BS Methods Research Articles

Hyperspectral image band selection method combining the variation degree of salient features

ABSTRACTBand selection (BS) work for hyperspectral remote sensing images (HRSIs) has attracted increasing attention from researchers. In the HRSI, the salient features of each band always include the more important discriminative features. However, most existing BS methods always have difficulty in simultaneously performing local-global consistency analysis on salient features in bands of HRSIs. In addition, these methods also ignore the consideration of the diversity of band information to some extent when selecting a band subset. To tackle these problems, a novel unsupervised hyperspectral BS method combining the variation degree of salient features (UBSF) is proposed in this article. UBSF first promotes the singular value decomposition method to analyse the salient features in bands and develops a new low-dimensional local-global salient feature representation (NLR) method for discriminative feature representations of the bands. The NLR method combines the variation degree of the features of the significant representative patches of each band in their corresponding significant feature subspaces to achieve a local-global consistency analysis of salient features of each band of HRSIs. Next, UBSF proposes a new two-stage strategy (TSS) to preserve the diversity of BS results as much as possible. In TSS, we propose a novel similarity criterion, which can make the highly similar band subsets with near information amount in the overall bands adaptively compressed according to the obtained similarity results of bands further. Then, the band subset with the most information is selected as the final BS results in the obtained reduced-dimensional HRSI. Finally, the validity of the UBSF method is verified based on three measured HRSI datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed UBSF is superior to other state-of-the-art BS methods.

Effect of Use Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Rubber Tyre as A Partial Replacement of Cement and Coarse Aggregate in Concrete

Abstract: Recycling and usage of waste products can be a viable option in the waste management of many materials. The present study focuses on the utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash(SCBA) as replacement material for cement and rubber tyre as replacement material for coarse aggregate in concrete production. Noting the increasing volumes and difficulty in the disposal of wastes from rubber tyres and SCBA, this paper discusses test results of use of SCBA and recycled tyres in concrete for possible application in the construction industry. Sugarcane Bagasse ash contains high amorphous silica content and aluminium ion. For experimental investigations, Sugarcane bagasse ash and its chemical properties are obtained from Sakthi sugars private ltd, Aapakoodal, Tamilnadu. Ordinary Portland cement was partly replaced by sugarcane bagasse ash in the ratio of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% by weight. The results indicate that inclusion of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in concrete up to 20% level significantly enhanced the strength of concrete. In 2008, around one billion end-of-life tyres (ELTs) were being produced globally each year. As a possible means of disposing the tyres, it is proposed to use rubber tyres as coarse aggregate in concrete. Tyres cut into pieces with maximum size of 20 mm to use as coarse aggregate.It were used in the replacement of 15% of the normal gravel. Grade of concrete used in this paper is M30.Compressive strength, splitting tensile, and flexural strength tests were conducted according to the various BS codes. This paper also demonstrated the variation in the compressive strength of the non-conventional concrete when the BS and ACI methods are used in the design of the mix.

Efficacy of some plant extracts against mealybugs on cacao

Mealybugs, Planococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), are the secondary pest on the cacao plant. However, this pest often infested cacao shoots in the nursery and causes the death of the seedling. Pest control efforts use existing materials plants in Indonesia and are relatively easy to make and adopt by stakeholders. The purpose of this research was to screen the efficacy of some plants extracts against mealybugs on cacao. We researched in the laboratory of pests and diseases, IIBCRI. Mealybugs were collected from cacao plantations and reared in the laboratory. The materials plants used for extraction were Cassia spectabilis leaves, Gliricidia sepium leaves, Cinnamomum burmannii leaves, Allium sativum bulbs, Reutealis trisperma fruits, and Cymbopogon nardus leaves. The methods were spraying the plant extracts on mealybugs directly (KS) and cacao pod (BS). The results showed that all types of oils at a concentration of 5% in the KS and BS methods could kill mealybugs equivalent to deltamethrin. The smallest value of LC50 3 DAT is at the MSW (KS), while at 7 DAT, LC50 7 DAT is at MDG (BS). The fastest LT50 value is at MSW (KS) 5%, while in the BS method, the fastest LT50 value is on the MBKS 5%.

Concrete Mix Design by IS, ACI and BS Methods: A Comparative Analysis

Concrete is one of the most consumable construction materials on the earth. The concrete constitutes cement, sand, gravel, water and/or additives in definite proportions. The proportions of raw materials of concrete are decided by the concrete mix design. The mix design depends on the various factors. For mix design, most of the countries have their own specifications. In the present study, standard guidelines of India, Britain and America for the concrete mix design have been discussed. The concrete grades of M25, M35 and M45 were designed and compared. Indian Standards were also compared. It was concluded that new revised version of Indian Standard code has the lowest value of water/cement ratio and highest quantity of cement as compared to other standards.

