BRS Esteio Research Articles

Does foliar fertilization with zinc enhance physiological pro-cesses and biofortify grains in bean cultivars?

Beans are one of the staple grains of the Brazilian diet and are strategic in combating malnutrition, since their grains are rich in iron. However, zinc (Zn) is another relevant micronutrient in issues related to malnutrition, but little is known about it in bean grains. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar fertilization with Zn on physiological and productive processes and grain biofortification in bean cultivars. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks, in a 10x2 factorial scheme, with 10 bean cultivars (BRS FP403; BRS Campeiro; BRS Esplendor; BRS Esteio; BRS FC310; BRS FC402; BRS FC415; BRS FC409; BRS Estilo and BRS Pérola) fertilized via foliar or not with Zn, with four replicates. The yield components of beans, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophylls a, b and total, carotenoids and pigments in leaves and Zn content in leaves and grains were evaluated. The evaluated characteristics showed significant differences by the multivariate tests of Wilks' Lambda, Pillai's Trait, Hotelling-Lawley's Trait and Roy's Maximum Root. Foliar fertilization with zinc enhanced physiological processes and biofortified grains in bean cultivars, especially in the materials BRS FC409, BRS FC310, BRS FC402 and BRS Pérola.

Enhancing quick-cooking bean quality: The impact of salt concentrations on soaking of fresh and aged Brazilian genotypes

AimThis study aimed to investigate the feasibility of preparing quick-cooking beans from freshly harvested and aged beans with HTC defects from two Brazilian bean genotypes and to evaluate the influence of different salt concentrations in the soaking step. MethodTwo Brazilian bean genotypes (BRS Estilo and BRS Esteio) that were freshly harvested and aged with hard-to-cook (HTC) defects were used to produce quick-cooking beans by testing different treatments with saline solutions (0.5 %, 1.0 %, and 1.5 %) sodium bicarbonate [NaHCO3] and sodium chloride [NaCl]) in the soaking stage. The cooking time, water absorption, damaged grains, colorimetric profile, visual characteristics, and hardness were analyzed. ResultsThe use of salts in the soaking step promoted reductions of up to 95 % in the cooking time of the beans. The shortest cooking times and highest water absorption were observed with NaHCO3 treatments. After processing, browning of the tegument was observed in BRS Estilo, whereas BRS Esteio exhibited the opposite behavior. Beans soaked in NaHCO3 showed higher levels of damage, regardless of the evaluated genotype; however, HTC beans showed less damage and higher hardness than freshly harvested beans. ConclusionDifferent concentrations of NaCl and NaHCO3 enabled the elaboration of beans with greater water absorption capacity, shorter cooking times, and lower hardness. The 1.0 % NaCl treatment produced quick-cooking beans with better characteristics. The use of salts during the soaking step can help in the preparation of quick-cooking beans, providing improvements in technological quality, especially for HTC beans.

Quick‐cooking beans technology: Effects of the drying temperature on end‐product quality

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThis study investigated different drying temperatures (40°C, 50°C, and 60°C) during the preparation of dehydrated quick‐cooking beans and verified the physical and chemical effects and digestibility of the grains. Two genotypes (BRS Esteio and BRS Estilo), freshly harvested and with hard‐to‐cook (HTC) defects, were used.FindingsLower drying temperature favors producing quick‐cooking beans with reduced cooking times. As the temperature increases, there is an increase in grain browning. Higher temperature (60°C) promotes the most significant damage, reaching 36.35% in BRS Estilo. Phytic acid content reduced considerably at drying temperatures of 50°C and 60°C in HTC beans, and the lower content of tannin was obtained after drying at 40°C (0.45 and 0.60 mg/100 g). All quick‐cooking beans had over 90% protein digestibility. The development of quick‐cooking beans using a drying temperature of 40°C provided higher starch digestibility after 180 min of simulated intestinal digestion.ConclusionsThe drying process at 40°C improved the technological, physical, and nutritional characteristics of quick‐cooking dehydrated beans.Significance and NoveltyThe drying temperature directly influences the final quality of quick‐cooking beans; so, it is important to consider the use of low temperatures.

