Brushing Treatment Research Articles

Effects of moisture content and storage method on the physical properties of dried persimmon during frozen storage

This study investigated the effects of moisture content and the proposed storage method on the physical properties of dried persimmon during frozen storage. The samples with 35.21% moisture content exhibited more rapid changes in surface color, thickness, and hardness of the secondary surface than those with 41.11% and 32.09%. The samples with 35.21% moisture content also exhibited faster sugar crystal formation than those with 41.11% and 32.09% moisture content during frozen storage. Moreover, the three samples’ proportions of freezable and bound water differed. The results indicate that controlling the dried persimmon’s moisture content between 32.09% and 35.21% is optimal for frozen storage. According to the surface sugar and sensory evaluations, the proposed storage method (samples receive kneading treatment without brushing during the drying process, have an initial moisture content of 33.25%, and are stored in a thermal insulation box) in the present study could maintain the quality of dried persimmon better compared with the common storage method (samples are subjected to kneading and brushing treatment during the drying process, have an initial moisture content of 36.02%, and are stored directly in a freezer).

Retaining the largest aspen stems during motor-manual release allows to control aspen suckering in young mixedwood stands

Mixedwood stands containing aspens (Populus tremuloides or P. grandidentata) often convert to hardwood-dominated stands after harvesting due to the rapid regeneration of aspen from root suckers, even when sites are promptly replanted with conifer seedlings. Without the use of herbicides, this problem is usually dealt with several passes of motor-manual (“manual”) release of overtopped seedlings. The aim of this study was to test a variation of thinning from below treatment (thinning; only 20% of the largest aspens are retained), and to compare it against two traditional release treatments: broadcast brushing (brushing; 100% removal of aspen) or crop tree release (CTR; removal of competing vegetation 60 to 90 cm around planted spruce) and an un-treated control. The thinning treatment left the 20% larger aspen stems in place, in order that they continue exerting apical dominance on smaller suckers and limit re-suckering of the treated plots. Aspen suckering and growth of planted black spruce seedlings (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P) were measured two- and four-growing seasons following treatments. Results four years after release application showed that the thinning and CTR treatments reduced aspen density by 61% compared to the brushing treatment. In addition, aspen individual stem volume in the thinning treatment was almost 10 times larger than the brushing and twice that of the CTR treatments. Spruce height and ground collar diameter (GCD; 5 cm aboveground line) were both measured, and while height increment was similar in all treatments, diameter increment was greater in the thinning treatment (+42%) compared to the control, brushing and CTR treatments (+17%). Thinning yielded better short-term results than the brushing release in terms of aspen re-suckering and aspen sawlog potential, highlighting the need for adapted silvicultural treatments based on the species’ ecology.

The comparison of two programmes to measure color difference (ΔE) from tooth sample photo

Background: Color evaluation is crucial to evaluate a material’s quality. One alternative method for evaluating material’s color is using photographs analysed by software. This research evaluates the use of digital imaging and software (ImageJ and Photoshop) to obtain color differences of tooth sample in-vitro. Method: The sample used is bovine teeth that were given tea-staining and brushing treatment using five tested toothpastes. Sample’s photographs for each toothpaste’s group (n=4) were taken before and after experiment. DLSR Nikon D90 was used with digital CCD censor, macro lens 105mm, manual setting (ISO 200, F-Stop 5, Shutter Speed 1/400) with distance to sample of 25cm. Sample was positioned in foldable mini-studio-box (24.5x24.5x22.5cm) with LED-lighting (6500-7000 color temperature). The photographs were taken in close room at 11.00am. Two software were used to obtain the color value from pre- and post-experimental photographs of the sample at the middle-third of the sample using CIE-Lab (Commision Internacional de l’Eclairage L*a*b) color system. The resulted color difference (ΔE) value of sample from the two-software were compared using independent T-test and evaluate the measurement accuracy using Pearson’s correlation (α=0.05). Result: ImageJ and Photoshop analyses of the sample photographs yield comparable ΔE values, as determined by an independent T-test (p=0.893). The Pearson correlation test reveals a positive correlation (R=0.904) between the two software. Conclusion: The use of digital photography and software to obtain ΔE values are accurate, representative, and recommended when taking into account the controlled procedure of photographing the sample and analysing the sample's color value.

