Broken Roots Research Articles

Effects of residual broken roots on the growth and rhizosphere soil of herbaceous peony

Effects of residual broken roots on the growth and rhizosphere soil of herbaceous peony

Atraumatic Technique for Removal of Broken Root Tips of Maxillary Posterior Teeth with Endodontic K File - A Technical Consideration

Background: Extraction of tooth often feels tricky situation for dental surgeon specially root gets fracture of maxillary posterior teeth. Maxillary premolars are often gets fracture while extracting for orthodontic treatment. Method: In such cases complete extraction without damaging alveolar bone is necessary. Various methods are described in literature are appreciated but we require much quicker, less invasive method which here the attempt is made with the help of K file. Results: This technique was implemented in 17 cases with successfully retrieval among 13 (76.5%) cases with average time for retrieval 4 minutes. Conclusions: A simple and very effective method using K file for retrieving broken root tip of maxillary teeth with minimal collateral damage to the surrounding structures. Keywords: Maxillary premolars; Fracture root tip; K- file;

Tree stability under wind: simulating uprooting with root breakage using a finite element method.

Windstorms are the major natural hazard affecting European forests, causing tree damage and timber losses. Modelling tree anchorage mechanisms has progressed with advances in plant architectural modelling, but it is still limited in terms of estimation of anchorage strength. This paper aims to provide a new model for root anchorage, including the successive breakage of roots during uprooting. The model was based on the finite element method. The breakage of individual roots was taken into account using a failure law derived from previous work carried out on fibre metal laminates. Soil mechanical plasticity was considered using the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The mechanical model for roots was implemented in the numerical code ABAQUS using beam elements embedded in a soil block meshed with 3-D solid elements. The model was tested by simulating tree-pulling experiments previously carried out on a tree of Pinus pinaster (maritime pine). Soil mechanical parameters were obtained from laboratory tests. Root system architecture was digitized and imported into ABAQUS while root material properties were estimated from the literature. Numerical simulations of tree-pulling tests exhibited realistic successive root breakages during uprooting, which could be seen in the resulting response curves. Broken roots could be visually located within the root system at any stage of the simulations. The model allowed estimation of anchorage strength in terms of the critical turning moment and accumulated energy, which were in good agreement with in situ measurements. This study provides the first model of tree anchorage strength for P. pinaster derived from the mechanical strength of individual roots. The generic nature of the model permits its further application to other tree species and soil conditions.

Energy Prices and Housing Property Demand in Shanghai, China

This study investigates long-run relations among the prices of fuel and power, sales of new residential constructions, and total industrial output in Shanghai, China. Structural break and unit root tests show that these three variables each contain a unit root. Allowing for finite-sample biases, a trivariate cointegration system is suggested. Both housing property demand and industrial output are weakly exogenous for the equilibrium system, but energy prices are not. Therefore, the results imply that housing demand influences energy prices in the long run, but not vice versa. By decreasing the demand (or expected demand) for residential property, municipal authorities could expect to restrain or reduce energy use and prices, thereby facilitating the restructuring of the economy into a resource-saving one.

The clinical analysis of 268 cases of anatomical type fiber pile nuclear-all the porcelain front teeth beauty of repair

Objective To investigate the clinical status and observe the effect of anatomical type fiber pile nuclear-all the porcelain front teeth beauty of repair.Methods 268 cases of anterior teeth in patients with mild deformity,signed informed consent in the premise of fiber post-core anatomical down-beauty of all-ceramic crown restoration,and clinical follow-up.Results 3 cases of the disease after root canal treatment,5 cases of cut ends and the lip surface collapse porcelain,no case of post-core broken or vertical root fracture.The self-satisfaction,clinical efficacy and periapical X-ray observation of all patients were expected to achieve the desired effect,in which anatomical quartz fiber post-core-CAD/CAM zirconia crown the whole body the best aesthetic effect.Conclusion Anatomic quartz fiber post-core-CAD/CAM zirconium crowns the whole beauty of the front teeth restoration techniques in a unique treatment has clinical status and satisfactory outcome. Key words: Fiber post; All-ceramic crowns; Cosmetic restoration of anterior teeth

The effects of short‐term calcium hydroxide application on the strength of dentine

Studies have suggested that the long-term exposure of dentin from immature teeth to calcium hydroxide may weaken the dentin but the effects of short-term exposure of dentin from mature teeth have not been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a short term application of calcium hydroxide on the strength of dentine from mature human permanent teeth. 50 human extracted single rooted disease-free permanent mandibular premolars were chosen. The root canals were prepared with rotary instruments and randomly assigned to two groups. In one group, the root canals were filled with a calcium hydroxide paste. Canals of teeth in the control group were left empty. All teeth were stored in normal saline for 30 days and then coronal third root dentin cylinders were created by removing the crown and apical portions of the teeth. An Instron machine was used to measure the compressive forces needed to break the dentin cylinders and data were analysed using the Student's t-test. The mean compressive force in the calcium hydroxide-filled teeth was significantly lower than that in the control teeth (210.6 +/- 32.3 kg cm(-1) vs 246.2 +/- 29.0 kg cm(-1) respectively, P < 0.001). Teeth subjected to 30 days application of calcium hydroxide required less compressive force to break root dentin cylinders. Further studies are necessary to determine whether similar effects would result if impact tests were performed.

