Biomass Of Brown Algae Research Articles

A study on anticancer and antioxidant ability of selected brown algae biomass yielded polysaccharide and their chemical and structural properties analysis by FT-IR and NMR analyses

The study was conducted to determine the chemical and structural properties of polysaccharides extracted from the marine macroalgae Nemalion cari-cariense. Furthermore, evaluate the anticancer and free radical scavenging activity of purified N. cari-cariense polysaccharide. Approximately 41.6% (w/w) of crude polysaccharide was extracted from N. cari-cariense macroalgae biomass. After deproteinization, the purified polysaccharide's major chemical composition was found to be 92.6%, with all protein content removed. The purified polysaccharide had ash and moisture % of 23.01% and 4.03%, respectively. The C, H, and N of the test polysaccharide were analyzed using GC-MS, with results of 39.21%, 5.87%, and 4.29%, respectively. Furthermore, this analysis also revealed the monosaccharide composition such as glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and rhamnose glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and rhamnose 54.62%, 29.64%, 2.8%, 5.9%, and 6.8% respectively. The molecular weight of purified polysaccharide was found as 49 kDa through PAGE analysis. The FT-IR analysis revealed that the presence of functional groups exactly attributed to polysaccharide and 1H and 13C-NMR analyses confirmed the structural properties of N. cari-cariense polysaccharide. The free radicals scavenging ability of purified N. cari-cariense polysaccharide was investigated by various assays such as total antioxidant assay (22.3%–72.5% at 50–250 μg mL−1), DPPH assay (23.6%–76.9% at 10–160 μg mL−1), OH radical scavenging assay (13.6%–70.2% at 50–250 μg mL−1 dosage, and SO radical scavenging assay (27.6–68.41% at 50–250 μg mL−1 concentration). The polysaccharide demonstrated 82.63% anticancer activity towards the A549 lung cancer cell line at 1000 μg mL−1 dosage. The findings suggest that this polysaccharide has biological applications.

Photopolymerization of L-DOPA-Alginate Immobilized Cell Wall Laccase for Textile Dye Decolorization

Alginate is a naturally occurring polymer derived from brown algae biomass, which has numerous applications in various fields. Chemical modification of alginate is widely used to improve alginate’s physicochemical properties and provide new potential for multiple applications. In this article, we modified alginate with L-DOPA, using periodate oxidation and reductive amination, to obtain more suitable biopolymer for biocatalyst immobilization and hydrogel formation. Obtained modified alginate was used for the immobilization of laccase on cell walls. For this purpose, laccase from Streptomyces cyaneus was expressed on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 cells. The obtained cell wall laccase was immobilized within L-DOPA-alginate beads by crosslinking the L-DOPA-alginate with calcium ions and laccase. The effect of additional crosslinking of beads by green light-induced photopolymerization with eosin Y was investigated. The immobilized laccase systems were used for dye decolorization and investigated in multiple treatment processes. Beads with L-DOPA-alginate with a higher degree of modification (5.0 mol%) showed higher enzymatic activity and better decolorization efficiency than those with a lower degree of modification (2.5 mol%). Obtained immobilized biocatalysts are suitable for decolorizing dye Evans Blue due to their high efficiency and reusability.

Fractionation of Arctic Brown Algae (Fucus vesiculosus) Biomass Using 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids.

Arctic brown algae are considered a promising industrial-scale source of bioactive sub-stances as polysaccharides, polyphenols, and low-molecular secondary metabolites. Conventional technologies for their processing are focused mainly on the isolation of polysaccharides and involve the use of hazardous solvents. In the present study a "green" approach to the fractionation of brown algae biomass based on the dissolution in ionic liquids (ILs) with 1-butil-3-methylimidazolium (bmim) cation with further sequential precipitation of polysaccharides and polyphenols with acetone and water, respectively, is proposed. The effects of IL cation nature, temperature, and treatment duration on the dissolution of bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus), yields of the fractions, and their chemical composition were studied involving FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, as well as size-exclusion chromatography and monosaccharide analysis. It was shown that the use of bmim acetate ensures almost complete dissolution of plant material after 24 h treatment at 150 °C and separate isolation of the polysaccharide mixture (alginates, cellulose, and fucoidan) and polyphenols (phlorotannins) with the yields of ~40 and ~10%, respectively. The near-quantitative extraction of polyphenolic fraction with the weight-average molecular mass of 10-20 kDa can be achieved even under mild conditions (80-100 °C). Efficient isolation of polysaccharides requires harsh conditions. Higher temperatures contribute to an increase in fucoidan content in the polysaccharide fraction.

