Bromatological Composition Research Articles

SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF PRODUCTION AND BROMATOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF Brachiaria AND Panicum ACCORDING TO THE SOIL CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN A SILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM WITH EUCALYPTUS

The variability of the soil chemical attributes in an area where woody crops are integrated with forage is quite complex, so it is important to understand the distribution of these soil attributes and their correlation with the forage yield. This study aimed to analyze the spatial variability of the production and bromatological composition of Brachiaria and Panicum forage species according to the soil chemical attributes when cultivated in a silvopastoral system integrated with eucalyptus to optimize the forage yield and nutritional quality of the forage in this multiple-use system. The study was conducted in the municipality of Ribas do Rio Pardo (MS) in the 2011/2012 crop season, where linear and spatial correlations were analyzed between attributes of eucalyptus, forage plants, and the chemical attributes of a Neossolo Quartzarênico (pH, organic matter (OM) and organic carbon (OC) contents, and carbon stock (CS)) at two soil layers: 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m. A geostatistical grid with 72 sample points was used. Spatially, eucalyptus height can be estimated by cokriging with OM, and cellulose by cokriging with pH. OM contents above 6 g cm-3 indicated sites with the highest eucalyptus heights. On the other hand, pH values below 4.3 indicated sites with the highest cellulose content for the forage plants. Using geostatistics is technically feasible for creating specific management zones in the eucalyptus forage silvopastoral system.

Italian and Middle Eastern adherence to Mediterranean diet in relation to Body Mass Index and non-communicable diseases: nutritional adequacy of simulated weekly food plans

BackgroundThe Mediterranean diet (MD), known to prevent obesity, overweight and the related non communicable diseases (NCD), is based on typical dishes, foods and on a common cultural milieu. Although MD is the basis of dietary guidelines, the prevalence of obesity, overweight and NCD, is increasing both in Western regions, and even more in Middle Eastern regions (MER). This study aimed to analyze (i) the impact of different levels of adherence to the MD, in Italy and MER, on body mass index (BMI) (ii) the bromatological composition of a simulated 7-days food plan (7-DFP) based on Italian or MER typical meals, following MD criteria and the Italian or MER food base dietary guideline; (iii) the optimization of nutrients impacting on NCD.MethodsThe 7-DFPs were implemented using a dietary software. The association between adherence to MD and BMI was evaluated by pooled estimated ORs (with 95% confidence intervals and p-values). Pooled measures were obtained by the methods appropriate for meta-analysis. The different food-based guidelines have been compared.ResultsThe pooled ORs of obese status comparing medium vs. high adherence to MD were: 1.19 (95% C.I.: 0.99; 1.42, p-value = 0.062) and 1.12 (95% C.I.: 0.90; 1.38, p-value = 0.311) for MER and Italy respectively. For the comparison of low vs. high adherence, the pooled ORs were 1.05 (95% C.I.: 0.88; 1.24, p-value = 0.598) for MER, and 1.20 (95% C.I.: 1.02; 1.41, p-value = 0.031) for Italy when outliers are removed. High adherence to the MD resulted as potential protective factor against obesity. In MER 7-DFP: total fats is higher (34.5 E%) vs. Italian 7-DFP (29.4 E%); EPA (20 mg) and DHA (40 mg) are lower than recommended (200 mg each); sugars (12.6 E%) are higher than recommended (< 10 E%). Calcium, Zinc, and vitamin D do not reach target values in both 7-DFPs.ConclusionThis study highlights that, even when 7-DFPs follow MD and refer to nutrient needs, it is necessary to verify nutrient excesses or deficits impacting on NCD. High MD adherence is protective toward NCDs. MD principles, and energy balance should be communicated according to socioeconomic and educational levels.

