Bronchogenic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Research Articles

RARE CASE OF A DELAYED HEMOTHORAX AS A COMPLICATION OF EBUS-TBNA

SESSION TITLE: Medical Student/Resident Procedures Posters SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is the standard of care in staging lung cancer and is regarded as a safe, minimally invasive procedure with low complication rates (0.16-1.44%) as reported in a systematic review of 226 studies of EBUS-TBNA. This case highlights a rare occurrence of a hemothorax secondary to mediastinal hemorrhage post TBNA of mediastinal adenopathy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66 year-old former smoker with DM, HTN, HLD, and CAD presented for workup of a 6 x 4 cm left lower lobe pulmonary mass. He underwent EBUS-TBNA of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes and the lung mass. The mass revealed bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma and TBNA of stations 4R, 4L, 11L and 7 were negative for malignancy. He resumed Rivaroxaban for history of pulmonary embolism (PE) the day after the procedure. Five days after his EBUS, he presented with acute pleuritic right-sided chest pain, dyspnea, and minimal hemoptysis. He had a heart rate of 110, systolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg and required 3L/minute nasal cannula oxygen. Computed tomography of the chest ruled out PE and pneumothorax but revealed interval development of a large right-sided pleural effusion. His hemoglobin dropped to 8 g/dL from 12.4 g/dL five days prior. A 24-French chest tube was placed for a right-sided hemothorax, which drained 1.5L of bloody fluid. The chest tube was maintained until drainage subsided and anticoagulants were held until his follow-up visit. Two weeks later, he presented with recurrent right-sided hemothorax requiring thoracentesis with removal of 1.26L of blood. Pleural studies were negative for malignant and infectious etiologies. He underwent placement of a retrievable inferior vena cava filter while awaiting further therapeutic plans. DISCUSSION: This patient's hemothorax as a hemorrhage-related complication of TBNA is uncommon. One study found that of 7345 patients who had an EBUS-TBNA, 90 patients (1.23%) had a complication, with hemorrhage seen overall in only 50 patients (0.68%) followed by infection (0.19%). A study reviewing 42 cases of hemorrhage-related complications post EBUS-TBNA, noted station 7 in 34 patients (43.0%), followed by 4R in 24 patients (30.4%) as the likely sites. Stations 4R and 7 were sampled in this patient, which likely explain the etiology of his hemothorax. One other case reports mediastinal hematoma as an adverse event of EBUS-TBNA4. This patient was on aspirin though literature suggests that aspirin does not increase risk of bleeding during transbronchial lung biopsy. The patient was not on a P2Y12 inhibitor, a class known to increase bleeding risk. We believe the recurrence of the hemothorax may have been re-accumulation of residual blood. CONCLUSIONS: While the complication rate is low for EBUS-TBNA, this case broadens the bronchoscopist's and patient’s understanding of hemothorax as a potential but rare complication from EBUS-TBNA. Reference #1: Vaidya PJ, Munavvar M, Leuppi JD, Mehta AC and Chhajed PN. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: Safe as it sounds. Respirology. 2017; 22: 1093–1101. doi:10.1111/resp.13094. Reference #2: Asano F, Aoe M, Ohsaki Y, et al. Complications associated with endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: a nationwide survey by the Japan Society for Respiratory Endoscopy. Respir Res. 2013;14:50. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-14-50 Reference #3: Herth FJ, Becker HD, Ernst A. Aspirin does not increase bleeding complications after transbronchial biopsy. Chest. 2002; 122: 1461–1464. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Venkata Bandi, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Donald Lazarus, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Cameron McBride, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Ritika Singh, source=Web Response

経気管超音波内視鏡(TUS)による胸部X線無所見肺癌の深達度診断 : PDTの適応判断を中心に(第25回日本気管支学会総会)

経気管超音波内視鏡(TUS)による胸部X線無所見肺癌の深達度診断 : PDTの適応判断を中心に(第25回日本気管支学会総会)

