There was no significant sex difference in the microalbumin: creatinine ratio. Finally, we found no significant sex difference in cortex tubular damage between the age-matched BUF rats, but there was a significant difference in glomeruler area (mm 2), with male glomeruler areas being significantly larger. Future studies will be done to replicate the findings and determine if virgin females show the same results. ASPIRE Program (R25HL 168782) Medical College of Wisconsin. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Analysis of Livelihood Diversification among Households in Bundelkhand Region

Livestock in Bundelkhand region occupies a prominent position contributing signifi cantly to the livelihood, mitigation of risks and distress of the farmers. Dairy production is an important component in the entire region with greater focus on the buff alo rearing of milk cattle rearing.The study was conducted purposively in Bundelkhand region, which comprises of Uttar Pradesh (7 districts) and Madhya Pradesh (6 districts). Two districts from each state viz. Lalitpur and Banda from Uttar Pradesh, whereas, Datia and Damoh from Madhya Pradesh were selected. Then, two blocks from each district were selected randomly. Two villages from each block and 20 respondents from each village were randomly selected; thus, making the total sample size of 320 respondents for the study. It was observed that 59.68 per cent of the respondents belonged to a middle aged group (36 to 50 years) followed by category of old age group (Above 50 years) and young (up to 35 years) which accounts for 25.94 per cent and 14.38 per cent, respectively. It was revealed that most (69.69%) of the respondents fell under the medium category (2.2 to 9.76 litre milk per day) of milk production, followed by 15.94 per cent and 14.37 per cent belonged to high (>9.76 litre milk per day) and low (<2.2 litre milk per day) categories, respectively. In case of large farmers, most (43.33%) of the respondents were diversifying their livelihood at high level. Education, land holding, annual income and extension contact had positive and highly signifi cant relationship with livelihood diversifi cation at 1 per cent level of significance

Role of Livestock Sector in Sustainable Livelihood Security in Yamuna Ravine Area of Uttar Pradesh

Livestock has been an integral part of human life since civilization started. It provides enormous opportunities to bring required growth in agriculture and households income, especially in remote and poor endowed regions. Ravines are the worst forms of land degradation caused by water erosion. The households those residents within ravine areas have low socio-economical status compared to residents of outside ravine areas. The present study explored the role of livestock in agriculture and households income in Yamuna ravine areas using both primary and secondary data. Further, this study also attempted for economic analysis of livestock and to identify signifi cant factors that infl uence the households' decision to rear livestock. The livestock (particularly buff alo) contributed substantially to the household's income. Hence crop-livestock mixed farming could produce worthy results for farmers and the growth of the agriculture sector. The small ruminants per household were found less in the study areas. However, these ruminants have tremendous potential to enhance farmers' income, particularly landless, marginal, and women farmers in ravine areas. Hence rearing of small ruminants should encourage. The milk productivity of animals was low in study areas compared to country levels. The results of the logit econometric model show that household age, family size, land holdings, irrigated area, and own ravine land were signifi cant factors for the household's decision to rear livestock. Therefore, supportive technical, institutional, and policy initiatives for improvement in breeds, animal health care, quality feed & fodder availability, and veterinary extension services are required for improving the productivity of the animal.