Nutritional Value Evaluation of Corn Silage from Different Mesoregions of Southern Brazil

Corn silage is widely used in livestock farming; however, its quality is easily altered, and one of the factors that has a high influence in this regard is the region of production. The objective was to evaluate the chemical–bromatological composition of 498 samples of corn silage from mesoregions in Southern Brazil during the 2022/2023 summer harvest. The following were studied in relation to our objective: nutritional composition, dry matter, mineral matter, ether extract, starch, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, total digestible nutrients, total carbohydrates, and fractions of carbohydrates. The silages from Central South-PR had higher levels of starch and ether extract (30.68% ± 6.24% and 3.41% ± 0.92%, respectively), whereas in West-SC, the silages had higher levels in the A + B1 fraction of carbohydrates (49.59% ± 6.34%). Silages in North-PR had higher concentrations of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (49.86% ± 5.92% and 29.70% ± 4.38%, respectively), while in Northwest-RS and West-PR, silages had higher levels of the B2 carbohydrate fractions (46.25% ± 1.98% and 44.55% ± 3.84%, respectively). The nutritional composition differences presented were due to the variables of each mesoregion, interfering in the scenario of formulating diets and animal nutrition.

Use of Cracker Residue in the Diet of Dairy Heifers: Impacts on Animal Health, Ruminal Fatty Acids Profile, Digestibility, Weight Gain, and Economic Viability.

This study determined whether the isomeric or isoenergetic/isoproteic substitution of corn in the diet of Jersey heifers in the rearing phase with cracker residue would impair growth and health, as well as reducing production costs. Fourteen Jersey females in the growth phase were used, separated into two treatments with seven animals in each lot in collective pens. The experiment used 7-month-old animals (169.8 ± 2.89 kg) and lasted for four months. In Experiment I, the animals were divided into two groups: treatment, with the partial replacement of 40% corn with cracker residue, and control, in which the animals consumed the same diet with 100% corn (isometric diet kg for kg). In Experiment II, the animals with a body weight of 200.2 ± 3.85 kg were divided into two groups: Treatment, replacing 100% of the corn with cracker residue, and control, in which the animals consumed an isoprotein and isoenergetic diet but with 100% of the corn in the formulation. The diet consisted of concentrate, Tifton 85 hay, and corn silage, supplied twice a day individually, with animals contained in their feeders by kennels. There was water ad libitum in the bay. Biweekly weighing and monthly blood analysis were performed, totaling four collections per part for hematologic evaluation, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism variables. At the end of each experiment, ruminal fluid was collected to measure the volatile fatty acid profile, and feces were collected to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC). Experiments I and II showed no effect of treatment on body weight, weight gain, average daily weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. There was no effect of treatment on leukocyte, erythrocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, and eosinophil counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration (p > 0.05). Experiment I showed a difference between groups for the variables albumin, globulin, total proteins, cholesterol, glucose, and urea, which did not happen in Experiment II. In both experiments, a higher ADC of nutrients was found in the treatment group which had cracker residue (p > 0.05). The concentration of volatile fatty acids in Experiment I was higher in the control group, unlike in Experiment II, where the highest concentration was in the treatment group (p > 0.05). Because experiment I had an isometric substitution, the diets had different bromatological composition, which is the probable cause of the difference between groups; this did not happen in experiment II, in which the diets consumed by the animals was isoproteic and isoenergetic. Based on these data we conclude that the substitution of cracker residue in an isomeric or isoenergetic/isoproteic form does not negatively affect weight gain and animal health, as well as reduces the cost of the concentrate, consequently reducing the cost of production of these animals.

Improved Production of Marandu Palisade Grass (Brachiaria brizantha) with Mixed Gelatin Sludge Fertilization

Gelatin industry residues are increasingly used as fertilizer and soil conditioner. However, correct residue dosage is critical for grass development and minimizing environmental impacts. This randomized block design study determined adequate dosage of mixed gelatin sludge (MGS) for Marandu grass production in wet/dry seasons in Brazil. Five MGS levels (0–200% of required nitrogen) were compared to mineral fertilizer. Agronomic/productivity characteristics, bromatological composition, macro/micronutrient composition of leaves, and soil chemical attributes were evaluated. Agronomic/productivity characteristics were influenced by MGS dose in both dry/rainy seasons, except for leaf blade pseudostem ratio and percentage of leaves/pseudostem. Bromatological composition was influenced by MGS doses in dry/rainy seasons except for dry/mineral material quantities. Marandu leaf tissue chemical composition was significantly influenced by MGS dose, except for potassium, boron, and iron. Chemical composition of four soil layers between 0 and 50 cm influenced MGS dose, except for pH, organic matter, magnesium, copper, manganese, and zinc. GMS dose for Marandu production should be 200% of nitrogen requirement. MGS application increased productivity/quality of Marandu grass. Macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) and micronutrients (calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, and zinc) increased in Marandu grass and in the soil (calcium, sulfur, and sodium). The increased sodium level was not limiting.