Seasonal Effects of Transplanting on Growth and Pre-bud Break Root System Regeneration of Northern Red Oak and Willow Oak

Seasonal effects on transplant establishment of balled-and-burlapped (B&amp;B) shade trees are not well documented. Early post-transplant root growth and above-ground growth over 3 years were therefore documented for November- and March-transplanted northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and willow oak (Q. phellos L.). Survival of red oak was 100% for both treatments. Survival of November- and March-transplanted willow oak was 67% and 83%, respectively. No new root growth was observed outside or within the root balls of either species upon excavation in January. However, new root growth was evident when subsamples were excavated the following April for November-transplanted trees of both species, indicating that root system regeneration of November-transplanted trees occurs in late winter and/or early spring, not late fall and/or early winter. November-transplanted red oak, but not willow oak, had grown more roots by spring bud break than March-transplanted trees. While height growth of willow oak was nearly identical between treatments after 3 years, November-transplants exhibited greater trunk diameter increase for all 3 years. Overall, season of transplant had little effect on height and trunk diameter increase of red oak, even though November-transplanted trees grew more roots prior to the first bud break following transplant. Among the willow oaks that survived, season of transplanting had little effect on height growth, but November transplanting resulted in greater trunk diameter increase. However, considering the mortality rate of November-transplanted willow oak, March may be a better time to transplant willow oak in climates similar to southwest Virginia.

Identificação das causas de perdas pós-colheita de cenoura no varejo, Brasília-DF

As perdas pós-colheita de cenoura em 4 lojas de uma rede de supermercados de Brasília foram avaliadas pelo período de um ano. A amostragem foi realizada em duas etapas: antes da exposição do produto na área de vendas (amostra Qualidade Inicial) e após o descarte das perdas do produto (amostra Descarte). Foram quantificadas a proporção de raízes pequenas, médias e grandes e a incidência dos danos: bifurcação, rachadura, defeitos de formato, doença, praga, dano mecânico e outros. A cenoura comprada pelo supermercado apresentou cerca de 86,88 + 0,66% das raízes na faixa de 12-22 cm. No descarte, diminuiu a proporção de cenouras médias e grandes, enquanto aumentou a proporção de cenouras pequenas e quebradas. A proporção de raízes com ombro verde foi reduzida de 23,74 + 1,11% na amostra Qualidade Inicial para 13,29 + 1,37% na amostra Descarte, indicando que grande parte das raízes com ombro verde foi adquirida pelo consumidor, e neste caso não parece ter sido um fator indutor de perda. Cerca de 51% das cenouras recebidas no supermercado apresentavam algum tipo de dano, sendo os mais importantes defeitos de formato (31,0 + 1,16%), dano mecânico (9,46 + 0,4%) e murcha (4,66 + 0,99%). As principais causas de descarte foram dano mecânico (37,4 + 2,47%), defeitos de formato (32,0 + 2,58%) e murcha (7,6 + 1,59%).

Influence of pre-harvest curing and mechanical injury on the quality and shelf-life of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) in East Africa

SummaryThis research investigates various methods of reducing root damage and the effect of damage on subsequent storage under tropical conditions. The methods investigated for reducing root damage were pre-harvest curing and the use of alternative types of post-harvest packaging. Pre-harvest curing by pruning the plant canopy 14 d before harvest significantly reduced the level of skinning injury in roots during harvesting and post-harvest handling in sacks. When the roots were stored for 14 d, pre-harvest pruning reduced the occurrence of rotten roots. Transporting 20 kg of roots in fibre-board boxes reduced skinning injury whereas it was greatest when transported in polypropylene sacks weighing either 20 or 100 kg. Skinning injury and broken roots reduced shelf life, as measured by weight loss, when roots were stored under tropical conditions. Skinning injury was also associated with the increased occurrence of rots. The implications for sweet potato handling systems in East Africa are discussed.