BAI 施行後に気管気管支楔状切除と右上葉切除を施行した右上幹扁平上皮癌の 1 例

BAI 施行後に気管気管支楔状切除と右上葉切除を施行した右上幹扁平上皮癌の 1 例

Telomere Length of Human Adult Bronchial Epithelium and Bronchogenic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Measured Using Tissue Quantitative Fluorescence in situ Hybridization

Background: Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes. Chromosomal and genomic instability due to telomere dysfunction has been known to play an important role in the carcinogenesis of some organs. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between smoking and the telomere length of human bronchial epithelial cells in individuals with and without lung cancer. Patients and Methods: We examined 68 non-lung cancer adult autopsy cases and 24 surgically resected cases of lung squamous cell carcinoma. Telomere lengths of the basal cells of bronchial epithelium were measured using the tissue quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization method and were expressed in normalized telomere-to-centromere ratios (NTCRs). Results: The autopsied individuals included 27 current smokers (CuS), 33 never-smokers (NeS), and 8 ex-smokers (ExS). The NTCRs in the central bronchi of CuS, NeS, and ExS were 1.515, 1.372, and 1.204, respectively. The bronchial epithelial telomeres of CuS were significantly longer than those of non-CuS (NeS + ExS). When the analysis was conducted separately for females and males, a significant difference between CuS and NeS + ExS was recognized only for males. The NTCRs of the bronchial epithelium of lung cancer cases and lung cancer tissue are 1.514 and 1.385, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that smoking causes telomeric elongation in the bronchial epithelium. Therefore, it appears that the mechanism of carcinogenesis in smoking-related carcinomas may differ from that of many other carcinomas in which genetic instability due to aging-related telomeric shortening is assumed to play a role.

Diagnostic challenges: Equine thoracic neoplasia

SummaryThe diagnosis of thoracic neoplasia in the horse can be difficult due to the nonspecific nature of the clinical signs and their overlap with other pulmonary diseases. Haematological and serum biochemical evaluation, thoracic ultrasonography, radiography, endoscopic examination, and, where appropriate, thoracocentesis and pleural fluid cytology may all be helpful in reaching a diagnosis. Granular cell tumours are the most frequently reported primary pulmonary tumours of horses. They occur as single or multiple masses adjacent to bronchi and bronchioles, and the mass typically extends into the airway, resulting in partial or complete occlusion of the lumen. Thymic tumours are classified as benign or metastatic, based on evidence of tissue invasiveness, even though they uniformly appear benign histologically. These tumours are derived from epithelial reticular cells of the thymus and are rare in horses. Other primary thoracic neoplasms originate from various pulmonary tissues and are primarily reported as single case reports: pulmonary and bronchial carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma, bronchial myxoma, pulmonary chondrosarcoma, pulmonary leiomyosarcoma and pleuropulmonary blastoma. Clinical signs of these primary pulmonary neoplasms are dependent on the tumour type and location, but commonly include chronic cough, weight loss, anorexia, fever and respiratory difficulty; ventral oedema, pleural effusion and epistaxis are also frequently observed. Mesothelioma is a rare primary pleural tumour arising from the mesothelium of the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum. The clinical presentation in horses includes weight loss, respiratory difficulty and large volume pleural effusion. The tumour appears ultrasonographically as multiple small nodules on a thick serosal surface and pleural biopsy is diagnostic. Lymphoma is the most common haematopoietic neoplasm in horses, which can present with 4 main manifestations of lesions: mediastinal, multicentric, alimentary and cutaneous. Common clinical features include chronic weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, subcutaneous oedema, lymphadenopathy, colic, bleeding tendency and diarrhoea. Coughing and laboured respiratory effort are often apparent in individuals suffering from mediastinal masses. In such instances, pleural effusion may result in severe pulmonary atelectasis and pulmonary function is significantly compromised. Haemangiosarcoma is the second most common metastatic thoracic neoplasm in horses. Disseminated haemangiosarcoma is aggressive and rapidly progressive. The clinical presentation often includes tachypnoea, pale or icteric mucous membranes, respiratory distress, epistaxis, and subcutaneous, cutaneous or intramuscular masses. Other tumour types that metastasise to the thoracic cavity include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, metastatic melanoma, mastocytoma and undifferentiated sarcoma. The clinical features of these tumours are generally nonspecific and often relate more to the primary site of tumour formation.