Briefs / Feuilletons

Briefs / Feuilletons John Bewley and Paul T. Jackson The IAML Board has recommended that Anders Cato be appointed as the next Secretar y General of the Association. The General Assembly will vote on this recommendation at the 2018 Leipzig congress. The new Secretary General will take over from the present incumbent, Pia Shekhter, at the close of that congress. Anders Cato graduated as a music librarian in 1987 and worked in that role until May 2000. Since then, he has held several posts, first in Brussels as Press Officer for the European Union (EU), then as Head of the National Bibliography at the National Library of Sweden for five years. Following this, another five years as Head of Cataloguing. For the last three years, he has been working at the Danish Agency for Culture and Palaces, which governs most of Denmark’s cultural life, including libraries. Anders has been an active member of IAML since the early 1990s. He was Chair of the Cataloguing Commission (1999–2002), and Secretary of the same Commission (2011–2017). He has also held important positions in IFLA, including Chair of the Standing Committee of the Bibliography Section and of the Cataloguing Section. ________ Gabriele Gamba has resigned his position as IAML’s Webmaster after serving more than a decade in this role. In order to further the work necessary for maintaining the vibrancy of IAML’s Web site, and at the same time not to overburden Web Editor, Jennifer Ward, the IAML Board has approved temporary appointments for Richard Ranft (British Library) as Webmaster and Michelle Hahn (William and Gayle Cook Music Library, Indiana University) as Assistant Web Editor, with a view to seeking approval from the General Assembly at the Congress in Leipzig to make these appointments permanent. Richard Ranft is currently the Head of Sound & Vision at the British Library, a position he has held since 2010. He previously worked at the British Library in other roles since 1983. He has been the IASA Webmaster, which uses the same platform as the IAML Web site, where he led them through many updates and changes to their Web site. Michell Hahn is currently working as Assistant Librarian, Sound Recordings Cataloger, at Indiana University in Technical Services at the William and Gayle Cook Music Library. She has been in this role since 2015, and worked previously as Music Cataloging Librarian at Southern Methodist University. She is involved in the Music Library Association and the Music OCLC Users Group, where she has been active in social media for both Associations. The IAML Board would like to give hearty thanks to Gabriele Gamba for his long and devoted service, and welcome Richard Ranft and Michelle Hahn to the Web team. ________ The University at Buf falo has received a CLIR grant through its Recordings at Risk program, a national re-granting program to support the preservation of rare and unique audio and audiovisual content of high scholarly value. The grant, generously funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, will support a project to reformat 173 reelt*o-reel tapes containing ca. 627 musical works presented on recitals by the University at Buffalo’s Creative Associates from 1964 to 1980. The Associates were members of the Center of the Creative and Performing Arts, established by Lukas Foss and Allen Sapp in 1964. These recitals were the concerts the Associates programmed themselves as supplements [End Page 24] to the Center-scheduled concerts. As such, they represent the musical interests of the Associates ranging from early music to contemporaneous music. Many performances of contemporary works were either performed by their respective composers or under their direction. Close to twenty premieres are included. The roster of performers and composers is exceptional. It represents a high number of luminaries of contemporary music of the period, including George Crumb, Luciano Berio, Charles Wuorinen, Elliott Carter, Aaron Copland, Sylvano Bussotti, Giacinto Scelsi, Morton Feldman, and John Cage, as well as lesser-known figures whose representation here may be even more unique. John Bewley University at Buffalo ________ The International Trombone Association (ITA) Archives and the Glenn D. Bridges Archives have come together at Columbus State University, allowing for the Bridges Collection to be...

Pulmonary hydatidosis in buff alo calves

Pulmonary hydatidosis in buff alo calves

Contingency and Constraint

Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) 11 West 53rd Street, New York, NY 10019 http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2015/onewayticket/ Admission: USD 25/18/14 “I pick up my life, / And take it with me, / And I put it down in Chicago, Detroit, / Buff alo, Scranton, / Any place that is / North and East, / And not Dixie.” Th ese are the opening lines from “One-Way Ticket,” by African-American poet, Langston Hughes (1902–1967). Th e poem provides the emotional and historical core of the “Migration” paintings by Jacob Lawrence (1917–2000), a series that depicts the extraordinary internal migration of African Americans in the twentieth century. Not coincidentally, the poem also provides the title of the current exhibition of the sixty paintings in Lawrence’s series, on display at MoMA, New York, from 3 April to 7 September 2015.1 Shown together for the first time in over twenty years, the paintings are surrounded by works that provide context for the “great migration”: additional paintings by Lawrence, as well as paintings, drawings, photographs, texts, and musical recordings by other African-American artists, writers, and performers of the early to mid-twentieth century.

The Son by Philipp Meyer (review)