Clastogenicity of pentachlorophenol, 2,4-D and butachlor evaluated by Allium root tip test

The meristematic mitotic cells of Allium cepa is an efficient cytogenetic material for chromosome aberration assay on environmental pollutants. For assessing genotoxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-chloro-2,6-diethyl- N-(butoxymethyl) acetanilide (butachlor), 50% effective concentration (EC 50), c-mitosis, stickiness, chromosome breaks and mitotic index (MI) were used as endpoints of genotoxicity. EC 50 values for PCP and butachlor are 0.73 and 5.13 ppm, respectively. 2,4-D evidently induced morphological changes at higher concentrations. Some changes like crochet hooks, c-tumours and broken roots were unique to 2,4-D at 5–20 ppm. No such abnormalities were found in PCP and butachlor treated groups, however, root deteriorated and degenerated at higher concentrations (<3 ppm) in PCP. MI in 2,4-D showed a low average of 14.32% followed by PCP (19.53%), while in butachlor it was recorded 71.6%, which is near to the control value. All chemicals induced chromosome aberrations at statistically significant level. The highest chromosome aberration frequency (11.90%) was recorded in PCP at 3 ppm. Large number of c-mitotic anaphases indicated that butachlor acts as potent spindle inhibitor, whereas, breaks, bridges, stickiness and laggards were most frequently found in PCP showing that it is a potent clastogen.

Postharvest handling, transport and quality of sweet potato in Tanzania

SummaryCommercial consignments of sacks of sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam, cvs. Polista and SPN/0, were surveyed, over two seasons, from harvest to markets at Mwanza and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. The handling and transport system resulted in up to 20% and 86% of roots with severe breaks and skinning injury respectively. Reductions in market value were up to 13%. Impact loggers located at the centre of sacks indicated that the most severe impacts (greater than 20 g) occurred during unloading and loading from road vehicles and ships. However, skinning injury and broken roots were correlated with a large number of minor impacts (2 g or lower). Cultivar or season did not generally affect the responses. The use of cardboard boxes filled with fewer roots instead of overfilled polypropylene sacks and adoption of improved management procedures in the handling and transport are recommended.

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) control with glyphosate plus 2,4-D

Leafy spurge control with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] plus 2,4-D [2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] applied annually for 3 years alone or rotated with auxin herbicides was evaluated at 3 locations in North Dakota. Glyphosate applied with 2,4-D averaged 67% leafy spurge control 3 months after treatment which was a 10-fold increase compared to glyphosate alone. Glyphosate plus 2,4-D applied annually for 3 years or rotated with dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methexybenzoic acid) or picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridine carboxylic acid) plus 2,4-D provided 80 to 90% leafy spurge control, which was similar to the standard annual picloram plus 2,4-D treatment but at 30 to 65% less cost. Herbage production was similar regardless of treatment. The absorption and translocation of 14C-2,4-D increased 2- to 3-fold when applied wit glyphosate compared to 14C-2,4-D applied alone. However, both absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate was severely reduced when applied with 2,4-D compared to 14C-glyphosate applied alone. The increase in control when glyphosate is applied with 2,4-D may be because sublethal concentrations of glyphosate break root bud dormancy in leafy spurge, thereby increasing the amount of 2,4-D in the root. Glyphosate plus 2,4-D provided good leafy spurge control at less cost than current widely used treatments and should provide a new tool for leafy spurge management.

Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Control with Glyphosate Plus 2,4-D

Leafy spurge control with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] plus 2,4-D [2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] applied annually for 3 years alone or rotated with auxin herbicides was evaluated at 3 locations in North Dakota. Glyphosate applied with 2,4-D averaged 67% leafy spurge control 3 months after treatment which was a 10-fold increase compared to glyphosate alone. Glyphosate plus 2,4-D applied annually for 3 years or rotated with dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methexybenzoic acid) or picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridine carboxylic acid) plus 2,4-D provided 80 to 90% leafy spurge control, which was similar to the standard annual picloram plus 2,4-D treatment but at 30 to 65% less cost. Herbage production was similar regardless of treatment. The absorption and translocation of 14C-2,4-D increased 2- to 3-fold when applied wit glyphosate compared to 14C-2,4-D applied alone. However, both absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate was severely reduced when applied with 2,4-D compared to 14C-glyphosate applied alone. The increase in control when glyphosate is applied with 2,4-D may be because sublethal concentrations of glyphosate break root bud dormancy in leafy spurge, thereby increasing the amount of 2,4-D in the root. Glyphosate plus 2,4-D provided good leafy spurge control at less cost than current widely used treatments and should provide a new tool for leafy spurge management. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v53i1_lym

Between broken root and artificial alizarin: Textile arts and manufactures of madder

Summary The developments in preparing and fixing dyes, and in creating designs and patterns on cotton fabrics, were among the principal achievements of the European textile industry during the Industrial Revolution. The most widely used dyestuff was obtained from the root of the madder plant and was the basis of Turkey red and other colours. At first the dye was released by breaking open the root. By the middle of the sixteenth century it was available as a fine powder. This was much better suited to dyeing and hand block printing, and, later, Turkey red dyeing and dyeing of machine‐mordanted cloth. Isolation of the principal colorant, alizarin, was achieved in the 1820s, and the laboratory method suggested a means for preparing a more useful commercial product, known as garancine. It reduced the cost of madder prints, and permitted mixing with cheaper dyestuffs. The subsequent introduction of refined madder extracts enabled direct printing. The purer colorants were shortlived, however. Artificial alizari...