THE EFFECT OF CHILD TOOTHPASTE CONTAINS Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) AND NOT CONTAINS Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (NON-SLS) ON PRIMARY TEETH ENAMEL SURFACE ROUGHNESS

Brushing teeth combined with toothpaste is influential in maintaining dental and oral hygiene, especially for children still developing. Toothpaste contains several active ingredients, including detergent in the form of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS). This study aims to determine whether or not using children's toothpaste that contains SLS and does not contain SLS on the enamel surface roughness. An experimental laboratory study was conducted on twenty primary incisors divided into two groups of treatment samples to be brushed using toothpaste containing SLS and not SLS. Toothbrushing treatment was carried out for 30 days in the morning and evening with the assumption that the accumulated time for 6 minutes was the same as the time to brush your teeth in 1 day, 2x brushing your teeth in the morning and at night. The tooth enamel surface roughness was measured before and after treatment in the middle 1/3 of the labial surface using a Mituyo SJ 301 profilometer. Statistical analysis using the Dependent t-Test showed that the P-value of the enamel surface roughness variable was less than 0.05 (P-value <0.05), thus it can be explained that there is a statistically significant mean difference between the enamel surface roughness variables before and after brushing treatment on both groups. Toothpaste that contains SLS and without SLS affects the enamel surface roughness, which can reduce the enamel surface roughness.

Experimental Evaluation of Bond Strength between Setting Retarder Added Concrete and Normal Concrete

The large size concrete structures are continuously placed with time delay due to practical reasons. The bond strength between old concrete and new concrete is related with a performance of concrete structures. In order to investigate bond strength of slant shear specimens, the specimens (100 × 100 × 300 mm) were fabricated and tested. Two fractions of setting retarder (0% and 1%), surface roughness (none, brushed, and chipping), and curing hours (8, 16, 24, and 72 hours) were considered as variables. Failure modes, compressive strength, and displacement were measured to evaluate the bond strength of specimens. As a result, chipping treatment, which is commonly applied to increase the bond strength between old and new concrete, did not show significant increase of bond strength. The addition of retarder shows that the increased bond strength compared with the chipping treatment. The addition of the retarder in concrete shows sufficient bond strength after the previous placing of 16 hours. Furthermore, the retarder-added specimens with additional brushing treatment of concrete surfaces showed increase of bond strength more than the specimens without brushing. From the test results, it is confirmed that the addition of the retarder can be a new method to increase the bond strength of the concrete surface in continuous placement of concrete.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Removing Surface Defects by Brushing

The paper presents the results of a study on the effectiveness of removing surface defects by brushing. Damage to machine components usually begins on their surface or in the surface layer area. This determines the development of methods, conditions, and process parameters that will positively affect the stereometric and physical properties of the surface layer. Experiments were conducted in which surface defects were generated on a specially designed test stand. By controlling the load and speed of the defect generator it was possible to affect the geometry, depth, and width of the surface defect. A FEM simulation of the brushing treatment was carried out in order to determine the effect of fibers passing through a surface defect in the form of a groove with a small depth and width. It was shown that for certain conditions of brushing treatment, surface defects could be removed effectively. Moreover, the microhardness of the surface layer after the brushing process was analyzed. Changes in microhardness due to brushing reached up to 50 μm for EN AW-2024 aluminum alloy and up to 150 μm for AZ91HP magnesium alloy. The results demonstrated that brushing was an effective method for strengthening the surface layer and that the value of strengthening in the area of defects depended on the effectiveness of their removal.

Unidirectional versus bidirectional brushing: Simulating wind influence on Arabidopsis thaliana.