Reviewed by: The Son by Philipp Meyer Don Scheese Philipp Meyer, The Son. New York: HarperCollins, 2013. 561pp. Cloth, $27.99; paper, $16.99; e-book, $12.49. “No land was ever acquired honestly in the history of the earth” (164), says Peter McCullough, the conscience of this epic novel and the son of Colonel Eli McCullough, legendary Indian captive turned Indian fighter, Texas Ranger, and eventual patriarch of a 250,000-acre “proper acreocracy” (501) in southeastern Texas along the Nueces River. Dispossession and the legacies of conquest are the main themes here, in a family history (genealogical chart included) spanning the years 1836 to 2012. The author chronicles the displacement and near extermination of the Comanches by the first waves of pioneer settlers, the removal of the Mexicans by the Texans, then the gradual takeover of ranchers and cattlemen by the petroleum industry. The narrative is constructed from three different points of view: that of Eli McCullough, recounted through a wpa recording from the 1930s; that of his son Peter, chronicled through journal entries dating from the 1916–17 period, the time of the modern Mexican Revolution; and that of Eli’s great-great-granddaughter Jeanne Anne, a stalwart Republican feminist matron whose recollections take us up to the present. We see how the lives of these three individuals intersect and are affected by a grand sweep of historical events and forces: the conflicts with the Comanches, the US-Mexican War, the Civil War, the Mexican Revolution, World Wars I and II, the Great Depression, the oil boom and subsequent embargo of the post–World War II era, and the two Iraq wars. Some figures, like the Colonel, seem to make and transcend history; others, like his son Peter, the Comanches, and the Mexican Americans who live along the border in the early twentieth century, are victimized by it. Jeanne Anne, with more than a bit of the Colonel in her blood, comes into her own after the premature death of her oil-catter husband and learns to profit from the boom-and-bust cycles of the industry, eventually becoming a legend in her own right and twice gracing the cover of Time magazine. I found most riveting those early portions of the novel representing Eli’s captivity narrative. Part ethnographic study of the [End Page 414] Comanches, part potboiler narrative and coming-of-age story of a thirteen-year-old white boy slowly inducted into the culture of the most powerful tribe on the Southern Plains, this aspect of the tale represents a revision of the revisionist school of western American history. To some degree the long-dominant myth of rugged individualism is challenged in the novel: “The strong white man comes to an unpopulated wilderness and proves himself. Except there has never been any such thing” (311), says Maria, whose once-aristocratic family has been ousted from its rancheria along the border. However, the Comanches, through young Eli’s interactions with chiefs and medicine men and “squaws,” are depicted not as politically correct Dances with Wolves–type Noble Red Men but simply as people, human beings who love their land, families, and tribe and who will do anything, no matter how seemingly brutal, to save their homeland. Reflecting back on his life, Eli extols his time with the tribe as “the greatest summer I ever had” (207), and when he is forced to return to white society because of the tribe’s decimation by smallpox, he laments that the forty acres of his host’s property felt “like a postage stamp. I was used to having twenty million or so at my disposal” (333). But in the end even as powerful and legendary a figure as the Colonel is a victim of historical forces, in this case manifest destiny and progress. “There are many things I have wanted to save,” he says to Peter late in life: “the Indians, the buff alo, a prairie where you could look twenty miles and not see a fence post. But time has passed those things by” (352). As well as a historical novel, this work is also an environmental history describing one of the greatest transformations of a bioregion...

Sex, Savagery, and the Woman Who Made Vaudeville Famous

Aft er watching Eva Tanguay perform for the fi rst time in Buff alo, New York, around 1912, one critic commented: “Miss Tanguay’s voice contains no more music than a buzz saw, she has no more repose than a mad dog fl eeing before a mob of small boys.”1 It is no coincidence that the curious appellations and adjectives heaped upon Tanguay during her long, recordbreaking career in vaudeville could have more aptly described a wild animal. Tanguay evoked animality not simply in how she moved or what she sang, but in how she sang. One critic described her voice as “the wail of the prehistoric diploduocus.”2 Tanguay encouraged such comparisons herself by singing “I’d Like to Be an Animal in the Zoo,” in which she extolled the virtues of being a giraff e and an ostrich. By wearing costumes made of feathers and furs and singing seemingly autobiographically themed material about her primitive nature and animalistic aspirations, Tanguay became “Th e I Don’t Care Girl,” who was beloved for her defi ance of Victorian expectations of white feminine decorum. Using vaudeville— one of the most popular leisure activities of the day— as her medium, Tanguay gave live audiences a preview of the kind of sensationally “primitive” performances African American entertainer Josephine Baker would become famous for in the 1930s.3 Clad in feathers and fruits, Baker seemed to echo Tanguay when she told the press, “People have done me the honor of believing I’m an animal.”4 But Tanguay was a fairskinned white woman, and this kind of conduct made her a household name beginning in 1903. By linking white womanliness to animalistic savagery at a time when both race and gender were undergoing considerable reconstruction, Tanguay presented audiences with a new ideal of racialized masculine femininity. In the past fi ve years renewed interest in Tanguay has inspired her fi rst fulllength biography, a feature article in Slate, and comparisons to Madonna, Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Sarah Silverman, and even Kim Kardashian.5 Th ough scholars have cited Tanguay as the highestpaid performer in vaudeville his-