Bronchogenic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mass with Central Photopenia on FDG-PET Scan

A 77-year-old man underwent chest imaging with a hybrid fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan. The study demonstrated a 5 cm mass on standard CT images (figure 1). The FDG-PET images demonstrated a thick-walled mass characterized by intense FDG uptake with a maximum standardized uptake value of 15.9 (figure 2). A large central region of the mass demonstrated photopenia (ie, normal FDG uptake). Volumetric analysis revealed 30% of the mass showed normal FDG uptake, or photophenia. Biopsy of the mass showed squamous cell carcinoma. The findings were consistent with carcinoma that had outgrown its vascular supply resulting in central tumor necrosis. Figure 1 Thoracic computed tomography image showing right lower lobe mass. Figure 2 Hybrid fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography image showing a thick-walled mass characterized by FDG uptake with a maximum standardized uptake value of 15.9 in the wall of the mass and central photopenia, consistent ... Central necrosis is most commonly observed in primary bronchogenic carcinomas of squamous cell origin, with one series reporting squamous cell origin in 82% of cases of necrotizing lung cancer.1 In an analysis of patterns of FDG uptake in lung cancer based on histologic classification, both large cell and squamous cell carcinomas were significantly more likely to demonstrate central cavitation compared with adenocarcinoma.2 The pathogenesis of cavitary malignancies has not been fully elucidated. It has been postulated that cavity formation in tumors is a consequence of rapid tumor growth which exceeds the supporting blood supply resulting in tumor necrosis and cavitation.3 This hypothesis is supported by reports that have shown tumor-associated vasculature inhibition by antiangiogenesis agents causing central necrosis and cavity formation in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.4, 5 The development of cavitation may have clinically significant consequences. Cavitating lung tumors may initially simulate an infectious process leading to delayed work up, late diagnosis, and presentation with advanced disease. In previous analyses of patient populations with heterogeneous stages of bronchogenic carcinoma, no difference in survival or response to therapy was found between lung cancers with cavitation and those without cavitation.1,6 However, in a more recent analysis of 72 patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer, cavitation within the primary tumor was associated with significantly shorter disease-free survival time and overall survival time.7 In this analysis, cavitary lesions were significantly more common in squamous cell carcinomas than in adenocarcinomas and in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-overexpressing tumors than in tumors that did not overexpress EGFR. Accordingly, the presence of cavitation may have therapeutic implications in helping identify patients likely to benefit from targeted treatment with an anti-EGFR agent. In summary, clinicians should be aware that large bronchogenic carcinomas may develop central cavitation and necrosis, likely resulting from compromised vascular supply, resulting in central photopenia on FDG-PET imaging. This finding may have prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Results of Long-term Follow-up of Photodynamic Therapy for Roentgenographically Occult Bronchogenic Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered a useful and minimally invasive modality for treating centrally located early lung cancer. To date, there has been limited information on the long-term outcome of patients treated with PDT, especially those who are medically operable. Beginning in 1994, patients with roentgenographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma (ROSCC) who met our criteria underwent PDT at Tohoku University Hospital and were followed up through 2006. Our criteria were as follows: (1) ROSCC without distant metastasis; (2) medically operable by means of lobectomy or further resection; (3) longitudinal tumor length of <or= 10 mm; and (4) superficial bronchoscopic tumor findings. A total of 48 patients with ROSCC underwent PDT. The complete response (CR) rate was 94% (45 of 48 of patients). Nine patients (20%) had local recurrence after CR. A total of 11 deaths was observed, with 6 resulting from multiple primary lung cancer and only 1 from the original ROSCC. The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates for all 48 patients were 81% and 71%, respectively. The Cox proportional hazard model showed that only metachronous multiple primary lung cancer was an independent poor prognostic factor. PDT is thought to be a first-line modality for patients who have ROSCC with a tumor length of <or= 10 mm, even if the tumor is medically operable. Most local recurrence can be cured by active therapy such as surgery, radiotherapy, or PDT. Multiple primary lung cancer subsequent to PDT is an important issue from the viewpoint of survival.

