Bryozoan Pectinatella Magnifica Research Articles

First record of the freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica in north-west Russia with a description of sensory structures

First record of the freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica in north-west Russia with a description of sensory structures

The freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) in the Austrian Danube: first evidence in the Upper Danube basin

The freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) in the Austrian Danube: first evidence in the Upper Danube basin

The First Record of Alien Bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica in the Dnieper River Basin and Evaluation of Its Dissemination Paths

The First Record of Alien Bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica in the Dnieper River Basin and Evaluation of Its Dissemination Paths

Distribution and growth of non-native bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) in four large rivers in South Korea

Distribution and growth of non-native bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) in four large rivers in South Korea

The relationship between occurrence of invasive bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy 1851) and parameters of the aquatic environment in the Biosphere Reserve Třeboňsko (Czech Republic)

In the period from 2012 to 2014, twenty localities with a varying density level of the invasive bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica were investigated in the Třeboň region. These localities included water bodies ranging from eutrophic-hypertrophic fishponds to mesotrophic-oligotrophic flooded sandpits. The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the water bodies’ physical, hydrochemical and hydrobiological parameters. Control localities (localities with absence of P. magnifica) were found to be significantly different from localities with occurrence of P. magnifica in most of the measured parameters. Also shown was that P. magnifica tends to form colonies in localities showing above-average qualitative parameters within the Třeboň region: balanced oxygen and pH regime, low concentration of suspended solids (Secchi depth over 1 m) and nitrogen forms (mean TN 1.5 mg L−1), chlorophyll-a mean concentration 54 µg L−1, and zooplankton mean density 117 ind L−1 and biomass 2 mg of wet weight L−1. Furthermore, P. magnifica was also found in brown humic waters. While the sites with P. magnifica occurrence are often mesotrophic flooded sandpits and fishponds under nature protection, fishponds for recreational use, and those with low intensity of fishery management (without formation of massive cyanobacterial water blooms, oxygen regime fluctuations, etc.), localities unoccupied by invasive bryozoans are mostly strictly eutrophic-hypertrophic, semi-intensified, carp fishponds.

Experimental cultivation of the invasive freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica

The freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) is an invasive species in many countries all over the world. Although native to North America, it has been found in many countries of Europe and Asia. Pectinatella magnifica forms the largest colonial masses from all recently known bryozoan species. Culturing this organism in an aquarium has never been achieved for more than few days so far. Colonies from laboratory culture are important for various studies on its biology and life cycle of this species in experimental conditions. Young colonies successfully hatched from germinating statoblasts of P. magnifica in the laboratory and were maintained over eight weeks. Moreover, this was the first time when the compound colonies of this species were carried from its natural habitat to the laboratory, into a special aquarium system, and kept alive for more than three weeks. In both experiments the physicochemical parameters of the water (temperature, concentration of dissolved oxygen, electrolytic conductivity and pH) and changes in weight of compound colonies of P. magnifica in laboratory conditions were checked. The results found in this study are essential for understanding the invasiveness of this species and identifying methods for elimination of its ecological risks because these are closely resembling those of other invasive species.

Lipidomic Study of Precursors of Endocannabinoids in Freshwater Bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica.

Freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica was collected from a sand pit (South Bohemia). The total lipids after extraction from lyophilized bryozoans were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution negative tandem electrospray mass spectrometry. A total of 19 lipid classes were identified, including N-acyl-substituted phospholipids, that is, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine and N-acylphosphatidylserine in their plasmenyl forms. Based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of 3-pyridylcarbonyl (picolinyl) esters, a very unusual fatty acid was identified, namely 24:7n-3 (all-cis-3,6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosaheptaenoic acid). The presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in individual classes is very specific: arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids being predominantly bound as amides in N-acyl phospholipids, that is, diacyl-N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPtdEtn), plasmenyl-N-acylphosphatidyl ethanolamines (PlsNAPtdEtn), diacyl-N-acylphosphatidylserines (NAPtdSer), and plasmenyl-N-acylphosphatidylserines (PlsNAPtdSer). While 24:6n-3 was identified in the sn-2 position of several phospholipids, 24:7n-3 was identified in only two plasmalogens, that is, PlsNAPtdEtn and PlsNAPtdSer. Thanks to the tandem mass spectrometry, we managed to identify the position of all acyl groups in both diacyl- and also in alkenyl-acyl-(plasmenyl) molecular species of N-acylphospholipids. The identification of the molecular species of N-acyl-substituted phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, including their plasmalogen forms, in the freshwater bryozoan P. magnifica has enabled the identification of endogenous cannabinoid precursors.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Phylactolaemata: Plumatellida) assembled from next-generation sequencing data