Quality Effect of Protein Supplementation, Fat Globule Size and Stor Age Time on The Rhelogical Behaviour and Sensury Prop Erties of Buf Falo and Cow Milk Stirre Yogurt

In the present study the physicochemical (acidity, color measurements), rheological (viscosity measurements and viscoelastic properties) and sensory (objective and hedonic) properties of stirred yogurt made from buffalo milk were evaluated. Yogurt samples with two fat globule sizes (large: 2.9 μ m; small: 0.87 μm) were prepared with or without the addition of Whey Protein Concentrates (WPC) or Sodium Caseinates (SCN), and stored at 4°C for testing at day 1 and 7 after preparation. SCN addition resulted in increased lactic acid concentration, rheological properties (except loss tangent-tan μ), white color intensity and sensory viscosity. The effect of WPC on the aforesaid properties was lower when compared to SCN. Small fat globule size also increased the rheological properties apart from tan a, brightness and sensory viscosity of yogurt samples. Increasing storage time resulted in reduced viscosity, increased acidity and rheological properties apart from tan μ and apparent viscosity. The greater decline rates were obvious for Newtonian viscosity at zero shear rate (μ0) and instantaneous elasticity (Gg) in yogurts with added SCN and WPC and large globule size and lower or negligible in samples without additives. In contrast, tan a increased at a lower rate when SCN were added in products with large fat globules. Storage time increased the value of flow behavior index (n) in yogurts with large fat globules and, more rapidly, the value of elastic modulus (G’) in the presence of SCN and WPC. The small globule size in the absence of additives produced the lowest response of b and, when WPC was present, the lowest white color intensity. The sensory viscosity reduced the most during storage in yogurt samples with no protein addition.

Foe, Friend, or Critic: Native Performers with Buff alo Bill’s Wild West Show and Discourses of Conquest and Friendship in Newspaper Reports

Foe, Friend, or Critic: Native Performers with Buff alo Bill’s Wild West Show and Discourses of Conquest and Friendship in Newspaper Reports

Coupling of gene expression in medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens after neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions accompanies deficits in sensorimotor gating and auditory processing in rats

BackgroundAfter neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHLs), adult rats exhibit evidence of neural processing deficits relevant to schizophrenia, including reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle and impaired sensory processing. In intact rats, the regulation of PPI by the ventral hippocampus (VH) is mediated via interactions with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAC). We assessed PPI, auditory-evoked responses and expression of 7 schizophrenia-related genes in mPFC and NAC, in adult rats after sham- or real NVHLs. MethodsMale inbred Buffalo (BUF) rat pups (d7; n = 36) received either vehicle or ibotenic acid infusion into the VH. PPI and auditory-evoked dentate gyrus local field potentials (LFPs) were measured on d56 and d66, respectively. Brains were processed for RT-PCR measures of mPFC and NAC Comt, Erbb4, Grid2, Ncam1, Slc1a2, Nrg1 and Reln. ResultsNVHL rats exhibited significant deficits in PPI (p = 0.005) and LFPs (p < 0.015) proportional to lesion size. Sham vs. NVHL rats did not differ in gene expression levels in mPFC or NAC. As we previously reported, multiple gene expression levels were highly correlated within- (mean r's ≈ 0.5), but not across-brain regions (mean r's ≈ 0). However, for three genes – Comt, Slc1a2 and Ncam1 – after NVHLs, expression levels became significantly correlated, or “coupled,” across the mPFC and NAC (p's < 0.03, 0.002 and 0.05, respectively), and the degree of “coupling” increased with VH lesion size. ConclusionsAfter NVHLs that disrupt PPI and auditory processing, specific gene expression levels suggest an abnormal functional coupling of the mPFC and NAC. This model of VH–mPFC–NAC network dysfunction after NVHLs may have implications for understanding the neural basis for PPI- and related sensory processing deficits in schizophrenia patients.