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of lung in a 13-year-old boy: a case report

We are reporting a very rare case of primary bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with bone metastasis in a 13-year-old boy. A brief review of the English literature on this rare neoplasm in childhood is presented.

Extended sleeve pulmonary resection in a patient with synchronous triple bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma

A 58-year-old male was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of bloody sputum. He was diagnosed as having synchronous triple bronchogenic squamous cell carcinomas in the right upper lobe, from the right B(6) segmental bronchus to the intermediate trunk and the middle lobar bronchus, and in the spur of the left B(1+2)/B(3) segmental bronchus. He underwent sleeve resection of the right upper lobe, right middle lobe, and right S(6) segment, with an anastomosis between the right main and right basal bronchi. This was followed by YAG-laser treatment and external irradiation for the left tumour and the residual right tumour. Postoperatively, chest X-ray revealed adequate expansion of the right basal segment, and pulmonary function testing showed satisfactory results. Recurrence was not detected during an initial 6-month period, however careful follow-up is required.

Solitary metastatic cancer to the thyroid: a report of five cases with fine-needle aspiration cytology

Three men and 2 women with ages ranging from 37 to 70 years, clinically and histologically confirmed solitary, palpable metastatic cancers to the thyroid (SMCT) and preoperative cytologic investigation of their thyroid lesions by fine-needle aspiration (FNA), were reviewed. Four patients were known to have a solid cancer treated by radical surgery 1 to 4 years prior [1 bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma, 1 parotid adenoid cystic carcinoma, 1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and 1 cutaneous melanoma], and 1 patient had no past history of cancer. Direct smears prepared from the patients' thyroid FNAs were fixed in 95% ethanol and stained with the Papanicolaou method. In 3 cases, immunostaining of the aspirated tumor cells with thyroglobulin antibody was performed, and in 1 case an aspiration smear was stained with commercial HMB-45 antibody. A correct cytodiagnosis of metastatic cancer to the thyroid was made in all 5 cases. In 1 patient the thyroid FNA revealed a metastatic RCC that led to the discovery of a clinically occult RCC. All 5 patients died of metastatic disease 27 to 40 months after surgical resection of their SMCTs.

Bronchogenic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting as Cicatrizing Conjunctivitis

To report a case of cicatrizing conjunctivitis as the initial manifestation of a bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma. Case report of a 57-year-old patient with bilateral history of ocular pain, redness, and discharge, with no apparent predisposing factors. Examination revealed chemosis, pseudomembrane, and symblepharon formation, and multiple ulcerated pustular and vesicular periocular and perioral lesions literature review. Skin biopsy was compatible with bullous pemphigoid. Two months later he developed respiratory symptoms, and a squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed. This case demonstrates cicatrizing conjunctivitis as a possible paraneoplastic syndrome associated with squamous cell lung carcinoma.