The complete mitochondrial genome of the freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica was sequenced. The circular mitochondrial genome is 17,539 bp and consists of 13 protein-coding, two ribosomal RNA, and 22 transfer RNA genes (GenBank accession no. MG546680). The Bayesian comparative analysis of molecular evolution rates revealed no acceleration of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) evolution of P. magnifica. Results of maximum likelihood analysis showed that this species clustered with other species of the phylum Bryozoa.

AFLP reveals low genetic diversity of the bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) in the Czech Republic

BackgroundNon-native species have aroused scientific interest because of their ability to successfully colonise areas to which they have been introduced, despite their sometimes limited genetic variation compared to their native range. These species establish themselves with the aid of some pre-existing features favouring them in the new environment. Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851), the freshwater magnificent bryozoan, is non-native in Europe and Asia. This study was designed to determine the genetic diversity and population structure of P. magnifica colonies collected from the Protected Landscape Area (PLA) and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Třeboňsko (the Czech Republic) in the 2009 and 2011–2014 periods using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP).FindingsThe vast majority of the examined non-native colonies, except three colonies sampled in 2012, expressed very low levels of genetic variation, not differentiating from the USA native colony. The Bayesian clustering approach grouped the 28 accessions into two genetically different populations.ConclusionsThe data suggest relatively low gene diversity within all colonies, which might reflect the recent expansion of P. magnifica in the Czech Republic.

Assessment of Chemical Impact of Invasive Bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica on the Environment: Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of P. magnifica Extracts.

Pectinatella magnifica, an invasive bryozoan, might significantly affect ecosystem balance due to its massive occurrence in many areas in Europe and other parts of the world. Biological and chemical analyses are needed to get complete information about the impact of the animal on the environment. In this paper, we aimed to evaluate in vitro cytotoxic effects of five extracts prepared from P. magnifica using LDH assay on THP-1 cell line. Antimicrobial activities of extracts against 22 different bacterial strains were tested by microdilution method. Our study showed that all extracts tested, except aqueous portion, demonstrated LD50 values below 100 μg/mL, which indicates potential toxicity. The water extract of P. magnifica with LD50 value of 250 μg/mL also shows potentially harmful effects. Also, an environmental risk resulting from the presence and increasing biomass of potentially toxic benthic cyanobacteria in old colonies should not be underestimated. Toxicity of Pectinatella extracts could be partially caused by presence of Aeromonas species in material, since we found members of these genera as most abundant bacteria associated with P. magnifica. Furthermore, P. magnifica seems to be a promising source of certain antimicrobial agents. Its methanolic extract, hexane, and chloroform fractions possessed selective inhibitory effect on some potential pathogens and food spoiling bacteria in the range of MIC 0.5–10 mg/mL. Future effort should be made to isolate and characterize the content compounds derived from P. magnifica, which could help to identify the substance(s) responsible for the toxic effects of P. magnifica extracts.