Organomineral Fertilization Associated with Inoculation of Rhizobium tropici and Co-Inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense in Common Bean

The use of organomineral fertilizers can serve as a nutritional source for crops, ensuring sustainability in the production system. Another alternative approach is through the inoculation and co-inoculation of microorganisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development, nutrition, and agronomic yield of common beans through fertilization with the organomineral formula “OMF”, derived from sewage sludge biosolids, combined with Rhizobium tropici inoculation and co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense techniques. Three bean cultivars from different commercial groups, Pérola, BRS Esteio, and BRS Pitanga, were tested. They underwent OMF application; OMF application combined with seed inoculation with Rhizobium tropici and re-inoculation; seed co-inoculation with Rhizobium tropici + Azospirillum brasilense prior to sowing; and foliar re-inoculation with Rhizobium tropici + Azospirillum brasilense. The results indicated that seed inoculation, combined with leaf re-inoculation at the V4 stage, resulted in greater bean productivity. The combination of Rhizobium tropici with co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense generally led to increased productivity compared to mineral nitrogen fertilization. The exclusive use of OMF enabled development and productivity gains. The Pérola bean cultivar showed better adaptation to the applied treatments. In conclusion, this research suggests that there are benefits to using OMF with symbiotic bacteria and growth promoters.

Phytosociology of Weeds in Function of the Cultivation of Genetic Materials of Beans and Castor Hybrids under Intercrop and Monoculture in the Brazilian Midwest

Despite the socioeconomic importance of beans and small-door castor hybrids, few studies have been carried out to investigate the phytosociological composition of weeds that interfere in this integrated production system. The objective of this work was to investigate the phytosociological composition of weeds in intercropped bean and castor hybrids adapted to mechanized harvesting, as well as in monoculture, involving genetic materials with different plant architectures. The design was randomized blocks, with four replications, and the treatments consisted of three bean cultivars with different growth habits and types (BRS Realce; BRS Esteio; Pérola), cultivated in an intercropped system with two small castor hybrids (Agima and Tamar), and the respective monoculture systems of the bean and castor hýbrids. Weed evaluation was performed 25 days after crop emergence. The bean growth habits and the size of castor hybrids directly affect the weed community, in both systems. Cenchrus echinatus and Alternanthera tenella species showed predominance in intercropping and monoculture conditions. The common bean monoculture and castor hybrids system, in general, provide greater problems with weeds compared to their respective monocultures, especially the Poaceae family. The weed species similarity indexes were higher than 75%.

Antagonism to Macrophomina phaseolina and growth promotion in bean by cave bacteria filtrate

Beans are one of the most important foods for the majority of the world's population, and Brazil is the third largest producer. This production can be affected by pests and diseases, such as gray stem rot, caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, which is difficult to control due to the low efficiency of chemical products. One of the viable alternatives is the use of microorganisms and/or secondary metabolites to control the pathogen and promote plant growth. The objective of this work was to test the antagonistic action of the filtrate of cave bacteria against M. phaseolina and promote the growth of common bean. To determine the period of infection of the phytopathogen, a severity test was carried out, and subsequently the filtrate of cave bacteria, identified as IS22, was applied at different times of inoculation of the phytopathogen in the bean plant BRS Esteio. Plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoots, root length, fresh and dry weight of roots were evaluated. The fungus did not manifest symptoms in the plant, but in relation to the growth promotion of the common bean, the filtrate provided a significant increase in the analyzed variables from the V3 stage. It is concluded that the tested filtrate is a promising biostimulant for the market.