Zootechnical Performance and Bromatological Composition of the Flesh of Oreochromis sp (Red Tilapia) Fed with Local Feed Supplemented with Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Seed Powder

Zootechnical Performance and Bromatological Composition of the Flesh of Oreochromis sp (Red Tilapia) Fed with Local Feed Supplemented with Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Seed Powder

Sorghum Densification with Changes in Plant Spacing Arrangement: Productivity and Qualitative Characteristics of Silage Material

The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of sorghum grown in different combinations of row spacing and plant density, as well as possible interferences on silage quality. No other study dedicated to identifying the interference of plant spatial arrangement on the cultivation of silage material has been developed in the productive context of the Amazon Biome, making it necessary to understand the behavior of the studied factors. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot scheme: the plots corresponded to three row spacings (0.45 m, 0.60 m, and 0.75 m) and subplots at four densities (105,000, 120,000, 135,000, and 150,000 plants ha−1). The agronomic and productivity characteristics of sorghum and the fermentative and bromatological characteristics of forage and silage were evaluated. The sorghum plants showed an increase in plant height and green and dry mass yield when using higher densities (p &lt; 0.05). For the culm diameter variable, an isolated effect of the factors was observed, with reduced diameter when grown closer to inter-row spacing or using higher plant densities. No effect of the factors was found (p &gt; 0.05) for morphological plant components. In silage, wider spacing promoted higher dry matter content. Regarding crude protein in the silage, higher percentages were obtained at closer spacing and higher plant density. The sorghum growing in dense conditions is indicated, given the positive performance in productivity and bromatological composition.

Valor nutritivo das folhas secas de Cratylia argentea na alimentação de coelhos em crescimento

Abstract Nutrition in rabbit farming accounts for about 70% of all costs; in this sense, C. argentea is an excellent alternative as a feed, due to its bromatological composition. Our goal is to evaluate the nutritional value of diets formulated with the dried leaves of C. argentea to feed growing rabbits. Twenty-eight white rabbits of the New Zealand breed, 55 days old, of both sexes, were used. Two treatments (n = 14, 7 males, and 7 females) were evaluated in a randomized block experimental design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme. The control diet (CTRL) was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of growing rabbits, and the test diet (DRY) was obtained by replacing 20% of the CTRL diet with dried leaves of C. argentea. The experimental period was comprised of 11 days, with seven days of adaptation and four days of total feces collection. The average daily gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion, and final body weight were not affected by replacing the CTRL diet with the dried leaves of C. argentea. The coefficient of dry matter digestibility showed better results in CTRL rabbits (female: 72.19%, male: 72.48%). Rabbits fed with the CTRL diet exhibited a higher consumption of crude protein compared to those fed with the DRY diet, however, these rabbits showed higher elimination and lower retention of crude protein. It is concluded that C. argentea presents values of 1,400.67 kcal per kg of dry matter, digestible energy, and 3.34% digestible protein per kg of dry matter.

By-products of the cocoa agribusiness: high valueadded materials based on their bromatological and chemical characterization