Tracking and Utilizing Sargassum, an Abundant Resource from the Caribbean Sea

Due to climate change and its associated factors, there has been an increased influx of pelagic brown algae biomass drifting freely in the Caribbean Sea in recent years. Its use as an industrial recyclable material is feasible, although pelagic Sargassum species have Arsenic (As) heavy metal content; among 531 tested pesticide residues applied to vegetables, fruit, infant food, herbs, and spices, zero were found in Sargassum. Sargassum also contains sulfated polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, which are known to be beneficial immunomodulators. Our results thus suggest Sargassum to be a functionally useful organic material in small quantities as an additive in animal feed. With improved chemical extraction methods, it could also be highly effective in adjusted proportions in cosmetics and for other industrial uses. A viable solution for predicting and tracking the large-scale movements of algal masses is provided. Furthermore, a method for addressing increasing Sargassum influx is proposed via its use as an industrial recyclable material following composition analysis, evaluation and safety assessments for cosmetic use, and research and design of new beauty products and other functional cosmetics.

Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of Arctic brown macroalgae

The dynamics of White Sea macroalgae chemical composition during the growing season (June–September) was analysed. The study revealed an increase in the content of polyphenols (from 5.35%dw–6.02%dw to 14.66%dw–16.80%dw), a high level of pigments (chlorophyll a (up to 0.134%dw), carotenoids (up to 0.036%dw)), and saturated fatty acids (up to 3.206%dw (90%rel)), which is most likely due to solar, photosynthetic activity, as well as elevated seawater temperature. The optimal month to collect macroalgae, with the maximum content of valuable chemical compounds of lipophilic fractions, carbohydrates and proteins is August. Priority species have been identified for the selective production of individual fractions of algae biomass components. Fucaceae (Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus) species are preferable for the isolation of lipophilic components and minerals, Laminariaceae (Laminaria digitata, Saccharina latissima) species are preferable for the isolation of carbohydrates (alginates, mannitol, cellulose). A comparative analysis of the content of the main groups of Arctic brown algae biomass with macroalgae from Europe, the Far East, and Southeast Asia was carried out. It is shown that the White Sea species have high potential as a promising new source of lipophilic substances (polyphenols, pigments, fatty acids), as well as cellulose.

Brown seaweed hydrolysate as a promising growth substrate for biomass and lipid synthesis of the yeast yarrowia lipolytica.

Biomass of the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Saccharina latissima is a promising, renewable feedstock because of the high growth rate, accessibility and content of glucose and mannitol. Saccharification of seaweeds is a simple process due to the lack of lignocellulose in the cell wall. The high content of glucose and mannitol makes these seaweeds an attractive feedstock for lipid production in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. This study demonstrated that hydrolysates of brown algae biomass can be applied as a substrate for synthesis of yeast biomass and lipids without any supplementation. To increase the lipid titer in yeast biomass, we employed an engineered strain of Y. lipolytica overexpressing DGA1/DGA2. In consequence, the C/N ratio has a lower impact on lipid synthesis. Moreover, the applied substrates allowed for high synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA); the level exceeded 90% in the fatty acid pool. Oleic (C18:1) and linoleic acids (C18:2) achieved the highest content. The study showed that Y. lipolytica is able to grow on the seaweed hydrolysate and produces a high content of UFA in the biomass.