DIVERGÊNCIA GENÉTICA E SELEÇÃO DE CULTIVARES DE FEIJÃO BASEADA EM ARQUITETURA DE PLANTA E PRODUTIVIDADE

ABSTRACT The characterization of genetic divergence in common bean cultivars for various traits related to plant architecture and grain yield is unprecedented. This study proposes to determine whether common bean cultivars of different grain types differ for 12 traits of plant architecture and grain yield; examine the correlations between these traits; analyze the genetic divergence of these cultivars; and select superior cultivars for these traits. A total of 22 common bean cultivars with the grains types most produced in Brazil were evaluated in two growing seasons. Plant architecture was analyzed based on 12 traits, and grain yield was determined at maturity. Significant genotype and genotype × environment interaction effects were obtained, indicating the existence of genetic variability for all evaluated traits. Several plant architecture traits were correlated, but none was highly correlated with grain yield. Firstand second-internode lengths are more important in differentiating common bean cultivars. Principal component and Tocher’s analyses resulted in the formation of four and seven groups of cultivars, respectively. Both methods are efficient in analyzing genetic divergence; however, Tocher's method is more informative. Cultivars BRS Campeiro, SCS 205 - Riqueza, BRS Esteio, IAC Imperador and Guapo Brilhante have a high grain yield potential, but only BRS Campeiro, BRS Esteio and Guapo Brilhante have upright plant architecture.

Agronomic biofortification increases concentrations of zinc and storage proteins in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grains

Zinc (Zn) is an essential element for plants and mammals and its deficiency affects billions of people worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soil Zn fertilization and foliar Zn sprays in different phenological stages of the plant on the grain nutritional quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Field experiments were carried out in two consecutive harvest years under no-till system in an Oxisol. Two commercial common bean cultivars were used: BRS Esteio (black bean) and IPR Campos Gerais (Carioca bean). Total concentration of Zn, amino acids, sucrose, total sugars and storage proteins (albumin, globulin, glutelin and prolamin) in grains were evaluated. The cultivar BRS Esteio exhibited higher grain enrichment with Zn than the cultivar IPR Campos Gerais, showing genotypic variation. Single foliar Zn spray of 600 g ha−1 at the initial grain filling stage was shown to be the best way to improve the grain Zn concentration, without affecting grain yield. Foliar Zn spray at the final stage of grain filling favored the increase of Zn concentration in the pods over the Zn concentration in the grains. Agronomic biofortification of bean grains with Zn was more efficient with foliar Zn spraying than with the soil Zn fertilization, however, the soil Zn application favored the increase of concentrations of total amino acids and storage proteins (albumin, globulin and glutelin) in the grains. Agronomic biofortification proved to be efficient in increasing concentrations of Zn and storage proteins in common bean grains.

Genetic parameters, yield adaptability and stability of common bean obtained through mixed models analyses

The common bean provides a diet rich in vitamins, fiber, minerals and especially in proteins, which can provide food security for poor people in many countries. With the increase in demand for food production, cultivars with high grain yield potential that can be planted in different environments have been the focus of common bean breeding programs. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate genetic parameters, grain yield, adaptability and stability simultaneously of common bean lines that compose the Value for Cultivation and Use trials of the South region of Brazil. The experiments were conducted in 13 environments in the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. The analysis of adaptability and stability were performed The common bean provides a diet rich in vitamins, fiber, minerals and especially in proteins, which can provide food security for poor people in many countries. With the increase in demand for food production, cultivars with high grain yield potential that can be planted in different environments have been the focus of common bean breeding programs. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate genetic parameters, grain yield, adaptability and stability simultaneously of common bean lines that compose the Value for Cultivation and Use trials of the South region of Brazil. The experiments were conducted in 13 environments in the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. The analysis of adaptability and stability were performed using mixed linear models by the Residual Maximum Likelihood and the Best Linear Unbiased Predictor for predicting the genotypic values through Selegen statistical program. The selective accuracy of genotypes for their genotypic values was 87% and the broad-sense heritability for grain yield was 13%. The genotypes CHC 98-42, BRS Esteio, CNFP-10794, CHP 01-238, FT 08-75, IPR Campos Gerais, LP 09-40, CNFC 10762, C 4-7-8-1-2 and LEC 01-11 were superior based on the method of Harmonic Mean of Relative Performance of Genotypic Values. These genotypes presented a higher mean grain yield in comparison to the other evaluated genotypes, and could be recommended for cultivation in these regions. In addition, it was possible to obtain genetic gains of up to 9.5% for the CHC 98-42 line, showing its high genetic potential.

Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de genótipos de feijão preto e roxo

ABSTRACT Selecting the best genotypes is difficult, due to the genotype × environment interaction effect. When this interaction is present, the study of adaptability and stability can provide the selection of the best genotypes. Thus, the selected genotypes should associate high yield, adaptability to diferent environmental conditions, as well as production stability. This study aimed to evaluate and select black and purple bean precultivars based on adaptability, stability and grain yield. The parameters were estimated via mixed models and the selection using the Harmonic Mean of the Relative Performance of Predicted Genetic Values (HMRPGV) method. The environments infuenced the phenotypic expression of the black and purple bean genotypes, characterizing a specific adaptability. The black bean genotypes BRS Esteio, BRS FP 403, CNFP 15681 and CNFP 16459 and the purple bean inbred lines CNFRx 16340, CNFRx 16346 and CNFRx 16353 showed the best performance, when considering, simultaneously, grain yield, adaptability and stability. The HMRPGV method provided an optimized selection of genotypes with high grain yield, predictability and responsiveness to environmental improvements, and should be used as a selection strategy for common bean genotypes for commercial growing.

Effect of biostimulant on yield characters of common bean cultivars under Southwestern Goiás conditions

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of biostimulant positioning on common bean cultivars in the southwestern Goiás conditions. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Mineiros-GO. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial 6x3, corresponding to the positioning of the Triplus® biostimulator (R5, R5 + R8 and water) in six common bean cultivars (BRS Campeiro, BRS Esteio, BRS Estilo, BRS Marfim, BRS Notavel and BRS Perola) in 4 replicates. The following productive attributes were evaluated: number of pod, number total of grains, number of commercial grains, number of non-commercial grains, mass of commercial grains, thousand grains mass. There was a significant interaction between cultivar x biostimulant as well as the factors alone. At the end of the experiment, it was concluded that the positioning of the biostimulant via foliar in the R5 phenological phase provided the highest yields for all common bean cultivars, especially BRS Estilo (43.87 sc ha-1) and BRS Notavel (43.02 sc ha-1). Biostimulant applications at stage R5 promoted the best results for number of non-commercial grains, mass of commercial grains, thousand grains mass. In the three stratifications used in the dendrogram, it was possible to form two groups of genotypes. Number total of grains, number of commercial grains and number of pod positively correlate with yield.

Resistance of Common Bean Genotypes to the Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) (Acari: Tarsonemidae): Offspring Development and Biochemical Basis.

Simple SummaryThe broad mite is a prominent pest, and its management is difficult due to its fast life cycle and farmers’ difficulty in detecting it before the damage is caused. Thus, the use of resistant plants is critical for an integrated pest management program for this mite species. Experiments were conducted to search for common bean varieties with resistance against the broad mite. With our findings, selected genotypes could be used for an integrated pest management program. Carioca Original, one of the most-used varieties in Brazil, had a lower yield, despite low numbers of broad mites. Broad mite populations did not jeopardize the yield of the Verdão and Negrão 11 varieties.The broad mite (BM) Polyphagotarsonemus latus is a pest of great prominence for several crops, including the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The objective of this study was to select resistant genotypes and to determine chemicals associated with resistance. In the first experiment, BM incidence was assessed for 36 genotypes in a greenhouse study. A group of 10 genotypes was selected according to the development of BM populations. Mite populations and phytometric and biochemical variables were then determined to study eventual differential genotypic responses to mite infestation. Lower numbers of mite mobile forms (larvae + adults) were found on Verdão, Negrão and Carioca Original genotypes. The magnitude of differences reached 5.4 times more BM in the IAC Alvorada than the Verdão genotype. Plant yields were reduced for the genotypes TAA Bola Cheia, IPR Sabiá, IPR Uirapuru, IAC Alvorada and Carioca Original when plants were infested with BM. The yields for LP 13833, BRS Esteio, Negrão 11, Verdão and MD 1133 were similar between infested and non-infested genotypes, indicating tolerance. Verdão and Negrão 11, besides the tolerance, exhibited low offspring development, indicating antibiosis and/or antixenosis. Higher phenolic compound levels were found in the Verdão genotype. Increased contents of catalase and peroxidase were detected for Negrão 11 genotype when infested with BM. This work allowed the detection of common bean genotypes that express resistance and tolerance to BM. These genotypes can be used in places with a history of BM infestation, or used in breeding programs to incorporate these characteristics in other genotypes.