Worldwide, cocoa agribusiness generates about 48 million tons of cocoa pod husk residues annually, and 700 thousand tons of cocoa bean shell, by-products of the pulping and roasting processes. These residues, if not used, can represent an environmental problem. The aim of this research was to identify the potential and use of these by-products through their bromatological composition, lignocellulosic content, aromatic compounds, fatty acid profile, polyphenol and methylxanthine content, and antioxidant capacity. Extraction was made from cocoa husk and shell with a mixture of acetone-water (70:30), applying sonication (40 kHz 15 min-1) and maceration (4 h). Total polyphenols (Folin-Ciocalteau method), antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS), catechin, epicatechin, caffeine, and theobromine (HPLC) were quantified. Aromatic compounds and fatty acid quantifications were evaluated through GC/MS-QP. Cocoa husk and shell stood out for their content of fiber, protein, lignocellulosic material, and fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, elaidic, and stearic). Volatile compounds such as pyrazines, esters, alcohols, and aldehydes were identified in the residues. The results showed that the husk had a higher content of total polyphenols than the shell (26.64 mg GAE g-1 vs. 19.18 mg GAE g-1). The shell exhibited higher values of epicatechin (21.64 mg g-1), theobromine (15.41 mg g-1), and caffeine (4.96 mg g-1) compared to the husk (6.07, 0.53, and 0.52 mg g-1, respectively). Due to their composition, these by-products can be used by different industries, and contribute to obtaining a higher added value and to the solution of environmental problems due to their use.

Características agronômicas, fisiológicas e bromatológicas do trigo forrageiro em diferentes manejos de adubação e densidades

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to evaluate the wheat crop as a forage potential subjected to different fertilization and sowing densities in the semi-arid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The design used was randomized blocks in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme with 3 replications, with 3 fertilization managements (without fertilization, organomineral fertilization and mineral fertilization) and 4 sowing densities (200, 350, 500 and 650 seeds m2). The chosen wheat cultivar was MGS Brilhante. For agronomic characteristics, a greater plant height was observed in the fertilized treatments, with an average of 111.28 cm, regardless of the type of fertilizer. For fresh matter and dry matter production, the mineral fertilization treatment showed a 19.76% and 18.99% higher production, respectively, compared to the others. Regarding the leaf percentage variable, there was an average reduction of 25.65% in the treatment without fertilization compared to those with fertilization. Concerning the bromatological composition, there was only a difference in neutral detergent fiber, with an average increase of 6.32% with organomineral fertilization compared to the other treatments. The use of broadcast mineral fertilizer promotes superior results in terms of dry matter yield (5.55 t ha-1 compared to organomineral fertilizer (4.63 t ha-1). Increasing sowing density does not affect crop yield.

Fermentation and its effect on the physicochemical and sensory attributes of cocoa beans in the Colombian Amazon.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is the basic raw material to produce chocolate and other derivatives such as cocoa butter, cocoa powder and cocoa liquor (cocoa paste), which requires a fermentation process that affects its chemical composition and sensory profile. The objective of this study was to monitor the biochemical, physical and sensory changes during fermentation of cocoa beans in cocoa bean processing plants in the department of Caquetá, Colombia. During fermentation, the temperature of the mass and the pH of the pulp and beans were monitored at the different cocoa bean processing plants (Sites ASOACASAN ASA, COMICACAO CMI, COMCAP COC). Also, at two points during fermentation (days 4 and 7), physical properties of the bean were determined, such as variables related to bromatological composition, polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity as sensory attributes at the different sites. An increase in dough temperature was found, however the pH of the cotyledon decreased during the fermentation process and the fat and moisture content varied with fermentation time. At the site level, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) contents were statistically different, with COC being different from the other sites. The TPC was higher at the COC site (507 mg gallic acid equivalent GAE/g Cocoa) with respect to the other sites (< 360 mg GAE/g Cocoa). The TF content followed a similar behavior to TPC, with significant differences between sites and differences between fermentation times for ASA. The TF was higher in COC (309.1 mg catechin/g cocoa) with respect to CMI (215.6 mg catechin/g cocoa) and ASA (185.7 mg catechin/g cocoa). Values in DPPH ranged from 5869.3 to 7781.8 μmol Trolox/g cocoa and for the FRAP assay ranged from 369.8 to 606.7 mg ascorbic acid AA/g cocoa among the sites. It was found that the time and management of the fermentation process has a significant impact on the parameters (biochemical, physical and sensory) of cocoa beans. Therefore, it is necessary to standardize the fermentation process to achieve a quality product that meets the needs of the market.