Mapping genetic determinants of kidney damage in rat models

During the last two decades, significant progress in our understanding of the development of kidney diseases has been achieved by unravelling the mechanisms underlying rare familial forms of human kidney diseases. Due to the genetic heterogeneity in human populations and the complex multifactorial pathogenesis of the disease phenotypes, the dissection of the genetic basis of common chronic kidney diseases (CKD) remains a difficult task. In this regard, several inbred rat models provide valuable complementary tools to uncover the genetic basis of complex renal disease phenotypes that are related to common forms of CKD. In this review, data obtained in nine experimental rat models, including the Buffalo (BUF), Dahl salt-sensitive (SS), Fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH), Goto-Kakizaki (GK), Lyon hypertensive (LH), Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF), Sabra hypertension-prone (SBH), spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) inbred strains, that contributed to the genetic dissection of renal disease phenotypes are presented. In this panel of inbred strains, a large number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to albuminuria/proteinuria and other functional or structural kidney abnormalities could be identified by QTL mapping analysis and follow-up studies including consomic and congenic rat lines. The comprehensive exploitation of the genotype-renal phenotype associations that are inherited in this panel of rat strains is suitable for making a significant contribution to the development of an integrated approach to the systems genetics of common CKD.

Colecţia de iatagane a Muzeului Banatului Timişoara / The Yataghans Collection Of The Banat Museum

Colecţia de iatagane a Muzeului Banatului Timişoara / The Yataghans Collection Of The Banat Museum

Compositional particularities of the murrah hybrid buffalo milk and its suitability for processing in the traditional system of Romania.

Murrah hybrid buffalo are the most commonly raised buffaloes in the traditional system of Romania, particularly spread most in the north-west region. The study constitutes an original approach, underlining the m ain quality parameters and traceability markers in the traditional short chain dairy produc tion. The relevance of this research is high in the context in which Romania has to develop the village by capitalizing the rustic animals through the production of high value nutrit ive products. The results obtained reveal that the main component s of Murrah buffaloes' milk are in higher concentrations than in other species or buff alo breeds raised for dairy production. The particular biochemical profile reveals that the per centage of P.U.F.A is higher compared to other specialized breeds. The seasonal variation in fluences also in a significant way the S.F.A, M.U.F.A. and P.U.F.A percentages, the average value for P.U.F.A being higher in the grazing season. The essential particularity was noticed in the cholesterol level, being in a smaller percentage. Also, the dairy products analyzed can b e valued as functional products through their high percentage of essential compounds that a re kept in a larger level as a characteristic of the traditional processing. Through the multivariate techniques used, we managed in this research to create a model which reveals the specific particularities an d biomarkers of the buffalo milk short length processing, underlining its functional relev ance and also its role in an efficient control system.

Chemotherapy in patients with comorbidities

Elderly patients with colon cancer—who might previously have been considered to have too many comorbidities for chemotherapy—have a survival benefi t if their cancer is aggressively treated (Cancer 2007; 109: 2410–19). “We found that adjuvant therapy appeared to be helpful even among patients with serious non-cancer illnesses”, says fi rst author Cary Gross (Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA). “While future studies are needed to confi rm this fi nding, our results suggest that some patients who may have traditionally been assessed as too ill for adjuvant therapy may benefi t.” The researchers reviewed cancer statistics from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medi care database from 1993–99. 5330 patients with colon cancer were identifi ed with common age-related comorbidities— heart failure, congestive obstructive pulmonary disease, or diabetes. Patients with colon cancer and co morbidities were less likely to receive chemotherapy than patients diagnosed with colon cancer without co morbidities. 36·2% of patients with heart failure and colon cancer were off ered chemotherapy, whereas 64·9% of patients with colon cancer without heart failure were off ered chemotherapy. However, the 5-year survival estimates for patients who were treated despite heart failure was 43%, compared with 30% for those with heart failure not receiving chemotherapy. “There are no clear guidelines as to what type of comorbidities and what severity would preclude administration of chemotherapy”, said Marwan Fakih (Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buff alo, NY, USA). “This study clearly shows that a survival advantage can be experienced by administering chemotherapy in elderly patients with comorbidities.” Fakih notes the retrospective study design, but adds the fi ndings should be encouraging for oncologists who off er elderly patients chemotherapy even if they have comorbidities.