Importance of substrate material for sustaining the bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica following summer rainfall in lotic freshwater ecosystems, South Korea

We investigated the influence of summer rainfall on Pectinatella magnifica colonies in lotic ecosystems. Of the examined substrate materials, branches and aquatic macrophytes supported more colonies of P. magnifica than that by stones or artificial materials. The influence of rainfall on P. magnifica colonies differed in accordance with the type of substrate material at each study site. In the Geum River, little difference was noted in the number of P. magnifica colonies on branches before (<TEX>$mean{\pm}SE$</TEX>, <TEX>$24{\pm}7.3$</TEX> individuals) and after rainfall (<TEX>$20{\pm}8.4$</TEX> ind.); other substrate types supported fewer colonies of P. magnifica after rainfall. In contrast, in the Miryang River, rainfall had minimal effect on the number of P. magnifica colonies supported by macrophytes (<TEX>$13{\pm}3.8$</TEX> and <TEX>$12{\pm}4.3$</TEX> ind., respectively). Artificial material was more abundant in the Banbyeon Stream where it was able to support more colonies of P. magnifica. We found that the structure of different substrates sustains P. magnifica following rainfall. In the Miryang River, free-floating and submerged plants with a relatively heterogeneous substrate surface were the dominant macrophytes, whereas in the Geum River, simple macrophytes (i.e., emergent plants) were dominant. Therefore, we conclude that the substrate type on which P. magnifica grows plays an important role in resisting physical disturbances such as rainfall.

An insight into antimicrobial activity of the freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica

The antimicrobial activity of five crude extracts of the freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) was evaluated in vitro for the first time. P. magnifica acetone extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) 0.004–0.350 mg/mL and MBC 0.007–0.500 mg/mL), while its methanol extract showed the most promising antifungal activity (MIC 0.03–0.12 mg/mL and MFC 0.06–0.25 mg/mL). Furthermore, at a concentration of 0.25 MIC, the methanol extract reduced biofilm formation of the bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in a considerable extent (59.14%). FTIR spectra of the most active extracts indicate the presence of carbonyl compounds, long-chain alcohols and/or sterols. According to the experimental data obtained, P. magnifica methanol extract may be considered as a good resource of novel natural products with potent antibiofilm activity against the bacterium well known for its resistance.

The First Finding of Bryozoan Pectinatella Magnifica (Lophopodidae) in Lower Danube

AbstractThe freshwater bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) was found for the first time in the Ukrainian part of the Danube Delta (Poludionniy arm, 45°25.00˝ N, 29°45.25˝ E) in 2005. Since then, it has increased in abundance. Th e greatest colony numbers occurred on both dead and living reed stems in the delta region 1.5-2.0 km upstream from the Black Sea.

World-wide distribution of the Bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy 1851)

Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy 1851) is an invasive freshwater colonial animal belonging to the phylum Bryozoa. It is native to the area east of the Mississippi River, from Ontario to Florida. Currently it occurs throughout North America and the first record for it outside that continent was for Bille near Hamburg in 1883. Later, it was found in the Elbe (Havel by Spandau), in Tegeler See, a pond in Wroclaw and in Silesia and Brandenburg. In addition, floatoblasts of P. magnifica were found in the upper Elbe in Germany in the 1950s. Then, P. magnifica spread to the area of Spandau in Berlin and the Oder, and Wroclaw. It is also recorded in Romania and Turkey. In France, it was recorded occurring in the area called Franche-Comte in 1994. Its occurrence in the Netherlands was first reported in 2003 and then each following year. The newest discoveries are for the Rhine basin in the area between Luxembourg and Germany. Recently, it was also recorded in the Czech Republic and Austria. Besides Europe and North America, it is also recorded in Japan and Korea. The statoblasts of P. magnifica are spread by flowing water, zoochory and probably also by anthropochory.

The onset of invasion of bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica in South Bohemia (Czech Republic)

Pectinatella magnifica is an invasive freshwater bryozoan with ability to produce large colonies reaching a capacity of up to several tens dm3. In the Protected Landscape Area and Biosphere reserve Třeboňsko the bryozoan was first found in 2003 in one mesotrophic sandpit. The species gradually spread to many other sites around the Třeboň area and at most of these locations its occurrence has invasion properties. Pectinatella expanded to some other sandpits, fishponds without intensive pisciculture. Pectinatella colonies are found mainly on submerged branches of willow trees. The differences between biomass in transects with the occurrence of shrub willow and biomass in transects without their presence were statistically significant in the total biomass weight and the number of colonies. The average weight of several colonies did not differ. The most important parameter affecting the occurrence was the low trophy of water. The water temperature is evidently an important factor affecting the seasonal dynamics of occurence. Differences in nitrogen and phosphorous content between the water outside and inside the colonies were statistically significant. The colonies also accumulate other elements, including microelements.