Combining Fully Acidulated Phosphates with Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms for Urochloa brizantha Fertilization

Aimed to evaluate the productive, morphological and nutritional characteristics, in addition to the accumulation of nutrients in the aerial part of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu subjected to phosphorus chemical sources and its interaction with phosphate-solubilizing inoculant. The experiment was developed in Colorado do Oeste, RO, Brazil, being adopted a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of different phosphate fertilizer doses associated or not with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM): 0% P; 50% P; 100% P; 50% P + 250 mL ha-1 PSM; 50% P + 500 mL ha-1 PSM; 50% P + 750 mL ha-1 PSM; and 50% P + 1000 mL ha-1 PSM. Triple superphosphate was used as a chemical fertilizer, and fertilization with chemical fertilizer and PSM occurred on November 19th, 2021. The results for the morphological characteristics and yields of Marandu grass showed significant differences. The different arrangements and phosphate doses influenced the green matter yield and dry matter yield, both using the 50% P + 1000 mL ha-1 PSM presented higher yields (3,642.75 kg ha-1 and 1,049.10 kg ha-1, respectively). Higher crop growth rate results in green matter were also found when employing a combination of 50% P + 500 mL ha-1 PSM and 50% P + 1000 mL ha-1 PSM. Dry matter had a significant effect on the bromatological composition, with higher results observed when using 50% P alone (34.55%). Regarding the accumulation of nutrients in the aerial part, the highest P accumulation in Marandu grass was observed when utilizing 100% P, resulting in an accumulation of 15.4 kg P ha-1. Inoculation with PSM for fertilization of U. brizantha cv. Marandu grass does not have adverse effects on the increase in P availability to the plant, resulting in adequate yield and crop development associated with the productive potential of the area.

Phytoextracts for Human Health from Raw and Roasted Hazelnuts and from Hazelnut Skin and Oil: A Narrative Review.

The objectives of this narrative review are as follows: an evaluation of the bromatological composition of hazelnuts and a comparison of the nutritional properties of raw versus roasted hazelnuts, taking into account potential differences among varieties from different production territories such as Turkey, Italy, Chile, and New Zealand; an evaluation of nutrients contained in hazelnut skin; and an evaluation of nutrients contained in hazelnut oil. This review incorporates 27 scientific articles that measured and reported the concentrations of macro- and micro-nutrients in hazelnuts. These hazelnuts were subjected to different processing methods, originated from various geographical areas, or belonged to different varieties. Our results showed that the different varieties and territories where the hazelnuts were cultivated influence their bromatological composition, and we found that different processing steps can largely influence the concentration of specific nutrients. The removal of the skin, which contains a very high concentration of compounds with antioxidant action, is particularly critical. We should give greater attention to the skin, considering it not as a waste product, but as an important part of the hazelnut due to its nutritional properties of primary relevance in the Mediterranean diet. We provide a detailed assessment of the nutritional properties of the hazelnut kernel, skin, and oil, evaluating nutrient compositions and possible modifications (increases or reductions) that occur during the roasting process or that depend on the production territory and origin.

Tifton 85 grass performance following chemical and organic fertilizers

The Tifton 85 grass offers high yield and nutritional value. It is demanding in soil fertility and highly responsive to fertilization. However, the response to fertilization can be affected by the source, dose, and installment of fertilizers, as well as environmental conditions. Evaluations of the joint application of chemical and organic fertilizers are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of chemical and organic fertilization on agronomic characteristics, mineral use efficiencies, and bromatological composition of Tifton 85 grass, and determine fertilization strategies to optimize the yield and nutritional value of Tifton 85 grass. The findings were influenced by grass cuttings. The highest values for height and accumulated dry matter productivity were obtained with the highest fertilizer doses. The leaf/stem ratio was not affected by fertilization. The highest mineral use efficiencies were obtained with 200 and 400 kg of N/ha/year of NPK 20-00-20 formulation and up to 10 t/ha/year of poultry litter (PL), and these values decreased when applying high PL doses. The crude protein content increased, while the contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased. The protein fractions and in vitro dry matter digestibility were not affected by fertilization. The potassium content increased with high fertilizer doses. Applying 350 to 400 kg of N/ha/year of NPK 20-00-20 formulation and 25 to 30 t/ha/year of PL promoted the highest accumulated dry matter productivity. Applying 200 to 400 kg of N/ha/year of NPK 20-00-20 formulation and 10/ha/year of PL is recommended for optimizing mineral use efficiencies. As for bromatological composition, increasing the doses of both fertilizers was beneficial in reducing fiber contents, but only organic fertilization increased crude protein content.