Jewish Women Pioneering the Frontier Trail: A History in the American West by Jeanne E. Abrams

for individual rightsprevailed over community values, the buffalo population was systemati cally overhunted and depleted. Chapter Three examines the early furtrade between theHudson's Bay Company and the Western Woodland Cree, which depleted the population of fur-bearinganimals. The authors wonder: Since private property rightsprevent depletion of a resource otherwise left in the commons and since theWestern Cree recog nized private property rightsbefore contact, why was the resource depleted? Chapter Four argues that a proposal to privatize theBritish Columbia salmon fisheryat auction is consis tent with traditional tribalvalues. The historical research informing these essays is limited to a survey of the existing literature.That surveyyielded some interest ing conclusions. Governor William Bradford converted the Plymouth Colony from a communist collective to private ownership "using the surrounding indigenous people as amodel for individual lands rights and eco nomic sustainability" (p. 7). Franz Boas got it wrong when he saw thepotlatch as ameans of establishing social rank ina culture surrounded by abundant natural resources. Instead, the potlatch amounted toprotection payments to other tribeswho were challenging ownership of the resources. The potlatch resulted from a cost-benefit analysis. That is,potlatching was cheaper than war and as a result "lowered the transaction costs of enforcing exclusive tribal property rights" (p. 114).The warring claims for the rightof private property on the buf falo plains proves thatVine Deloria Jr.got itwrong when he said that Indians prefer a tribaland communal way of lifethat isdevoid of economic competition and that societywas much safer and more humane when Indians controlled thewhole continent. The policies advanced by The Other Path have long been a part ofUnited States Indian policy. From the time of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson to the second President Bush, therehave been thosewho propose to turn Indian Country into private property with a privatemarket in which tribal members engage in the universal need to accumulate wealth. This policy was particularly promi nent during the period of allotment, from 1887 until 1934.There were 138million acres of tribal lands when theGeneral Allotment Act was passed in 1887, forcibly converting tribal ownership into private ownership. By 1934>90 million acres of that tribal land had been transformed intoprivate land ? private non-Indian land. The Other Path isboth un aware of thishistory and destined to repeat it. Dennis C. Colson University ofIdaho JEWISH WOMEN PIONEERING THE FRONTIER TRAIL: A HISTORY IN THEAMERICAN WEST by Jeanne E. Abrams New York University Press, 2006. Photographs, notes, bibliography, index. 279 pages. $39.00 cloth. JeanneAbrams's Jewish Women Pioneering the Frontier Trail is a landmark of scholarship in western women's history. Abrams assembles provocative juxtapositions, reminding readers of an intensely immigrantWest, where Jews nonetheless assimilated almost completely, as well as of Jews'statusas a highlyvisible yetnu merically tiny minority. This isa readable, viv idly written book, organized by theme ? such as institutionbuilding, business, and education ? and focused mainly on the period 1880-1920. Yet, it isas frustratingas it is evocative. Despite the title, there is little here on "pioneering the frontiertrail"and no detailed analysis of the movement and transformation of family customs, gender roles, and general culture in the trek west. Instead,Abrams focus es on substantial towns and citypopulations, especially San Francisco,Denver, and Portland, Oregon. In these relatively familiar settings for studies of Jewish immigration,people and events are mainly reported on rather than rein 144 OHQ vol. 108, no. 1 terpreted. Abrams does notmove much beyond conclusions found in the current scholarship on Jewish women's organized urban activities in charity, education, settlement work, and business elsewhere in theUnited States at the time.That literaturedescribes immigration as placing new responsibilities on Jewish women, which they in turn seized as opportunities to uphold religious observance, familycohesion, and community unity aswell as to acculturate and succeed in theAmerican context. Each of Abrams's chapters cries out for more incisive grappling with this basic the sis.The work of leading figureHattie Hecht Sloss of San Francisco? a major patron of the arts and outstanding National Council of Jewish Women leader ? is,forexample, sum marized but not explained, most glaringly in regard toher dramatic turnabout on Zionism. Abrams's description ofDenver's Ray David, superintendentofthat city'sJewish Aid Society...