Isolation of a protein-polysaccharide complex from brown algae biomass

This article presents new comparative data on the chemical composition of Arctic brown algae and algae from the Yellow sea. The effectiveness of the use of the extraction scheme to obtain the protein-polysaccharide complex (which has a double effect: enterosorption and immunomodulating) is estimated.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME REPRESENTATIVES OF BROWN ALGAE OF THE WHITE AND YELLOW SEAS

Brown algae are a valuable source of a variety of biologically active compounds. Their accumulation is influenced by many environmental factors in which macrophytes grow. The purpose of this study is to carry out comparative studies of the general chemical composition of brown algae in the White and Yellow Seas to substantiate the possibility of their use as raw materials for obtaining new pharmaceutical substances. Using the proposed scheme, which involves sequential supercritical fluid, acid, alkaline and water extraction, it was possible to isolate various components of brown algae, including a protein-polysaccharide complex, which in the case of the species Laminaria digitata and Laminaria saccharina is more than 80% cellulose and squirrel. The data obtained by FTIR spectroscopy confirm the qualitative composition of the complexes and also indicate its purity. Significant differences were revealed in the chemical elemental and component composition, which are affected by the growing conditions of macrophytes. The resulting chemical compounds from brown algae biomass, in particular the protein-polysaccharide complex, have a high potential for obtaining new pharmacological preparations based on them for health protection purposes. Based on the previously obtained data, it can be assumed that this complex has a double activity – enterosorption and immunomodulatory.

Enhanced butyric acid production using mixed biomass of brown algae and rice straw by Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC25755

A brown alga Saccharina japonica and rice straw are attractive feedstock for microbial butyric acid production. However, inefficient fermentation of mannitol (a dominant component in S. japonica) and toxicity of inhibitors in lignocellulosic hydrolysate are limitations. This study demonstrated that mixed biomass with S. japonica and rice straw was effective in butyric acid production over those restrictions. Mannitol was consumed only when acetic acid was present. Notably, acetic acid was not produced but consumed along with mannitol. By mixing S. japonica and rice straw to take advantage of glucose and acetic acid in rice straw, Clostridium tyrobutyricum effectively consumed mannitol by utilizing acetic acid in hydrolysate and acetic acid derived from glucose with the enhanced butyric acid production. Furthermore, cell growth was restored owing to the decreased inhibitor concentration. The results demonstrate the potential of butyric acid production from mixed biomass of macroalgae/lignocellulose overcoming the drawbacks of single biomass.

Comparative Analysis of the Heavy Metal, Aluminum, and Arsenic Contents in Brown Algae of Various Origins

The results of measurements of trace element contents in brown algae of the families Laminariales and Fucales of different origins are presented, along with supplementary data from the literature. Aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc concentrations in the biomass of brown algae were found to be affected primarily by the technogenic factor, while strontium concentrations are affected by the geographic latitude of the region in which they grew. In the case of arsenic, no relationship was found between accumulation in algae and the level of pollution or the geographic region in which the algae were collected. Arsenic was found to accumulate better in Laminariales, while aluminum, iron, copper, and manganese in brown algae of the family Fucales. As regards cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel, zinc, chromium, and strontium, differences in accumulation in members of the two families were comparable with differences between species within a single family. We conclude that there is a need to develop additional criteria for standardization of brown algae.

Сравнительный анализ содержания тяжелых металлов, алюминия и мышьяка в бурых водорослях различного происхождения

Представлены результаты измерения содержания микроэлементов в ламинариевых и фукусовых бурых водорослях различного происхождения, дополненные литературными данными. Показано, что на концентрацию алюминия, кадмия, кобальта, хрома, меди, железа, ртути, марганца, никеля, свинца, цинка в биомассе бурых водорослей в первую очередь влияет техногенный фактор, на концентрацию стронция — географическая широта района произрастания. Для мышьяка не установлены зависимости между накоплением его в водорослях и степенью загрязнения или географическим расположением места сбора растений. Найдено, что мышьяк лучше накапливается в ламинариевых, а алюминий, железо, медь, марганец — в фукусовых бурых водорослях. В отношении кадмия, ртути, свинца, никеля, цинка, хрома, стронция различия в накоплении представителями 2 семейств сопоставимы с различиями между видами в рамках одного семейства. Сделан вывод о необходимости разработки дополнительных критериев стандартизации бурых водорослей.