Plants acclimate to various types of mechanical stresses through thigmomorphogenesis and alterations in their mechanical properties. Although resemblance between wind- and touch-induced responses provides the foundation for studies where wind influence was mimicked by mechanical perturbations, factorial experiments revealed that it is not always straightforward to extrapolate results induced by one type of perturbation to the other. To investigate whether wind-induced changes in morphological and biomechanical traits can be reproduced, we subjected Arabidopsis thaliana to two vectorial brushing treatments. Both treatments significantly affected the length, mechanical properties and anatomical tissue composition of the primary inflorescence stem. While some of the morphological changes were found to be in line with those induced by wind, changes in the mechanical properties exhibited opposite trends irrespective of the brushing direction. Overall, a careful design of the brushing treatment gives the possibility to obtain a closer match to wind-induced changes, including a positive tropic response.

HUBUNGAN METODE MENYIKAT GIGI DENGAN INDEKS PHPM PADA ANAK TUNARUNGU

The method of brushing teeth is the recommended general method to clean soft deposit on the surface of the teeth and gums. Plaque is transparent thin layer that attached on the teeth. Deaf is a term used for children who experience limitations in hearing. Based on the preliminary study, deaf children in Special needs children school (SLB) in Yogyakarta Special Regionshowed that 80% of the 20 children had moderate PHPM index scores. This research aimed to determine the relationship between the method of brushing teeth and the PHPM index in deaf children. This research used quasy experiment with one group pretest posttest. Moreover, total sampling was used as a sampling technique to collect the data from 50 respondents. Data collection technique was carried out by measuring PHPM index by using disclosing solution before and after the tooth brushing treatment with vertical, horizontal, and mix method. This research was conducted between February and March 2019. Chi-square was used as the statistic test. This study shows that most children used the horizontal tooth brushing method (48%) with p=0,002, mix tooth brushing method with p=0,006, and vertical tooth brushing method with p=0,054. Therefore, it shows that horizontal and mix method have significant relationship with PHPM index (p<0,05). There is a significant relationship between the method of brushing teeth and the PHPM index in deaf children.

Mechanical stimulation in wheat triggers age- and dose-dependent alterations in growth, development and grain characteristics.

Background and AimsWheat crops are exposed to a range of mechanical stimulations in their natural environment, yet we know very little about their response to such conditions. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of mechanical stimulation on wheat growth and development, stem mechanical properties and grain measures. We focused on the following questions: (1) Does plant age affect the response to mechanical stimulation? (2) Is there a minimum threshold for the perception of mechanical stimuli? (3) Is the effect of manual brushing different to natural wind stimulation?MethodsFor age– and dose–response experiments, wheat plants were grown under controlled glasshouse conditions with brushing treatments applied using a purpose-built rig. The results of the controlled experiments are compared with those from an outside experiment where wheat plants were exposed to natural wind, with or without additional brushing. Detailed phenotypic measurements were conducted and treatment effects on grain characteristics were determined using micro-computed tomography imaging.Key ResultsTwo-week-old wheat plants were particularly sensitive to mechanical stimulation by controlled brushing treatments. Amongst others, plants exhibited a large reduction in height and grain yield, and an increase in tillers, above-ground biomass and stiffness of stem segments. Plants responded significantly to doses as small as one daily brushstroke. Outdoor experiments by and large confirmed results from controlled environment experiments.ConclusionsThe morphological and developmental response to mechanical brushing treatment, in relation to vegetative above-ground biomass and grain yield, is dependent on plant age as well as the dose of the treatments. This study shows that mechanical stimulation of wheat impacts on a multitude of agriculturally relevant traits and provides a much needed advancement of our understanding of wheat thigmomorphogenesis and the potential applications of mechanical conditioning to control relevant traits.