Olfactory recognition of host-tree susceptibility by pine shoot beetles

Storm-fallen Scots pines with broken roots and trees with severed tops exude wound oleoresin. These trees are susceptible to bark beetles due to an injured vascular system that can not provide adequate oleoresin in order to resist new attacks by beetles [I]. Once a tree is attacked, most bark beetles use pheromone attractants to locate mates and often to overcome tree resistance through a mass attack [I, 21. It would be clearly advantageous for bark beetles to have evolved sensory systems for efficiently locating their host and in recognizing whether a particular host was less resistant than most healthy trees. However, little is known of how bark beetles select their host from among other plant and tree species [I], or what may attract the first individuals to a susceptible host. We have investigated the semiochemical basis of the mass aggregation of pine shoot beetles, Tomicus piniperda, on storm-injured Scots pine. We found that the beetle can recognize while still in flight a host tree and whether it is susceptible by means of olfaction of three plant monoterpenes evaporating from wound oleoresin. Scots pine logs infested with males and females of T. piniperda were tested in the forest of southern Sweden (Table 1, 1982) to determine their attractiveness to naturally swarming populations in the spring. The resulting catches of beetles indicate that there was a strong attraction to volatiles released from logs

Germination Ecophysiology of Eastern Deciduous Forest Herbs: Hydrophyllum macrophyllum

Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. (Hydrophyllaceae) is an herbaceous polycarpic perennial that occurs in mesic deciduous forests from western Virginia and West Virginia, to Illinois, and S to Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. At the time of seed maturation and dispersal in midto late July, seeds exhibit both root and shoot dormancy. High temperatures are required to break root dormancy, and in the laboratory 77-85 %o of the seeds produced roots at a 12/12 hr daily thermoperiod of 15/6 C following a 2-4-week warm treatment at a 12/12 hr daily thermoperiod of 30/15 C. In the natural habitat, root dormancy is broken during summer and early autumn and roots emerge from the seeds in late autumn. After root emergence, chilling is required to break shoot dormancy; 100'% of the seeds (with emergent roots) produced shoots at 20/10 C after they were chilled at 5 C for 6 weeks. In the natural habitat, shoot dormancy is broken during winter and shoots are produced in late winter and early spring. Germination of a portion of the seeds in a given year's seed crop may be delayed for several years. Root emergence from seeds kept on soil under leaf litter in an unheated greenhouse occurred during the first, second and third autumns following planting of freshly matured seeds.

An Unusual Ungulate Jaw from the Pliocene of Texas

Recent excavations at the Coffee Ranch quarry, nine miles north of Miami, Hemphill County, Texas, have yielded a quantity of fossil bones of early-middle Pliocene age. This site is the locality 20 of Reed and Longnecker (1932) and probably has furnished the best known sample of the Hemphillian fauna (see Matthew and Stirton, 1930a, 1930b, Burt, 1931, Matthew, 1932). Where worked by Midwestern University, there is a layer of volcanic ash more than 6 feet in thicknss, and dirctly under the ash bed a layer of glauconitic clay varying from one to four feet in depth. Beneath the clay bed is an unconsolidated greenish sand, six feet or more in thickness and with numerous pockets rich in fossil bones. Past workers seem to have devoted most attention to the greenish sand layer. The clay bed contains numerous fragments of fossil bones, mostly greatly broken and rarely more than a fraction of an inch in diameter. Among the fragments of larger bones are some teeth and jaw fragments of insectivors, rabbits, rodents and small carnivors, with an occasional tooth or jaw of a larger mammal. Through the kindness of the Hardin Foundation of Wichita Falls, Texas, and the Midwestern University Faculty Research Committee, funds were made available to permit the quarrying and washing of the clay, to recover the remains of small mammals present. In the course of quarrying operations, a most unusual ungulate lower jaw was discovered. The incisors and the extreme anterior tip of the jaw are missing, as is the ramus posterior to the last molar. The cheek-tooth dention, however, is complete. The teeth had all been broken off just above the roots, and were firmly encased in clay matrix. The remainder of the jaw was collected in another large piece of clay. The breaks were clean and the teeth fitted closely to the broken roots. The jaw is unusual in the presence of alveoli for seven cheekteeth. As exposed when first discovered, the roots showed clearly and all four premolars have double roots. In the laboratory, the jaw was sketched before the teeth were restored (fig. 1).