Yield of common bean cultivars and castor hybrids intercropped in two cultivation sites with oxisol in the Midwest region of Brazil

The consortium between bean and castor aims to increase the yield per unit area and sustainability in land use. This system has several benefits, but the use of different genetic materials must be carefully evaluated, especially the behavior of smaller castor hybrids, since little research on their use in a consortium system is available. This study aimed to evaluate the components of production and yield of common bean cultivars and small castor hybrids, in two field experiments conducted in the intercropping and monoculture systems, in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 harvests, in two cultivation sites in the Midwest region of Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design, in a 4 x 2 + 6 factorial scheme, composed of four common bean genetic materials of different growth types and colors (Pérola, BRS Esteio, BRS Pitanga, and BRSMG Realce), a consortium with two short castor hybrid cultivars (Tamar and Agima 110204) and six additional treatments and bean and castor genetic material in monoculture, with three replications. Agronomic components and grain yields were determined in both experiments, for bean cultivars and castor hybrids. Bean and castor genetic materials presented the same agronomic performance in the studied agricultural and local crops, regardless of the cropping system. The intercropping between common bean cultivars (BRS Esteio, BRSMG Realce and BRS Pitanga) and castor hybrids (Tamar and Ag Ima) was classified as viable by the area equivalence index, since this index presented values greater than 1.0 for the intercropping between these cultivars. Thus, it is recommended for common bean in a system intercropped with small castor hybrids, regardless of the cultivated genetic material

Influence of silicon application on black bean agronomic characteristics

Silicon (Si) fertilization has been established as a sustainable technology, with great potential for reducing the use of agrochemicals and increasing productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of Si on the agronomic parameters of black bean cultivated in Cerrado Biome. The experiment was performed at UEG, Palmeiras de Goiás Campus and the bean cultivar utilized was BRS Esteio, with 6 different silicon dosages (0; 100; 200; 300; 400; 500 kg ha-1 of SiO2), organized in RBD with 4 repetitions. Agronomic parameters like number of pods per plant, 100 grain weight, plant height and crop yield were recorded. Silicon applied at 400 kg ha−1 was found to produce highest 100 grain weight (23.6 g), pods per plant (8), biomass (10.4) and productivity (1142.7 kg ha−1). It is concluded that silicon fertilization in black bean cultivation can be considered a technology of great importance, promoting an enhancement in the agronomical characteristics and productivity of the crop.

Charcoal rot severity and yield components of common bean cultivars inoculated with Macrophomina phaseolina

ABSTRACT Macrophomina phaseolina is a soilborne pathogen with a wide range of hosts and its control through agricultural practices is difficult. The aim of this study was to quantify the severity of root rot (SRR) caused by M. phaseolina in common bean cultivars and its impact on yield components. The experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions with the common bean cultivars ‘ANFC-9 Agro Norte’, ‘BRS Esteio’, ‘BRS Estilo’, ‘BRS Pérola’, ‘FTS Soberano’, ‘IPR Campos Gerais’, ‘IPR Tangará’, ‘IPR Tuiuiú’, ‘IPR Uirapurú’ and ‘TAA Dama’. Three isolates of M. phaseolina obtained from infected plants of common bean, soybeans and maize were inoculated in the common bean cultivars. In the phenological stage R9 of grain harvest maturity, the SRR and the yield components of root dry mass (RDM), number of pods per plant (NPP), number of grains per plant (NGP) and grain mass per plant (GMP) were assessed. All common bean cultivars were susceptible to M. phaseolina, showing a reduction in NPP, NGP and GMP. SPR was greater than 75%, regardless of the origin of isolates. Considering the average of cultivars, there was a significant decrease of 54.3% in RDM, compared to control treatments. The cultivars ‘IPR Tangará’, ‘ANFC-9 Agro Norte’, ‘BRS Esteio’, ‘BRS Pérola’ and ‘FTS Soberano’ had a decrease in at least one yield component, while a reduction occurred in all components for cultivar ‘IPR Tangará’. There was an average decrease in NPP, NGP and GMP of 7.9%, 7.6% and 7.2%; 13.4%, 12.8% and 6.7%; and 14.2%, 12.9% and 10.1%, considering the isolates obtained from beans, soybeans and maize, respectively.