Constrained-Target Band Selection for Multiple-Target Detection

This paper develops a new approach to band selection for multiple-target detection, called constrained-target band selection (CTBS). Its idea is derived from the concept of constrained energy minimization (CEM) by constraining a target of interest, while minimizing the variance resulting from the background (BKG). By taking advantage of CEM, the variance produced by a target of interest can be further used as a measure of prioritizing bands as well as a means of selecting bands for this particular target. As a result, two CTBS-based band prioritization (BP) criteria, called minimal variance-based BP (MinV-BP) and maximal variance-based BP (MaxV-BP), and two CTBS-based BS methods, called sequential forward CTBS (SF-CTBS) and sequential backward CTBS (SB-CTBS), can be derived for multiple-target detection. Since the bands selected by CTBS vary with targets of interest used to constrain CEM, in order for CTBS to be applied to multiple targets, a new fusion technique, called band fusion selection (BFS), is further developed for CTBS to integrate bands selected by different targets so that CTBS can work for all targets. Unlike most BS methods for target detection which generally simultaneously select a fixed set of bands for all targets of interest, the ideas of constraining multiple-target detection and using BFS are novelty of this paper. Experimental results show that CTBS performs well for multiple-target detection.

Energy conservation and greenhouse gas mitigation under different production systems in rice cultivation

Identification of a suitable cultivation method with low energy use, GWP and high productivity is the need of the hour. A 16-year old field study in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) with different methods of rice cultivation viz., zero tillage (ZT), happy turbo seeder (HTS), bed planting (BP), reduced tillage (RT), conventional sowing (CS), direct sowing (DS), broadcast method of sowing (BS), manual transplanting (HT) and selected transplanting methods like, manual transplanter (MT) and mechanical transplanter (MaT) was used to evaluate the energy input and GWP. HT method of rice cultivation recorded higher energy use than ZT, HTS, BP, RT, CS, DS and BS methods, respectively. Whereas HTS method recorded highest net grain energy (NEg) and this was followed by ZT and MaT, The PTR method recorded 61–66% higher GWP compared with direct sown unpuddled method of rice cultivation. Among direct sown unpuddled methods of rice cultivation, HTS, BP, RT and ZT had lower GWP than farmers' practice. MaT recorded higher carbon output than ZT, HTS, BP, RT, CS, DS and BS methods. The study indicated that direct seeded method of rice cultivation is energy efficient with lower GWP and thus may be recommended.

The Evaluation of Flammability Properties Regarding Testing Methods

Abstract In this paper, we address the historical comparison methods with current methods for the assessment of flammability characteristics for materials an especially for wood, wood components and wooden buildings. Nowadays in European Union brings harmonization in evaluated of standards into each European country and try to make one concept of evaluated the flammability properties. In each European country to the one standard level which will be used by evaluation of materials regarding flammability. In our article we focused mainly on improving the evaluation methods in terms of flammability characteristics of using materials at building industry. In the article we present examples of different assessment methods at their own test methods in terms of fire prevention. On the base of old compared of materials by STN, BS and DIN methods for testing materials on fire and new methods of evaluating the flammability properties regarding EU standards before and after starting the flash over.

An analysis of delay-dependent stability of symmetric boundary value methods for the linear neutral delay integro-differential equations with four parameters

The paper is concerned with the study of delay-dependent stability of symmetric boundary value methods (BVMs) for the linear neutral delay integro-differential equations (NDIDEs) with four parameters. Four families of symmetric BVMs, namely the Extended Trapezoidal Rules of first (ETRs) and second kind (ETR2s), the Top Order Methods (TOMs) and the B-spline linear multistep methods (BS methods) are considered in this paper. By using the boundary locus technique, the delay-dependent stability region of symmetric BVMs is analyzed and their boundary loci are discussed. In addition, we give a sufficient condition that symmetric BVMs preserve the delay-dependent stability of the analytical solution. Some numerical examples are presented to validate the theoretical results.

Solving Volterra integro-differential equations by variable stepsize block BS methods: Properties and implementation techniques

In this article, block BS methods are considered for the numerical solution of Volterra integro-differential equations (VIDEs). Convergence and stability properties are analyzed. A new Matlab code for the solution of VIDEs, called VIDEBS, is presented. Numerical results using a variable stepsize implementation show the effectiveness of the proposed code.