Protection of Stone Monuments Using a Brushing Treatment with Ammonium Oxalate

Stone monuments and buildings are susceptible to weathering. Carbonate-based stones are especially vulnerable in acidic environments, whereas magmatic acidic stones are more susceptible to chemical weathering in basic environments. To slow down surface corrosion of limestone and marble artworks/buildings, protective coatings which inhibit calcite dissolution have been proposed. In this work, samples from two stone types with different porosity were treated with ammonium oxalate (AmOx) to create a protective layer of calcium oxalate (CaOx) using the previously developed brushing method. Two different synchrotron microscopy experiments were performed to determine its protective capability. X-ray powder diffraction (SR-μ-XRPD) in transmission geometry allowed visualization of the distributions of calcium carbonate and oxalates along the sample depths. In a second step, X-ray fluorescence (SR-μ-XRF) was used to check the efficiency/integrity of the protective surface coating layer. This was done by measuring the sulfur distribution on the stone surface after exposing the protected stones to sulfuric acid. XRPD showed the formation of a protective oxalate layer with a thickness of 5–15 µm on the less porous stone, while a 20–30 µm thick layer formed on the more porous stone. The XRF study showed that the optimal treatment time depends on the stone porosity. Increasing the treatment time from 1 to 3 h resulted in a decreased efficiency of the protective layer for the low porosity stone. We assume that this is due to the formation of vertical channels (cracks) in the protective layer.

Development of free binder zirconia-based pastes for the production of dental pieces by robocasting

The current work aims to develop high solid load zirconia pastes without organic binder additives, for the robocasting of dental structures. The effect of the amount of Dolapix CE64 dispersant on the stabilisation of zirconia aqueous suspensions was first tested. The determined optimal amount of dispersant was then used to produce pastes with zirconia concentration in the 80−90 wt% range. Pastes were further studied regarding rheological behaviour and printability. The most printable were used to produce parallelepiped blocks by robocasting; slip casting samples were also produced for comparison. Density, surface roughness, porosity, hardness and toughness of both types of samples were assessed after sintering. Finally, a model molar tooth was produced by robocasting and sintered. The most encouraging robocasting results were obtained using a paste with 0.5 wt% Dolapix CE64 and 88 wt% zirconia. The produced samples displayed 97.1 % of theoretical density, Vickers hardness of 1485 ± 32 and fracture toughness of 4.11 ± 0.09 MPa.m1/2 after sintering. Similar values were obtained for slip casting parts. A model molar tooth with adequate surface finishing was successfully obtained using the described processing parameters, together with a brushing treatment carried out in the green state. Attained results show that it is possible to build zirconia prosthetic dental structures with adequate morphological and mechanical properties by robocasting of binder free pastes. This opens an opportunity window for the cost-effective and environmentally friendly customized production of prosthetic dental structures by additive manufacturing.

COMPARISON OF PLAQUE SCORE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL BRUSHING TEETH (MISWAK) AND BASS METHOD (Overview of Students of the Pondok Pesantren Darul Hijrah Putera Banjarbaru)

Background: Siwak or miswak is obtained from the branches and stems of the Salvadora persica plant that grows in the Middle Eastern plains and commonly used as a toothbrush to clean teeth and gingival structures. Miswak contains natural antibacterial acids (astringents, abrasives and detergents) which function to kill bacteria, prevent infection and stop bleeding in the gum. Chemical substances such as Chloride, Pottasium, Sodium Bicarbonate, Fluoride, Silica, Sulfur, Vitamin C, Trimethylamine, Salvadorine, and Tannins which function to clean teeth, whiten and nourish teeth and gingiva. How to brush your teeth has an effect on reducing or removing plaque. Efforts to clean plaque can be done by brushing your teeth. Brushing your teeth using a toothbrush is a form of mechanical removal of plaque. It can be done through several methods, including the method of Bass, Stillman, Fones, and adapted to the movements named Vertical and Horizontal. The bass method is a tooth brushing technique that is done by placing a 45-degree toothbrush on the root of the tooth and then gently pressing it while doing a small rotating motion. The tip of the toothbrush is directed to the gingival neck. The bass method is more effective for removing plaque around and below the edge of the gingiva. Controlled movements are used to get rid of plaque and avoid trauma to the gingiva. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the comparison of plaque scores between brushing tooth with traditional (Miswak) and bass methods on students of the Pondok Pesantren Darul Hijrah Putera Banjarbaru. Method: This study used the Quasi experimental research method with Pre and Post-test. Results: The results of statistical tests using the non-parametric test of the Man Whitney test showed a value of p = 0,000 (p ≤ 0,05), the results showed that there were significant differences between the plaque scores before and after the tooth brushing treatment with the miswak and bass method. Conclusion: The bass method group has a lower plaque score than the miswak group.