In Vivo Assessment of Resting Myocardial Function in High and Low Performing Genetic Models of Aerobic Running Capacity

BACKGROUND: We previously identified two inbred rat strains divergent for treadmill aerobic running capacity (ARC); the low performing Buffalo (BUF) and the high performing DA rats. Subsequent cardiac performance assessment using the Langendorff-Neely working heart preparation demonstrated that isolated DA hearts exhibit increased stroke volume and cardiac output compared to the BUF hearts, with no difference in intrinsic heart rate (HR). In the present study, we investigated in vivo resting cardiac function in BUF and DA rats using echocardiography. METHODS: Male DA (n=11) and BUF (n=12) rats (aged 14-17 weeks) were lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital (40mg/kg, ip), the chest was shaved, and the animal was situated in the supine position on a warming pad. Two-dimensional guided M-mode studies were performed from the parasternal long axis for the determination of left ventricular end-diastolic (LVDd) and end-systolic (LVSd) diameters and fractional shortening (FS). The myocardial performance index (MPI), stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) were calculated using Doppler pulsed-wave traces of mitral and aortic flow measured at the level of the LV outflow tract from the apical four-chamber view. Cardiac index (CI) was calculated by dividing CO by body weight. RESULTS: BUF rats had significantly greater body weight and a larger SV than the DA rats, but had significantly lower HR and CI (Table). No differences in LVDd, LVSd, FS, MPI, or CO were observed (Table).TableCONCLUSION: After correcting for differences in HR and body weight, in vivo assessment of resting cardiac function revealed that DA rats exhibit greater cardiac performance than BUF rats. Our findings contrast with those of the working heart preparation in that in vivo assessment of cardiac function shows DA rats to have a smaller stroke volume and greater HR than the BUF rats, resulting in an identical CO between the two strains. Nevertheless, cardiac index is significantly greater in DA rats, possibly contributing to the superior ARC observed in this rat strain compared to that of the BUF strain.

Clarence C. Dill: The Life of a Western Politician by Kerry E. Irish

ofAmerican photographers. That meant Indi ans were now depicted as a "lost race," as part of a nostalgic past that included thedecimated buf falo and thevanished wilderness. A final, brief epilogue argues that cowboy photographs by Montanan L.A. Huffman and sod-house scenes by Solomon Butcher along with the artwork of cowboy artistCharles M. Russell memorialized anOld West beyond thehorizon. Valuable books like thisone always provoke questions.Why closewith the1890s,forexample, when nostalgic views of a vanishingWest con tinuedwell into the twentiethcentury? Most of theauthor's illustrationscomefrom theBeinecke Library atYale University, theAmon CarterMu seum, and theAmherst College Library. Is that because these librarieshold thebest photographs of the West or because Sandweiss was trainedor worked at these institutions?Indeed, arenot the author's Yale connections everywhere apparent here?Residents ofOregon and thePacificNorth west might also ask:why so littleon theOregon Country?Near theend ofher valuable book, the author asserts that photographs have, over time, "inform [ed] and shape [d]ourmaster narrative of thenation's western past" (p. 343). Yet, how can therebe an ongoing master narrative of the region if, as the author argues, "artifacts ... can stillevoke... thepast, but always innegotiated and contingent ways" (p. 342)?Won't conclu sions about the West change as often and rap idlyas new viewers studyand interpretit? These are quibbling questions. Know this: Print theLegend isnow thebest volume avail able on the intertwined storyof photography and the AmericanWest. Smoothlywritten, invit inglypublished, and expansive in its research, Martha Sandweiss'smuch-praised studybelongs on the top shelfofbooks about the cultural his toryof theAmerican West. Clarence G Dill: The Life ofaWestern Politician By Kerry E. Irish Washington State University Press, Pullman, 2000. Photographs, notes, bibliography, index. 252 pages. $22.95 paper. Reviewed by Gene Tollefson Bonneville Power Administration (retired),Portland The mixed public and private power sys tem in the Northwest stands as a monu ment tomany men, none more significant than Clarence C. Dill. Over thecourseof twenty years, Dill rosefrom political obscurity to help lead a reform effort thatplaced public power on the regional agenda ? issuing a death sentence forholding compa nies on thenational agenda ? and put Franklin Delano Roosevelt intothe White House. Clarence C Dill: Life ofaWestern Politician isa balanced though incomplete account ofhow a progressive young journalist, lawyer, and former Democratic congressman upset incumbentRepublican Miles Poindexter in the 1922Senate race andwent on to serve two terms in the U.S. Senate. Public opposition to thirteenelectricutility holding companies that consolidated and soon dominated the industrydeveloped in two stages. The first sweptaway theold system,and the sec ond created thenew.Dill embraced the cause of "the pumpers," those who, in 1918, proposed con structionof a dam atGrand Coulee to store wa terfor irrigationand pump itonto thedrypla teau above. Kerry Irish presents a concise and readable account of theconsiderable political skill Dill brought to thisenterprise.Those seeking in sightsintohis role intheFederal Trade Commis Reviews 449 sion (FTC) investigationlaunched byCommerce SecretaryHerbert Hoover will be disappointed. Irish gives no account of Dill's actions or atti tudes either before or after the 1929 market crash. It isamissed opportunity. In 1923,theyear afterDill won election, the Federal Power Commission (FPC) granted li censes to thoseopposed to thepumping plan for a series of smaller, private dams. By 1932, Engi neers Public Service Company had completed Rock IslandDam, thefirstto span theColumbia River.ElectricBond and Share controlledbut did not develop four other sites. One site, Priest Rap ids,promised irrigationand aluminum produc tion,but financialmanipulations led theFPC to withdraw the licenses in 1930. A subsequent study by theArmy Corps of Engineers found a gravityplan favored by Elec tricBond and Share tobe unfeasible. It substi tuteda seriesof federaldams, includingBonne ville and Grand Coulee. President Hoover op posed reclamation effortsother than Boulder Dam and rejected 1932 legislation authorizing construction ofGrand Coulee Dam, leaving the field toFDR. FTC revelations led topassage of thePublic UtilityHolding Company Act of 1935, which abol ishednon-contiguous holding companies. Puget Sound Power and Light, WashingtonWater Power Company, Portland General Electric, and Pacific Power and Lightbecame independentby the1950s. Irishfocused his attentionon Dill's support for FDR fromhis vice presidential nomination speechat the1920 Democratic convention through the 1932campaign. Along theway, Senator Dill won the support of theNew York governor for the Grange-backed...