Growth and Physiological responses of Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fed with Dietary Supplementation of Garlic-Ginger Mixture

A-84-days study was conducted to evaluate the growth and physiological responses of juvenile Clarias gariepinus fed diets supplemented with garlic-ginger mixture. The garlic-ginger mixture was included in a base diet at 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%; corresponding to treatments D0 or control, D1, D2 and D3. A total of 120 juveniles (46.55±3.66g) were randomly distributed in triplicate to 12 plastic tanks and fed three times daily with biweekly intermediate sampling. The results indicate that D2 fed fish had the most impressive weight gain (WG) of 218.74±6.42g and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.55±0.05, compared to the control (WG=99.53±0.03g, FCR=2.45±0.18). Furthermore, D2 treatment induced significant improvements in whole body bromatological composition, nutrient retention, organosomatic indexes, and serum biochemical profile in fish compared to control. The growth improvement observed could be due to the combined action of the bioactive components of ginger and garlic to enhance the functioning of the organs of the digestive system as well as the homeostasis balance of the body. Therefore, garlic and ginger can be used as a feed additive to enhance the production of African catfish.

Effect of refused melon fruit inclusion on sorghum ensilage

Ensilage of refused fruit with forage is a viable approach to increase resource use in ruminant feed. The use of refused melon (Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. inodorus H. Jacq.) fruit (RMF), ensiled at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, or 8% of natural matter with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), was assessed in terms of chemical- bromatological composition and fermentative profile. Experimental silos filled with mixtures and hermetically sealed were used. After 34 d of fermentation, the silos were opened, and samples were analyzed. Dry matter concentration shows a quadratic increase (P < 0.05) with RMF inclusion in sorghum silage rising from 30.83% to 32.08% at 4% of RMF inclusion, followed by a reduction in the subsequent levels. There was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in ether extract, total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, and in vitro digestibility of DM and organic matter, increasing respectively 3.96%, 5.32%, 0.25 Mcal kg-1, 0.19 Mcal kg-1, 1.89% and 0.74% from 0% to 8% of RMF inclusion. There was a linear reduction (P < 0.05) of neutral detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin with RMF inclusion. We also observed a linear increase (P < 0.05) in ammoniacal N, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and lactic acid concentrations in silage with the addition of RMF. The inclusion of RMF improved the chemical-bromatological composition and fermentative profile of sorghum silage, and an inclusion level of 8% is recommended.

Compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante de folhas de oliveiras cultivadas no Paraná, Brasil

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the bromatological composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activities, and color of the leaves of olive cultivars Arbosana, Arbequina, Frantoio, Manzanilla, and Koroneiki in northwestern Paraná, Brazil. Leaves of each cultivar were collected for the experiment, which was carried out in a completely randomized design. The dry matter (DM) of olive leaves contains mostly carbohydrates (56.15 to 59.42 g 100 g-1 DM) and fibers (17.37 to 19.73 g 100 g-1 DM) in its bromatological composition. The total polyphenol content ranges from 13.27 to 22.81 mg GAE g-1, with cultivar Manzanilla standing out, and the flavonoid content from 6.50 to 7.65 mg QE g-1. Manzanilla shows the highest antioxidant activity of 93.56 and 78.15% in the DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. When compared with the other cultivars, Manzanilla and Koroneiki have leaves with a higher green intensity and total chlorophyll content of 0.958 and 0.833 mg 100 mL 1, respectively. In the ABTS assay, there is a correlation both between total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity and between chlorophyll content and antioxidant activity. Olive leaves have characteristics that allow their application as an additive or ingredient for the development of food products with satisfactory antioxidant activity.

Vitamin D Repletion and AA/EPA Intake in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: Influences on Metabolic Status.