Properties of the Surface Layer After Trochoidal Milling and Brushing: Experimental Study and Artificial Neural Network Simulation

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of milling and brushing cutting data settings on the surface geometry and energy parameters of two Mg alloy substrates: AZ91D and AZ31. In milling, the cutting speed and the trochoidal step were modified (vc = 400–1200 m/min and str = 5–30%) to investigate how they affect selected 2D (Rz, Rku, Rsk, RSm, Ra) and 3D (Sa, Sz, Sku, Ssk) roughness parameters. The brushing treatment was carried out at constant parameters: n = 5000 rev/min, vf = 300 mm/min, ap = 0.5 mm. The surface roughness of specimens was assessed with the Ra, Rz, and RSm parameters. The effects of the two treatments on the workpiece surface were analyzed comparatively. It was found that the roughness properties of the machined surface may be improved by the application of a carbide milling cutter and ceramic brush. The use of different machining data was also shown to impact the surface free energy and its polar component of Mg alloy specimens. Complementary to the results from the experimental part of the study, the investigated machining processes were modelled by means of statistical artificial neural networks (the radial basis function and multi-layered perceptron). The artificial neural networks (ANNs) were shown to perform well as a tool for the prediction of Mg alloy surface roughness parameters and the maximum height of the profile (Rz) after milling and brushing.

Učinak mehaničkog stresa na presadnice tri ukrasne vrste iz porodice Asteraceae

Transplants of Tagetes patula L., T. erecta L. and Calendula officinalis L. were subjected to brushing treatment until appearance of visible inflorescence buds. At the end of treatment, plant height was statistically significantly decreased only in C. officinalis, whereas, at the beginning of flowering, the height of plants was statistically equal to untreated groups in all examined species. In T. patula, the treatment also did not influence other measured morphological parameters. However, in T. erecta, treated plants had higher numbers of lateral branches and leaves, and, in C. officinalis, the treatment resulted in more upright stems. Besides, treated plants in both T. erecta and C. officinalis had a higher number of inflorescence buds. The results indicate that brushing is not effective method for reducing plant height in the examined cultivars of T. patula and T. erecta, yet may be a valuable tool to improve some commercially important characteristics in T. erecta and C. officinalis transplants. However, some plants were damaged by brushing treatment, especially in C. officinalis. Further research is therefore needed to find the effectiveness of methods of applying mechanical stress in which physical contact with plants is reduced or avoided.

Effect of experimental dentifrice on dental restorations. An in vitro study

ObjectiveThe experimental fluoride-containing bioactive dentifrices have caused a change in the restorative materials properties, however, it was minimal that properties still lied within the acceptable requirement for clinical applications. Materials and methodsExperimental dentifrices were prepared with the variable concentration of fluoride-based bioactive glass, nano-zinc oxide, and titanium oxide powders as active ingredients. A custom-made toothbrush simulator was used with variable cycles (0, 5000, and 10,000) to treat a disc-shaped like samples prepared from restorations (bulk fill, nano-hybrid composite, and resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGIC). Prior to, and after the treatment cycles, physical properties of the restorative materials were assessed through micro-hardness, surface roughness, and color stability testing. ResultsThe restorative materials showed an insignificant difference in terms of micro-hardness before and after tooth brushing treatment with all dentifrices. A significant difference was observed in terms of surface roughness. With respect to color stability, the result of treated toothpastes showed an insignificant difference between control and other three experimental dentifrices for all cycles (0, 5000, 10,000). ConclusionThe experimental fluoride-containing bioactive dentifrices have caused a change in the restorative materials properties, however, it was minimal that properties still lied within the acceptable requirement for clinical applications.