Ecology of Pectinatella magnifica (Bryozoa) in an Alabama Oxbow Lake: Colony Growth and Association with Algae

Colonies of the bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica commonly occur on submersed substrata in an oxbow lake (Touson Lake) in the floodplain of the Black Warrior River, Alabama. Seasonal growth patterns, substratum preference, and potential effects of bryozoan colonies on algal assemblages attached to artificial and natural substrata were determined. Colony growth on artificial substrata (pine sticks) and natural ones (dead cypress twigs and aquatic plants) was monitored at biweekly intervals from the appearance of bryozoans during early autumn to the loss of colonies from substrata in late December. Maximum colony growth occurred during late September and early October. Some colonies reached up to 65 cm in length and 10 cm in diameter. Colonies showed no preference among the substrata examined, but young colonies always developed first on the shaded side of the substratum. The presence of bryozoan colonies affected the composition of attached algae. Blue-green algae (90%) dominated on surfaces enclosed by the colonies and also within the gelatinous colony matrix, whereas surfaces uncolonized by Bryozoa developed mixed communities of diatoms (78%), blue-green algae (12%), and green algae (11%).

Benthos in Bear Creek, Mississippi: Effects of Habitat Variation and Agricultural Sediments

ABSTRACT The macroinvertebrate fauna of Bear Creek, a 83 km stream which flows through six oxbow lakes, and two off-stream lakes in the same watershed was studied for two years. Bear Creek, a tributary of the Yazoo River in the Delta region of Mississippi, drains 330 km of Intensively cultivated agricultural land and carries a continuing sediment concentration during the rainy season of up to 1300 mg l−1. Benthic organisms were collected monthly from August, 1976 through August, 1978 at six stream stations and at 14 lake stations, across a variety of substrates, and at depths ranging from 0.5 to 6.5 m. In most lake and stream sections of the creek, Chaoborus (one species), Chironomidae (nineteen genera), and Oligochaeta (three species), dominated the benthos. Thirteen other genera of insects were represented as were Bryozoa (four genera), Mollusca (nine genera), Hirudinea (five genera), and Crustacea (three genera). There was continuous stress from high rates of sedimentation (up to seven cm yr−) as indicated by low taxa rlchness(s) and diversity ([dbar]) at a majority of stations sampled. Most creek stations were subject not only to annual sedimentation and flushing but also to fluctuations in water level and drying. Secondary productivity varied greatly (one to 31 g dry wt m −2yr−1) and was almost totally dependent on three taxa of pollution tolerant organisms except In unstressed stream reaches. Low productivity in riverine lakes, when compared to stream sections was partially due to differences in species distribution in lotic and lentic habitats. The mayfly Hexagenia bilineata, the clam Sphaerium rhomboldeum, and the bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica, responded negatively to environmental stresses Induced by seasonally high concentrations of suspended sediments.

Substrate Discrimination in Pectinatella Magnifica Leidy (Bryozoa)

ABSTRACT This study is concerned with the role of particle size in habitat selection by the larvae of the colonial bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica Leidy. All experiments were conducted at 25° C. with a 14/10 LD photoperiod. When larvae are provided with a clean glass surface only, they settle and metamorphose with no apparent difficulty. If natural pebbles are provided, the larvae will favour the stone over the glass surface. As the size of substrate particle is reduced, the selective favour is likewise reduced. If larvae encounter only sand-size particles, the preference will return to the glass surface. In experiments in which larvae are offered various other surfaces, settling larvae clearly favoured naturally occurring surfaces over manufactured materials.