A cohort of 40 children with T1D was recruited, mean age 9.7 years (7.1; 13), with onset of T1D in the last 5 years: some at onset (n: 20, group A) and others after 18.0 ± 5 months (n: 20; group B). Twenty healthy children were compared as control subjects (CS). Dietary intakes were assessed through a diary food frequency questionnaire. Moreover, dried blood spots were used to test AA/EPA ratio by gas chromatography. T1D children had a lower percentage of sugar intake (p &lt; 0.02) than CS. Furthermore, group B introduced a greater amount of AA with the diet (g/day; p &lt; 0.05) than CS (p &lt; 0.01) and group A (p &lt; 0.01). Children with an AA/EPA ratio ≤ 22.5 (1st quartile) required a lower insulin demand and had higher 25OHD levels than those who were in the higher quartiles (p &lt; 0.05). Subjects with DKA (9/40) had levels of 25OHD (p &lt; 0.05) and C-peptide (p &lt; 0.05) lower than those without DKA. Moreover, analyzing the food questionnaire in group A, subjects with DKA showed a lower intake of proteins, sugars, fiber (g/day; p&lt; 0.05), vitamin D, EPA, and DHA (g/day; p &lt; 0.01) compared to subjects without DKA. Non-linear associations between vitamin D intake (p &lt; 0.0001; r2:0.580) and linear between EPA intake and C-peptide (p &lt; 0.05; r: 0.375) were found in all subjects. The study shows a relationship between vitamin D status, AA/EPA ratio, and metabolic state, probably due to their inflammatory and immune mechanisms. A different bromatological composition of the diet could impact the severity of the onset.

Effects of homofermentative lactic acid bacteria and powdered molasses on fermentative losses, chemical composition and aerobic stability in whole-plant soybean silage

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of homolactic bacteria and molasses (MOL) in whole-plant soybean silage on dry matter (DM) losses, content of organic acids, bromatological composition, in situ degradation of DM and aerobic stability. Mini-silos (n = 200) were blocked (n = 5) by phenological stage and assigned into a 2×2 factorial treatment arrangement with 2 levels of microbial inoculation (INO, 0 or 105 colony forming units of Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus per kg of fresh forage) and 2 levels of powdered MOL (0 and 40 g/kg fresh forage). Mini-silos were opened after 90 days of fermentation. Total losses were lower in silos with MOL. Whole-plant soybean ensiled with the combination of INO and MOL had the highest DM recovery. Adding MOL increased lactic acid content and decreased ammonia nitrogen content (marker of proteolysis), pH and buffering capacity. MOL reduced the contents of NDF. Silage with both INO and MOL had the highest DM content. MOL increased DM degradation. No effects were detected on aerobic stability. INO does not show positive effects on soybean silage nutritive quality when not associated with MOL. Molasses has a positive impact on whole-plant soybean silage by decreasing fermentation losses and pH, while increasing silage nutritive value.

Month of Harvest and Leaf Age Impact the Bromatological Composition and Polyphenol Content of Gymnopodium floribundum Rolfe Leaves

In the present study, the effects of macro- and microclimatic conditions, month of harvest, and leaf age at harvest on the bromatological composition and polyphenol content of Gymnopodium floribundum leaves were evaluated. Leaves were harvested in December 2017 and 2018 and March, June, and September 2018. At each harvest, three composite samples of mixed-age leaves were collected from 12 trees (four trees for each sample), and the sampling was repeated on day 90 post-harvest to collect 90-day-old leaves. Fresh and dry matter, crude protein, acid and neutral detergent fibers (ADF and NDF, respectively), lignin, total tannins, condensed tannins (CT), total phenols, in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) digestibility, and metabolizable energy (ME) were estimated. Rainfall, relative humidity, and microhumidity were associated with chemical composition. IVDMD, IVOMD, and ME were highest in leaves sampled in March regardless of age (p &lt; 0.001). Water content, ADF, NDF, and lignin were highest in the leaves sampled in September, regardless of age (p &lt; 0.05), suggesting that leaves require more structural support in the rainy season. CT content was highest in September in the mixed-age leaves and in September and December in the 90-day-old leaves (p &lt; 0.05). A high fiber and CT content during the period of rapid leaf growth could deter herbivory.