Inducing positive emotions: Behavioural and cardiac responses to human and brushing in ewes selected for high vs low social reactivity

Welfare concerns not only the absence of negative emotional experiences but also the presence of positive experiences. However, scientific investigation on positive emotions in farm animals has been long neglected. This study aimed to investigate the perception of sheep to positive stimuli and whether emotional reactivity influences such perception, through behavioural and cardiac indicators. Therefore, 38 Romane ewes belonging to two divergent lines, high (R+) or low (R−) reactive, were submitted to the presence of a familiar experimenter (HUM) or brushing by a familiar experimenter (BRU). The procedure was divided in three phases: before (2.5 min), during (3.0 min) and after (2.5 min) HUM or BRU. Body postures, head orientation, ear changes and postures, closed and half-closed eyes, tail wagging and feeding behaviour were analyzed, and heart rate variability parameters (RMSSD, RMSSD/SDNN and LF/HF ratios) were estimated. Data were analyzed using linear models with different correlation structures. The models considered treatment, genetic line and phase as fixed effects, including their interactions. Brushed ewes showed fewer body posture, head orientation and ear posture changes and a higher proportion of closed and half-closed eyes, tail wagging and rumination during the procedure, when compared to ewes submitted to the human presence (P < 0.05). Both BRU and HUM ewes had lower HR during and after the procedures and higher RMSSD/SDNN rate during the procedures, reflecting the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system in response to both treatments (P < 0.05). Behavioural and cardiac results suggest that both treatments induced a relaxing state in sheep, more pronounced for the brushing treatment. Interestingly, an anticipatory agitation before the treatment was observed mainly in BRU sheep. Highly reactive ewes expressed less head orientation changes and a higher proportion of horizontal ear postures and feeding behaviour in response to brushing than when submitted to human presence (P < 0.05), indicating that brushing might have elicited a more relaxing effect on R+ animals. Differences between R+ and R− ewes suggest that reactivity might modulate sheep responses to assumed positive stimuli.

Inappropriate Toothbrushes Selection Alter Composite Dental Material Restoration Surface Roughness: A Preliminary Study

Introduction. Regular dental plaque control by means of chemically and mechanically methods are among efforts to improve oral health and hygiene. Mechanical cleansing using toothbrush is still the gold standard for continually removing of dental plaque. But on the other hand, inappropriate selection of toothbrushes type selection promotes alteration on dental material restoration surface. Toothbrushes with different degree of stiffness are readily available on market and are classified as hard, medium, and soft. Mechanical friction due to regular movement of the toothbrush with various degree of stiffness was predicted as factor that related with surface roughness alteration on dental material restoration. Nowadays, resin composite material is still declared as the material of choice to repair dental hard tissue damage due to caries activity. However, it has been found that the irregularity of surface promotes bacterial adhesion and biofilm deposition, whereas the smooth surface does not favor bacterial deposition. The progress of bacterial deposition promotes secondary caries on the margin between material restoration and teeth. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of brushing treatment by means of three different toothbrushes on the surface of resin-based compositesExperimental. Specimens were prepared from experimental RBCs with 5 mm diameter and 2 mm thick. Specimens were divided equally into 3 different groups (group A, B, and C). Each group has 5 numbers of specimens. Group A was treated with hard toothbrush, and group B as well as C were treated with medium and soft toothbrush respectively. The toothbrush was mounted in the customized mechanically brushing machine to control the force and number of cycle during specified time. Brushing cycle and time for all groups was conducted for 1000 times of brushing in 60 minutes. Surface roughness resulted from mechanically brushing is evaluated by means of profilometer device.Results and Discussion. The results of the preliminary study shows that there is a differences of surface roughness between groups. The value of roughness varied among all group, and the highest number of roughness were found in group A (&gt; 0.2 micrometres).Conclusions. This result implies brushing with hard toothbrush preferentially has greater risk of surface damage and become pronounce factor of secondary caries.