Desempenho agronômico de genótipos de feijão comum cultivados no ecótono Cerrado-Pantanal

Objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o desempenho agronômico de 17 genótipos de feijão comum dos grupos comerciais carioca e preto, entre linhagens avançadas e variedades comerciais, na região do ecótono Cerrado-Pantanal. O estudo foi desenvolvido na área experimental da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana, na safra da “seca”. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com 17 tratamentos e três repetições. Os genótipos foram avaliados quanto aos caracteres: dias para o florescimento; altura de inserção da primeira vagem; altura de planta; número de vagens por planta; número de grãos por vagem; massa de 100 grãos; produtividade de grãos e suscetibilidade às doenças. Os dados obtidos, exceto para as doenças, foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Os genótipos diferiram entre si para as variáveis, dias para florescimento, altura de inserção de vagem, massa de cem grãos e produtividade. Nas condições da região, apenas os genótipos IAC Alvorada, IAPAR 81, TAA Bola Cheia, IAC Diplomata, BRS Esteio, Pérola, BRS Estilo, CNFC 10729 e CNFP 10 794, apresentaram desempenho agronômico superior em comparação aos demais. Todos os genótipos se mostraram suscetíveis ao crestamento bacteriano e à mancha angular.

Nutrition, yield and nutrient export in common bean under zinc fertilization in no-till system

ABSTRACT Zinc (Zn) is one of the most deficient plant micronutrients in agricultural crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate plant nutrition, grain yield and nutrient export rate in response to soil and foliar Zn fertilization in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Two field experiments in no-till system were carried out using two common bean cultivars, BRS Esteio (black bean) and IPR Campos Gerais (Carioca bean). Treatments were composed of soil Zn application during sowing and foliar Zn spray at flowering stage. Soil Zn application had effect on leaf Zn concentration in IPR Campos Gerais and did not affect grain yield of both cultivars. Foliar Zn spray increased leaf Zn concentration by approximately two times in both cultivars, but negatively affected the grain yield in BRS Esteio. Leaf concentration of N, Ca and S were affected by soil Zn application and leaf concentration of Mn was affected by foliar Zn spray, while leaf concentration of P, K, Mg, Cu and Fe were not influenced by the soil and foliar Zn treatments. In treatments without Zn, the descending order of nutrient export rate from the experimental site was as follows: N > K > P > Ca ≈ S > Mg for macronutrients and Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn for micronutrients. Foliar Zn spray increased the export rate of Zn, P, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu and Fe in IPR Campos Gerais, while soil Zn application resulted in higher export rate of P, K and Mn in BRS Esteio.

Research Article Production and disease resistance of elite black bean lines previously selected using mineral nitrogen fertilization cultivated with natural versus artificial nitrogen supplementation