Bioremoval of toxic dye by using different marine macroalgae

The removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution by Ulva lactuca, Sargassum crassifolium, and Gracilaria corticata has been demonstrated in order to examine their potential use as low-cost adsorbents. The optimum pH (8.0), temperature (25 °C), contact time (150 min), and biomass (2.0 g) for removal of dye by algae are reported. The maximum removal percentage of the dye ranged between 95.6% and 98.3% by using Sargassum crassifolium at the optimal conditions. Minimum removal of dye by algae (69%-77.1%) was observed with the high dye concentration of 35 mg L-1 at the optimal conditions. Adsorption of the dye by using the biomass was found to fit well with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption reaction was spontaneous, exothermic, and highly favorable by the tested algae. The FT-IR analyses confirmed that hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and carbonyl groups were responsible for the dye binding process. Scanning electron microscopy showed great porosity on the algal surface, which allows the free passage of dye molecules. The biomass of brown algae was the most effective in the removal of malachite green, followed by green and red algae. The highest affinity of the brown biomass for dye removal may be due to its high binding site affinity, the negative free energy of adsorption, and the great pores on its surface.

Biotechnology of fucose and fucooligosaccharides from brown algae biomass

It has been suggested that the repetitive nature of altered joint tissue loading which occurs after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture can contribute to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). However, changes in dynamic knee joint contact stresses after ACL rupture have not been quantified for activities of daily living. Our objective was to characterize changes in dynamic contact stress profiles that occur across the tibial plateau immediately after ACL transection. By subjecting sensor-augmented cadaveric knees to simulated gait, and analyzing the resulting contact stress profiles using a normalized cross-correlation algorithm, we tested the hypothesis that common changes in dynamic contact stress profiles exist after ACL injury. Three common profiles were identified in intact knees, occurring on the: (I) posterior lateral plateau, (II) posterior medial plateau, and (III) central region of the medial plateau. In ACL-transected knees, the magnitude and shape of the common dynamic stress profiles did not change, but their locations on the tibial plateau and the number of knees identified for each profile changed. Furthermore, in the ACL transected knees, a unique common contact stress profile was identified in the posterior region of the lateral plateau near the tibial spine. This framework can be used to understand the regional and temporal changes in joint mechanics after injury.

Chemical Characterization and Determination of the Anti-Oxidant Capacity of Two Brown Algae with Respect to Sampling Season and Morphological Structures Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analyses.

Brown algae biomass has been shown to be a highly important industrial source for the production of alginates and different nutraceutical products. The characterization of this biomass is necessary in order to allocate its use to specific applications according to the chemical and biological characteristics of this highly variable resource. The methods commonly used for algae characterization require a long time for the analysis and rigorous pretreatments of samples. In this work, nondestructive and fast analyses of different morphological structures from Lessonia spicata and Macrocystis pyrifera, which were collected during different seasons, were performed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) techniques in combination with chemometric methods. Mid-infrared (IR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectral ranges were tested to evaluate the spectral differences between the species, seasons, and morphological structures of algae using a principal component analysis (PCA). Quantitative analyses of the polyphenol and alginate contents and the anti-oxidant capacity of the samples were performed using partial least squares (PLS) with both spectral ranges in order to build a predictive model for the rapid quantification of these parameters with industrial purposes. The PCA mainly showed differences in the samples based on seasonal sampling, where changes were observed in the bands corresponding to polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. The obtained PLS models had high correlation coefficients (r) for the polyphenol content and anti-oxidant capacity (r > 0.9) and lower values for the alginate determination (0.7 < r < 0.8). Fourier transform infrared-based techniques were suitable tools for the rapid characterization of algae biomass, in which high variability in the samples was incorporated for the qualitative and quantitative analyses, and have the potential to be used on an industrial scale.