Comparison of spectrophotometric methods using cuvette tests and national standard methods for analysis of wastewater samples

The suitability of spectrophotometric methods using cuvette tests (CT) for determination of ammonia (NH4+-N), nitrates (NO3--N), total phosphates (РО43--Ð ) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in real wastewater were evaluated by comparison with corresponding Bulgarian national standard methods (BS). The CT methods are based on measuring of ready-to-use cuvettes (bar-coded reagent vials) inwavelength range of 340 to 900 nm. Nine wastewater samples from the inlet of the wastewater treatment plant of Sofia city were collected in the period of three months and the above mentioned quality indicators were measured in parallel both with CT and BS methods. Mean values of ten replicate determinations for each of the samples were compared statistically using Dixon’s t-test and linear regression model. Excellent linear correlation (R2 > 0.99) was found. As another mean of comparison, all the methods (CT and BS) for the determination of all the quality indicators were validated and uncertainties were estimated. Based on this, all data were compared and proved statistically equivalent. Key words: Method comparison, method validation, uncertainty estimation, cuvette tests, linear regression, spectrophotometer, wastewater.

Delay-dependent stability analysis of symmetric boundary value methods for linear delay integro-differential equations

The paper is concerned with the numerical stability of linear delay integro-differential equations (DIDEs) with real coefficients. Four families of symmetric boundary value method (BVM) schemes, namely the Extended Trapezoidal Rules of first kind (ETRs) and second kind (ETR $_2$ s), the Top Order Methods (TOMs) and the B-spline linear multistep methods (BS methods) are considered in this paper. We analyze the delay-dependent stability region of symmetric BVMs by using the boundary locus technique. Furthermore, we prove that under suitable conditions the symmetric schemes preserve the delay-dependent stability of the test equation. Numerical experiments are given to confirm the theoretical results.

Quadrature formulas descending from BS Hermite spline quasi-interpolation

Two new classes of quadrature formulas associated to the BS Boundary Value Methods are discussed. The first is of Lagrange type and is obtained by directly applying the BS methods to the integration problem formulated as a (special) Cauchy problem. The second descends from the related BS Hermite quasi-interpolation approach which produces a spline approximant from Hermite data assigned on meshes with general distributions. The second class formulas is also combined with suitable finite difference approximations of the necessary derivative values in order to define corresponding Lagrange type formulas with the same accuracy.

Broken-symmetry natural orbital (BSNO)–Mk-MRCC study on the exchange coupling in the binuclear copper(II) compounds

We have investigated the scope and applicability of Mukherjee’s state-specific multireference coupled cluster singles and doubles (Mk-MRCCSD) method on the magnetic interactions in dichloro-, oxo-, and peroxo-bridged binuclear Cu(II) complexes. Several reference orbitals including broken-symmetry natural orbitals (BSNOs) are examined for the Mk-MRCCSD computations. We compare the effective exchange integral ( J) values calculated by Mk-MRCCSD with those calculated by conventional complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and MRMP2. The BS methods with approximate spin-projection (AP) method are also performed for comparison. It is found that the Mk-MRCCSD method can be applicable to the prediction of exchange couplings in binuclear copper(II) containing systems.

The BS class of Hermite spline quasi-interpolants on nonuniform knot distributions

The BS Hermite spline quasi-interpolation scheme is presented. It is related to the continuous extension of the BS linear multistep methods, a class of Boundary Value Methods for the solution of Ordinary Differential Equations. In the ODE context, using the numerical solution and the associated numerical derivative produced by the BS methods, it is possible to compute, with a local approach, a suitable spline with knots at the mesh points collocating the differential equation at the knots and having the same convergence order as the numerical solution. Starting from this spline, here we derive a new quasi-interpolation scheme having the function and the derivative values at the knots as input data. When the knot distribution is uniform or the degree is low, explicit formulas can be given for the coefficients of the new quasi-interpolant in the B-spline basis. In the general case these coefficients are obtained as solution of suitable local linear systems of size 2d×2d, where d is the degree of the spline. The approximation order of the presented scheme is optimal and the numerical results prove that its performances can be very good, in particular when suitable knot distributions are used.

96/05645 Coal-specific systematic errors in estimation of pyritic and organic forms of sulfur by ASTM and BS methods (Letter)

96/05645 Coal-specific systematic errors in estimation of pyritic and organic forms of sulfur by ASTM and BS methods (Letter)

A rapid and accurate method for determining the dry rubber content and total solid content of NR latex

The dry rubber content of field latex is determined roughly by means of the hydrometer known as the ‘Metrolac’, which is an instantaneous method. However, accurate determination of the percentage dry rubber content (%DRC) and the percentage total solid content (%TS) of natural rubber latex is important for the export certification of shipments of latex in the producing countries. Accurate determination of %DRC and % TS are also important for many other purposes such as research experiments in the field of chemical modification of rubber. At present, determinations of %DRC and %TS are carried out by the BS methods which involve heating the latex or coagulum samples for over 6 h in a conventional oven. Hence these methods are not suitable for a factory producing large quantities of centrifuged latex for production control purposes or for export. This paper reports convenient methods of determining %DRC and %TS of latex in 10 min and 25 min, respectively, with the same accuracy as the BS or ISO methods.