TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 947 las Honerkamp inherited the Bluff Furnace research program, becom ing the director of the Jeffrey L. Brown Institute of Archaeology. M. Elizabeth Will was consultant for the institute; R. Bruce Council was the institute research instructor. Major site excavations were done in 1981 and 1983 in multiple-week sessions under the direction of either Honerkamp or Council. The main goals of the study were to determine the extent and condition of the physical remains associated with the furnace complex. Excavation centered on activity areas related with furnace operations, each disclosing varying amounts of remains and, thereby, varying amounts of data on the technology in place at Bluff Furnace. An important discovery was a large fused salamander (a piece of prematurely solidified iron that forms an obstruction in the furnace) in the hearth of the cupola, betraying the accident that probably caused smelting operations at Bluff Furnace to end in November 1860. As the authors point out, a design flaw in the hearth might have caused the salamander. The cupola might have survived the accident had the furnace hands not been distracted by impending conflict that was about to engulf the South. Although the furnace was dismantled just prior to occupation by Union troops, and later vandalized, the wealth and variety of artifact remains are impressive. Parts of tools, miscellaneous furnace fittings, and castings, along with the ever-present slag fortunately had no technological or commercial value to the scavengers of the 1860s, allowing archaeologists to draw many conclusions about operations at Bluff Furnace. By pulling together tbe physical remains and historical documentation, the authors successfully set these operations into the context of a southern iron industry that relied on slave labor. The book is well organized and very readable. Introductory chapters explain the relationship of archaeology to industrial sites and describe 19th-century blast furnace technology, setting the stage for the meat of the book. Citations are plentiful but placed at the end, causing much flipping back and forth. The comprehensive bibliography and index make this a very useful reference work and valuable research tool. Victor R. Rolando Mr. Rolando, retired from GE Aerospace, is research associate for the Vermont Division for Historic Preservation, past president of the Vermont Archaeological Society, and author of 200 Years of Soot and Sweat: The History and Archeology of Vermont’s Iron, Charcoal, and Lime Industries (Burlington, Vt., 1992). The Battle for Homestead, 1880—1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel. By Paul Krause. Pittsburgh; University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. Pp. xiv + 548; illustrations, notes, appendixes, bibliography, index. $39.95 (cloth); $19.95 (paper). Even before it ended in November 1892, the Homestead lockout and strike had entered the lore of American labor history. Pitting the 948 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE nation’s largest steelmaker against Pittsburgh’s strongest trade union and punctuated by the famous gun battle between steelworkers and Pinkerton agents on the banks of the Monongahela River that left ten dead, the conflict became a “quasi-mythical epic” that dramatized “the broadest issues and problems of 19th century industrial America” (pp. 4, 5), writes Paul Krause in The Battle for Homestead. By nearly all accounts, the lockout was a carefully planned attempt by Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie to “break” the Amalgam ated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers and to assert managerial control over new machinery installed at the mill. In the wake of the union’s defeat under the combined weight of the Pennsylvania state militia and what would today be called “permanent replacement workers,” wage scales were lowered throughout the steel industry; the 12-hour workday, replacing the 8-hour day, became universal practice; and unionism was routed from the trade until the New Deal. Krause, who teaches history at the University of British Columbia, adds to the literature on Homestead in several ways. A fascinating chapter is devoted to attempts by journalists and congressional investi gators to “silence” Homestead women who took part in the strike and, more generally, to suppress evidence of support for the workers among shopkeepers and Homestead businessmen. (It was the industrialists, not the strikers, who were viewed as the disruptive element.) Krause’s research has...