Crude fucoidan content in two North Atlantic kelp species, Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata\u2014seasonal variation and impact of environmental factors

Fucoidans are sulphated fucose-rich polysaccharides predominantly found in the cell walls of brown algae. The bioactive properties of fucoidans attract increasing interest from the medico-pharmaceutical industries and may drive an increase in demand of brown algae biomass. In nature, the biochemical composition of brown algae displays a seasonal fluctuation driven by environmental factors and endogenous rhythms. To cultivate and harvest kelps with high yields of fucoidans, knowledge is needed on seasonal variation and impact of environmental conditions on the fucoidan content of brown algae. The relations between the fucoidan content and key environmental factors (irradiance, nutrient availability, salinity and exposure) were examined by sampling natural populations of the common North Atlantic kelps, Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata, over a full year at Hanstholm in the North Sea and Aarhus in the Kattegat. In addition, laboratory experiments were carried out isolating the effects of the single factors. The results demonstrated that (1) seasonal variation alters the fucoidan content by a factor of 2–2.6; (2) interspecific differences exist in the concentrations of crude fucoidan (% of dry matter): L. digitata (11%) > S. latissima (6%); and (3) the effects of single environmental factors were not consistent between species or between different conspecific populations. The ambiguous response to single environmental factors complicates prospective directions for manipulating an increased content of fucoidan in a cultivation scenario and emphasizes the need for knowledge on performance of local kelp ecotypes.

Removal of molybdate anions from contaminated waters by brown algae biomass in batch and continuous processes

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn recent years, the discharge of heavy metal ions in natural waters has become a serious problem. Among the various techniques that have been employed for heavy metal removal, adsorption is highly effective and economical because low‐cost adsorbents can be employed. Brown algae are a potential biosorbent because of their high uptake capacities for various heavy metal ions. Petalonia fascia biomass immobilized in an agar matrix was tested as a new removal agent of MoVI from contaminated waters.RESULTSSorption studies were performed in batch and continuous systems. Petalonia fascia has a high adsorption capacity (1376 ± 2 mg g−1) at 20 °C and pH 1.0. Participation of hydroxyl and carboxylate functional groups in the adsorption of molybdate anions was confirmed by FT‐IR analysis. SEM images showed that morphological surface changes happen after MoVI sorption. Mean free energies of sorption and activation parameters demonstrate that the sorption mechanism was chemical sorption. MoVI sorption onto brown seaweed surface was spontaneous and exothermic. Petalonia fascia has an energetically heterogeneous surface. Continuous sorption data were best fitted by a modified dose–response model. Scale‐up of the sorption processes was achieved applying a bed depth service time (BDST) model. The critical bed depth, Z0 was 1.7 cm.CONCLUSIONSPetalonia fascia biomass is a good adsorbent material for MoVI and it can be used in fixed bed columns for the purification of MoVI contaminated effluents. The high value of qmax and the low cost of this seaweed make this biomass a good sorbent for use in continuous treatment of groundwater and effluents contaminated with molybdate anions. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Metagenomics unveils the attributes of the alginolytic guilds of sediments from four distant cold coastal environments.

Alginates are abundant polysaccharides in brown algae that constitute an important energy source for marine heterotrophic bacteria. Despite the key role of alginate degradation processes in the marine carbon cycle, little information is available on the bacterial populations involved in these processes. The aim of this work was to gain a better understanding of alginate utilization capabilities in cold coastal environments. Sediment metagenomes from four high-latitude regions of both Hemispheres were interrogated for alginate lyase gene homologue sequences and their genomic context. Sediments contained highly abundant and diverse bacterial assemblages with alginolytic potential, including members of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, as well as several poorly characterized taxa. The microbial communities in Arctic and Antarctic sediments exhibited the most similar alginolytic profiles, whereas brackish sediments showed distinct structures with a higher proportion of novel genes. Examination of the gene neighbourhood of the alginate lyase homologues revealed distinct patterns depending on the potential lineage of the scaffolds, with evidence of evolutionary relationships among alginolytic gene clusters from Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. This information is relevant for understanding carbon fluxes in cold coastal environments and provides valuable information for the development of biotechnological applications from brown algae biomass.