The Natural History of Radiographically Occult Bronchogenic Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study of Overdiagnosis Bias

The Natural History of Radiographically Occult Bronchogenic Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study of Overdiagnosis Bias

The Natural History of Radiographically Occult Bronchogenic Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study of Overdiagnosis Bias

An overdiagnosis bias occurs with the diagnosis of a disease that does not produce signs or symptoms before the patient dies from other causes. We sought to determine whether overdiagnosis bias is a factor when screening for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Retrospective study of the Miyagi Population-Based Lung Cancer Screening Registry for high-risk patients who were seen between January 1, 1982 (when sputum cytology tests were added for men with long smoking histories), and December 31, 1996. Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. A total of 251 patients (all men) who had sputum cytology test results that were positive for squamous cell carcinoma but had normal radiograph findings, 44 of whom declined cancer treatment (mean age, 70 years) and 207 of whom were treated with resection within 12 weeks of diagnosis (mean age, 65.5 year). Five-year and 10-year survival rates from primary lung cancer in both groups as of August 15, 2001. Among the 44 untreated patients, 15 (34%) remained asymptomatic. The survival rate due to primary lung cancer death in the untreated group was 53.2% at 5 years and 33.5% at 10 years. The survival rate among treated patients was 96.7% at 5 years and 94.9% at 10 years. Of the 125 treated patients who died, 14 (11.2%) died from primary lung cancer. Given that the two thirds of the untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus died from lung cancer within 10 years, overdiagnosis bias does not appear to be a factor in screening for this disease. Thus, we recommend that patients with radiographically occult squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus undergo tumor treatment after localization.

P-270 Natural course of roentgenographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma

P-270 Natural course of roentgenographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma

A prospective evaluation of transbronchial ultrasonography for assessment of depth of invasion in early bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma

In order to determine the appropriate treatment modality for roentgenographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma (ROSCC), it is essential to evaluate the depth of invasion, because ROSCC invading beyond the cartilaginous layer cannot be effectively treated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to spread of disease. Transtracheal endoscopic ultrasonography (TUS) was useful for predicting the depth of invasion in some ROSCCs. In order to assess the actual significance of TUS as a diagnostic tool for predicting the depth of carcinoma invasion, we have conducted a prospective trial with 22 lesions of ROSCCs. We ultrasonographically classified the degree of the depth of invasion into two groups; A: “invasion does not reach cartilaginous layer” and B: “invasion involves cartilaginous layer”. Then the patients were treated by irradiation, PDT, or surgical resection. Pathological findings were also classified into A or B. In order to calculate the sensitivity for evaluating the depth of invasion by TUS, the cases without any tumor and/or malignant cells after PDT were regarded as pathological A. In the evaluation of the depth of carcinoma invasion staying inside the cartilaginous layer, the sensitivity and the positive predictive value were 85.7%, the specificity was 66.7%, and the accuracy was 80.0%. With TUS, preoperative evaluation of the depth of invasion would be more accurate, and the decision of treatment modality would be more appropriate, compared with the conventional bronchoscopic observation alone.

HnRNP B1 protein may be a possible prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) B1 is an RNA-binding protein that is required for the maturation of mRNA precursor. It was previously reported that hnRNP A2/B1 was overexpressed at the early clinical stage of lung cancer, and that hnRNP B1 protein, a splicing variant of hnRNP A2 mRNA, was elevated in lung cancer tissues. In this study, we applied the immunohistochemical method, using anti-hnRNP B1 antibody to analyze the usefulness of the hnRNP B1 antibody as a prognostic marker and also as a marker useful for early detection. A total of 206 specimens were examined. Histological examination revealed this protein to be positive in 79 (71.2%) of 111 squamous cell carcinomas and in 45 (64.3%) of 70 adenocarcinomas, respectively. This protein was also expressed in 24 (63.2%) of 38 roentgenographically occult carcinomas and in seven (63.6%) of 11 dysplastic lesions. These findings suggest the possible participation of this protein in early carcinogenesis. Furthermore, the survival curve of the squamous cell carcinoma patients with hnRNP B1 overexpresseion showed a better prognosis compared with that of the patients without hnRNP B1 expression ( P=0.014), whereas in adenocarcinoma patients, there was no such a difference between them ( P=0.889). These findings indicate that hnRNP B1 could be a useful marker for the early detection of bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma and that it may be a prognostic factor in this cell type.

Roentgenographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma involving mediastinal lymph nodes after removal of initial lesion by the diagnostic examination

A 69-year-old male was suspected of having lung cancer by sputum cytology and diagnosed as roentgenographically occult squamous cell carcinoma (ROSCC) at the spur of left B 1+2/B 3. However, after the first bronchoscopy, no suspicious lesion was detected by any examinations. Therefore, we considered that cancer cells had been removed completely by the initial examination, and the patient was followed up by sputum cytology, chest roentgenogram, and bronchoscopy. Sixteen months later from the initial examination, bronchoscopy was performed for follow-up. The bronchoscopic findings showed the elevation of the surface of left B 1+2 a+b, but the cytologic specimen by brushing toward B 1+2 a+b showed negative findings. However, the lesion had developed to polypoid-shaped tumor and obstructed B 1+2 a+b after the next 6 months. The tumor was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma, and hilar and mediastinal nodal involvement was suspected on chest computed tomography. The standard thoracotomy was performed and the pathological results showed positive for nodal involvement on hilus and mediastinum. The tumor is considered to arise from the residual cancer cells of initially detected ROSCC. In conclusion, although some ROSCCs regress by the diagnostic examinations, it is important to detect the recurrence of residual cancer cells as early as possible by intensive follow-up.

Segmentectomy for roentgenographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma

Background. Roentgenographically occult bronchogenic squamous cell carcinomas (ROSCCs) are early squamous cell lung cancers of central type. Some of them cannot be treated with intrabronchial therapy. Although surgical treatment was performed for such tumors, it was unknown whether lobectomy was indispensable or not. Methods. The clinicopathologic information of the 58 patients who underwent segmentectomy for ROSCCs were collected from 16 hospitals and reviewed retrospectively, compared with 98 patients who underwent lobectomy for ROSCCs. Results. Five-year survival rate of the 58 patients based on lung cancer deaths was 96.8%, and 82.6% including all causes of death. The duration of chest tube drainage in the segmentectomy group was slightly longer than in the lobectomy group. Operative mortality and the frequency of postoperative complications were not statistically different in both groups. Postoperative/preoperative vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second were higher in the segmentectomy group. Conclusions. These results suggest that segmentectomy may be an alternative for surgical therapy of carefully selected ROSCCs. More prospective studies are required to fully demonstrate clinical benefit.

Human Papillomavirus-11-associated Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis is more Aggressive than Human Papillomavirus-6-associated Disease

The aim of this study was to determine whether viral type (HPV-6 vs. HPV-11) could predict the clinical course of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in children. Viral typing, using the polymerase chain reaction, was performed on laryngeal biopsies of 61 patients treated at Children's Hospital of Michigan. HPV-6 was detected in 29 of the patients' biopsies and HPV-11 in 32 biopsies. HPV-11 was more common among the African-American patients than among Caucasians (P = 0.001). Patients with HPV-11 were diagnosed at a younger age (36.2 vs. 48.2 months; P = 0.04) and were more likely to have active disease (P = 0.0311) at the time of this study. They tended to have longer periods of disease activity (8 years vs. 5 years; P = 0.026), required more surgical procedures (42 procedures/patient vs. 13.6; P = 0.02), and more procedures per patient, per year (2.9 vs. 5.3; P = 0.0164). Three of the patients infected with HPV-11 developed invasive papillomatosis and bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma, and two of these patients died of disease. Our findings suggest that HPV-11 infection confers a more aggressive course to recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

A Case of Bronchogenic Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Patient with Swyer-James Syndrome

Swyer-James syndrome is a rare disease with patients presenting with unilateral hyperlucent lungs due to hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery and bronchiolitis obliterans. A unilateral hyperlucent lung generally develops after a lower respiratory tract infection during early childhood. In extremely rare cases, an association of bronchogenic carcinoma with Swyer-James syndrome has been reported. Here we report a case of bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma associated with Swyer-James syndrome with a relevant literature review.