Lodgepole pine and trembling aspen mixedwoods: Growth and yield within 22 to 39 year old pine plantations of northern interior British Columbia

Six lodgepole pine plantations located in the Sub Boreal Spruce (SBS) biogeoclimatic zone of northern interior British Columbia were chosen to study the impacts of aspen competition on the growth and yield of lodgepole pine. The six sites from four different zonal variants (dw2, dw3, dk1 and mc2) ranged in age from 22 to 39 years. Site preparation treatments occurred on all sites: drag scarification, disking, or a broadcast burn post clear-cut logging. Four of the sites received at least one operational brushing treatment for aspen (chemical or manual). At each site, 30 pine trees (CP) were selected as plot centres to represent the observed range of aspen competition. A series of nested plots up to 7.98 m radius was used to evaluate effects of % pine composition on stand density and stand volume using linear and non-linear models. At five of the six sites total volume was unchanged across the range of pine composition. The growth interaction between aspen and pine was found to be a linear relationship of competitive reduction where pine volume, basal area and merchantable volume was highly sensitive to any increase in aspen density or composition.

Improved management of mango fruit though orchard and packinghouse treatments to reduce lenticel discoloration and prevent decay

Mango fruit are exposed to complex postharvest handling management, intended to improve postharvest quality retention during export shipment. Susceptibility to lenticel discoloration and to Alternaria side rots and Phomopsis stem-end rot under current handling conditions led us to re-evaluate and modify the chain of postharvest treatments, from the orchard to the packinghouse. The previously developed hot-water brushing (HWB) treatment was found effective in reducing incidence of Alternaria and stem-end rots, but it significantly induced development of red lenticels. Two factors were key to improving fruit quality, by simultaneously reducing lenticel discoloration and decay development: (a) postharvest water and/or NaOH washes in the orchard, and (b) hot-water spray (HWS) applied over rollers without brushes in the packinghouse. The present results indicate that optimal management involves combinations of water washes in the orchard with packinghouse HWS treatment; this significantly reduced the severity of lenticel discoloration by 50–60%, and the incidence and extent of postharvest side rots caused by Alternaria by 60% or more. These results indicate that appropriate handling of fruit can appreciably improve their quality during prolonged storage and shipment.

Daylong Effect of Tooth Brushing or Combination Tooth Brushing and Tongue Cleaning Using Antiplaque®Toothpaste on Volatile Sulphur Compound Levels

Objective: to determine the daylong effect of Antiplaque® toothpaste active copound and the effect of tooth brushing or combination of tooth brushing and tongue cleaning on Volatile Sulphur Compounds (VSC) levels. Methods: Clinical experimental double blinded microbiological and clinical examination. Subjects mainly from dental faculty student with or without a chief complain of halitosis. One hundred and twenty subjects were divided into four groups that consist of thirty samples each group. Two group are treatment subjects were divided into four groups that consist thirty samples each group. Two groups are treatment groups using Antiplaque® toothpaste and two groups are control groups using placebo toothpaste. The daylong effects of VSC levels are measured by Halimeter and organoleptic. The intraoral status were measured including periodontal status and tongue index. Result: There are a reduction of VSC levels in both treatment and control group, but the reduction only significant in group using Antiplaque® toothpaste (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p<0.05). There are a reduction of VSC levels in both treatment using Antiplaque® toothpaste, but the combination of tooth brushing and tongue cleaning reduced VSC levels significantly lower than tooth brushing treatment (Mann Whitney U test, P,0.05). Conclusion: Tooth brushing and tongue cleaning using Antiplaque® toothpaste significantly reduced VSC levels. DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v16i2.95