Nitrogen (N) is the most important soil nutrient for common beans; the main sources are mineral N fertilizers and symbiotic N fixation (SNF). The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a N fixing species, but breeding programs have neglected this fact. We investigates black seeded elite lines grown with mineral N fertilization or using inoculation with rhizobia to select lines with broad adaptability, high yield stability, and high agronomic performance. Fifteen black seeded common bean elite lines and cultivars, all of them selected under mineral N fertilization, were evaluated in major bean crop regions in the Brazilian states of Goias, Parana and Distrito Federal in different growing seasons and years, totaling 13 environments (combination of location/growing season/year). Two side-by-side experiments were set up in each environment, one exclusively with mineral N fertilization (total of 80 kg ha-1 of N) and another with Rhizobium inoculation only. The agronomic traits evaluated were seed yield, 100-seed weight, sieve yield, reaction to anthracnose and angular leaf spot. The nodulation traits evaluated were number of nodules and nodule dry matter, specific weight of nodules and relative nodulation index. The N source significantly affected seed yield, 100-seed weight and reaction to anthracnose. All lines produced a higher yield and had higher 100-seed weight under N mineral fertilization; but they were more resistant to disease when inoculated with rhizobia. The interaction between lines and N sources was significant for seed yield, sieve yield, and reaction to anthracnose. However, it did not affect selection of the best lines regardless of N source. The cultivars BRS FP403 and BRS Esteio are recommended for planting with either of the two N sources because they were the highest yielding and exhibited high adaptability and stability under both N supply systems. Selection of superior lines does not appear to depend on the source of N used during crop development. The lines BRS Campeiro and CNFP 15177 gave the highest nodulation index, indicating that these lines should be used in crosses with high yielding lines to produce lines with high seed yield and high nodulation, reducing possible yield losses in SNF systems compared to those that useonly mineral N fertilizer.

Combining Ability for Agromorphological and Physiological Traits in Different Gene Pools of Common Bean Subjected to Water Deficit

Water stress is one of the main limiting factors for common bean crops, negatively affecting grain yield and seed quality. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the inheritance of agromorphological and physiological traits related to drought tolerance in order to identify promising combinations. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with a partial diallel scheme between three drought-tolerant genotypes (IAPAR 81, BAT 477. and SEA 5), and nine cultivars widely grown in Brazil (BRS Estilo, IAC Alvorada, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Uirapuru, IPR Nhambu, BRS Esteio, IPR Garça, BRS Radiante, and DRK 18), in a randomized block design with four replicates. The plants were grown in pots with substrate under 80% of pot capacity until they reached the stage R5, when water supply was restricted to 30% for 20 days in the pots under stress treatment. A wide variability for the agromorphological and physiological traits was observed. Water deficit reduced plant performance for most agromorphological traits and altered their physiological metabolism. Additive and non-additive effects are involved in the genetic control of the majority of agromorphological and physiological traits both under water stress and control (well-watered) conditions. The parental genotypes BAT 477 (group I) and IAC Alvorada, IPR Uirapuru, and BRS Esteio (group II) may be included in breeding programs aiming at improving drought tolerance in common bean since they present high positive general combining abilities for agromorphological traits. The crosses IAPAR 81 × IPR Campos Gerais, and SEA 5 × BRS Radiante resulted in the best combinations considering grain yield per plant and total dry biomass, when cultivated under water deficit.

Soluble extracts from carioca beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) affect the gut microbiota and iron related brush border membrane protein expression in vivo (Gallus gallus).

The effect of soluble extracts with putative prebiotic ability extracted from various bean varieties on the intestinal brush border membrane (BBM) iron related proteins, and intestinal bacterial populations were evaluated using the Gallus gallus model and by the intra-amniotic administration procedure. Eight treatment groups [(non-injected; 18 MΩ H2O; 40 mg/mL Inulin; 50 mg/mL BRS Perola (carioca standard); 50 mg/mL BRS Cometa (carioca, Fe biofortified); 50 mg/mL BRS Esteio (black, standard); 50 mg/mL SMN 39 (black, Fe biofortified); 50 mg/mL BRS Artico (white, standard)] were utilized. Tested groups reduced the relative abundance of Clostridium and E. coli compared to the Inulin group (positive control) and they did not affect the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus compared to the negative control (18MΩ H2O). The relative expression of zinc transporter 1, ferroportin and amino peptidase were up-regulated in the BRS Cometa group (Fe-biofortified carioca beans). Results suggest that soluble extracts from carioca beans may improve the iron bioavailability by affecting intestinal bacterial populations, and BBM functionality.