Food habits of juvenile tuskfishes (Choerodon schoenleinii and C. anchorago) in relation to food availability in the shallow waters of Ishigaki Island, Southwestern Japan

The gut contents of juvenile tuskfishes Choerodon schoenleinii and C.anchorago changed in fish with a size of ≥25 mm total length (TL) in shallow waters of Ishigaki Island, southwestern Japan. Epiphytic copepods were an important food source for individuals of <25 mm TL for both species. The taxonomic compositions of copepods differed between the two species, and this difference may be related to differences in the biomass of brown algae during different seasons of recruitment. C.schoenleinii were recruited in shallow waters during March and April, when there is a substantial biomass of brown algae bearing an abundance of epiphytic harpacticoids. Brown algae serve as a feeding habitat as well as a shelter for C.schoenleinii. C.anchorago first appeared in May and June after most of the brown algal biomass had been shed, and they fed on calanoids as well as harpacticoids epiphytically associated with seagrasses. In two Choerodon species of ≥25 mm TL, food habits grew more diverse and included larger animals such as gammarids, isopods, cumaceans, decapods, and molluscs. These results indicate that brown algae are important providers of food items for early-stage juveniles of C.schoenleinii.

Biosorption of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution by biomass of brown algae Laminaria japonica.

The uranium(VI) adsorption efficiency of non-living biomass of brown algae was evaluated in various adsorption experimental conditions. Several different sizes of biomass were prepared using pretreatment and surface-modification steps. The kinetics of uranium uptake were mainly dependent on the particle size of the prepared Laminaria japonica biosorbent. The optimal particle size, contact time, and injection amount for the stable operation of the wastewater treatment process were determined. Spectroscopic analyses showed that uranium was adsorbed in the porous inside structure of the biosorbent. The ionic diffusivity in the biomass was the dominant rate-limiting factor; therefore, the adsorption rate was significantly increased with decrease of particle size. From the results of comparative experiments using the biosorbents and other chemical adsorbents/precipitants, such as activated carbons, zeolites, and limes, it was demonstrated that the brown algae biosorbent could replace the conventional chemicals for uranium removal. As a post-treatment for the final solid waste reduction, the ignition treatment could significantly reduce the weight of waste biosorbents. In conclusion, the brown algae biosorbent is shown to be a favorable adsorbent for uranium(VI) removal from radioactive wastewater.

Kinetic and isotherm studies of adsorption and biosorption processes in the removal of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions: comparative study

The phenolic compounds are known by their carcinogenicity and high toxicity as well as creating unpleasant taste and odor in water resources. The present study develops a cost-effective technology for the treatment of water contaminated with phenolic compounds, including Phenol (Ph), 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). So, two sorbents, rice bran ash (RBA) and biomass of brown algae, Cystoseiraindica, were used and results were compared with the commercially granular activated carbon (GAC). The phenolic compounds were determined using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) under batch equilibrium conditions. The effects of contact time, pH, initial adsorbate concentration, and adsorbent dosages on the removal efficiency were studied. The adsorption data were simulated by isotherm and kinetic models. Results indicated that RBA and GAC had the lowest efficiency for the removal of 2-CP, while the order of removal efficiency for C. indica biomass was as follows: 2-CP > 4-CP > phenol. The efficiency of GAC was higher than those of other adsorbents for all of the phenolic compounds. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of RBA was found to be higher than that of C. indica biomass. The optimal initial pH for the removal of phenol, 2-CP and 4-CP was determined to be 5, 7, and 7 for RBA, GAC, and algal biomass, respectively. Kinetic studies suggested that the pseudo-second order best fitted the kinetic data.