Resistance to mammary carcinogenesis in Copenhagen rats: potential roles of vascular endothelial growth factor and mast cells

The Copenhagen (COP) rat is extremely resistant to mammary cancer induction by carcinogens. Multiple genetic loci have been linked to the resistant phenotype, but the mechanisms underlying the resistance still remain unknown. Evidence has shown that the acquisition of angiogenic capacity is critical for tumor development. We, therefore, decided to investigate whether administration of angiogenic factor would enhance mammary carcinogenesis in the COP rat. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was administered in a sustained releasing formula to pubescent female COP rats 2 weeks after N-nitroso- N-methylurea (NMU) treatment. Six months after NMU exposure, we found no difference in mammary tumor incidence between VEGF treated animals and controls. Analysis of VEGF expression, however, revealed different expression patterns in mammary epithelial cells of various origins. Mammary epithelial cells from pubescent susceptible Buffalo (BUF) and COP rats expressed substantial levels of VEGF messages, whereas cells prepared from 230-day-old rats showed negligible levels of VEGF mRNA. We also demonstrated that mammary epithelial cells from tumors developed in susceptible BUF rats expressed VEGF, whereas VEGF messages were barely detectable in tumors induced in COP rats. Furthermore, enlargement of the intramammary lymph nodes with prominent mast cells was observed in NMU treated COP rats, but not in NMU treated BUF rats. These results suggest that down regulation of VEGF expression is insufficient for resistance to mammary carcinogenesis, and that enhanced immune response, as evidenced by intramammary lymph node enlargement with mast cell accumulation, may also play a role in conferring resistance in the COP rat.

Wax D of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced osteomyelitis accompanied by reactive bone formation in Buffalo rats

A suspension of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in liquid paraffin has been reported to induce foot swelling accompanied by new bone formation in Buffalo (BUF) rats, which are low responders to the induction of adjuvant arthritis. In the present study, we found that wax D, a mycobacterial cell wall peptidoglycan fragment-arabinogalactan-mycolic acid complex, was an effective component of this bacterium for the induction of osteomyelitis accompanied by reactive bone formation in BUF rats. Chronic inflammation was produced in BUF rats by a single subcutaneous injection of wax D suspended in liquid paraffin. Other Mycobacterium species and Gordona bronchialis were also capable of inducing this reaction. Other bacterial cells including the acid-fast bacteria Nocardia and Rhodococcus, purified cell walls and peptidoglycans from Lactobacillus plantarum, wax C, cord factor, arabinogalactan and mycolic acid prepared from M. tuberculosis were inactive in this respect. In addition, when wax D was administered as a water-in-oil emulsion (Freund's type adjuvant), bone formation scarcely occurred in BUF rats. In Fisher (F344) and Wistar rats, both of which are responder strains to adjuvant arthritis, wax D in liquid paraffin did not induce bone formation.