Broken Glass Research Articles

Composition of Marine Debris on The Coast of Banyuwangi, East Java

Marine debris has emerged as a significant environmental issue of growing global concern, closely linked to pollution and its impact on the environment. Understanding the distribution of marine waste in coastal areas is crucial, especially considering that beaches are key sites for various human activities such as tourism, fishing, and shipping. To address this, a study was conducted to analyze the composition of marine debris on three beaches in Banyuwangi Regency, East Java. The study took place in July and August of 2023, focusing on Boom, Cacalan, and Cemara beaches. Marine debris was collected along the coastline in 5 x 5 m transects, spaced 20 m apart, to identify and quantify the types of waste. The findings revealed that Boom Beach had the highest percentage of rubbish (46%), followed by Cemara Beach (30%) and Cacalan Beach (24%). Additionally, the highest abundance of rubbish per area was found at Boom Beach (5.97 ± 16.64 item/m2), Cemara Beach (3,92 ± 11,36 item/m2), and Cacalan Beach (3,12 ± 5,27 item/m2). Boom Beach and Cemara Beach were primarily dominated by plastic waste, while at Cacalan Beach, plastic waste and broken glass were found in nearly equal proportions. The calculation of the Clean Coast Index (CCI) indicated that all three beaches were significantly polluted. As a result, there is a clear need for focused attention on waste management at tourist beaches to preserve the aesthetics and comfort of beach visitors.

Evaluation of Surgical Reconstruction of Old Tendo Achilles Injury by Bosworth Technique

Background: Chronic Achilles tendon rupture in the watershed hypovascular region (zone II) makes end-to-end repair less feasible. Bosworth's technique, involving gastrocnemius-soleus turndown, was studied to determine its efficacy and functional outcome in repairing chronic tendon in zone II. Objective: To evaluate surgical reconstruction of old Tendo Achilles injury by Bosworth technique. Methods: This prospective study was carried out in Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) form July 2006 to December 2007. 20 cases were selected as non-randomized purposive sampling technique who came to the out patients department of DMCH. All cases were diagnosed as old neglected Tendo Achilles injury and treated by surgical reconstruction by Bosworth technique. Two cases were lost from follow up and discarded from the study. Finally the study was done on 18 patients. Results: The mean age of the patients was 31.7 years and the lowest and highest cases were 17 and 47 years respectively. The male female ratio was 5:1. One-third (33.3%) patients were day labourer, 22.2% service holders, 16.7% house wives and the rest 27.8% students. Two-Third of the patients (67%) had involvement of left Tendo Achilles and the rest (33%) had right Tendo Achilles. Nearly 40% of patients’ injury was caused by the overhanging edge of the toilet Pan, 27.8% by traumatic rupture, 11.1% assaulted by sharp weapon, another 11.1% by sharp edge of a metallic plate, 5.6% accidentally by sharp cutting knife and 5.5% by broken glass. The mediun level of injury was 3.5 cm above from the insertion of Tendo Achilles, while the lowest and highest level were 2.5 and 6 cm. Minimum delay from injury to operation was 6 weeks and maximum 32 weeks. 5 patients (27.8%) gained normal range of ankle movement, 6 patients (33.3%) decreased by 5° of unaffected side, 4 (22.2%) by 10° and 3 (16.7%) by more than 10⁰. Mean power of planter flexion, mean calf width and mean score to stand on tip toe on injured side relative ........

Epidemiology of pediatric hand lacerations: a retrospective cohort study focusing on age and injury-causing objects

Purpose: This study analyzed the epidemiology of pediatric hand lacerations in children under 6 years old, focusing on age-related characteristics and the household objects that caused these injuries.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients under 6 years old who presented with hand lacerations at our emergency department from January 2016 to December 2023. Data were collected on demographics, injury-related factors (the affected hand and finger, injury location, and injury-causing object), need for surgical intervention, and damage to deep structures. Patients were categorized as infants (0–1 years), toddlers (1–3 years), or preschoolers (3–6 years). We recorded the frequency, surgical intervention rates, and affected deep structures for each injury-causing object.Results: Of 153 children treated for hand lacerations, toddlers were the most frequently injured (47.7%), followed by preschoolers (44.4%) and infants (7.8%). The index and middle fingers were particularly vulnerable in toddlers and preschoolers, while infantile injuries more commonly affected the palm. Among 31 identified objects, knives/blades, particularly cutting knives (13.7%) and broken glass (13.1%), were the leading causes, with injuries occurring primarily at home. Surgical intervention was necessary in 11.1% of cases, with eyebrow razors (33.3%) most often requiring surgery and causing damage to deep structures, including arteries, nerves, and flexor tendons.Conclusion: The study highlights the significant role of developmental behaviors in pediatric hand laceration risk. Many injuries were caused by everyday household objects, including eyebrow razors, that are often underestimated as potential dangers. Preventive measures and guardian education are crucial to reduce the incidence of these injuries.

UAV imagery-based railroad station building inspection using hybrid learning architecture

The apparent defects of railroad station building such as the broken glass, missing screw, and rust corrosion need to be inspected regularly and timely to ensure the safety of passenger. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery-based inspections have the potential to revolutionize current manual visual inspections by providing a better overhead view and mitigating safety concerns. This paper proposes a hybrid learning architecture called YOLOS (you only look once station scene) to simultaneously detect and segment station building surface defects of UAV images. First, a novel squeeze-and-excitation (SE) attention block is integrated into the detection branch to adaptively learn the weights of the feature channels, thereby promoting the network to pay attention to the critical deep features of the objects. And then, a new semantic segmentation branch parallel to the detection branch is designed and assembled in YOLOS for pixel-level defect recognition. Finally, extensive experiments on railroad station dataset established with drone imagery prove the effectiveness and robustness of the SE-based network on station surface defect detection. This method can quickly convert UAV imagery into useful information with a high detection rate.

Fixing Ghana's Economy: Addressing the Broken Glass

This paper delves into the pressing issue of addressing the challenges faced by Ghana's economy, metaphorically described as "the broken glass." With a focus on economic reform and revitalization, the study examines the key factors contributing to the economic challenges in Ghana and proposes strategies for sustainable development and growth. By analyzing the root causes of the economic fragility and identifying areas for improvement, the paper aims to offer insights and recommendations for policymakers, stakeholders, and citizens to collaboratively work towards fixing Ghana's economy. Through a comprehensive exploration of economic policies, structural reforms, and innovative solutions, this study seeks to pave the way for a resilient and prosperous economic future for Ghana.

First Report of Dickeya dadantii Causing Soft Rot in Cariru in Brazil.

Cariru (Talinum fruticosum) is a non-conventional food plant and a source of vitamins A, B2, B5, and C, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. It is an important crop for producers of the Amazon region and it is used as a leafy green vegetable, similar to spinach, as well as for medicinal purposes. It is cultivated by producers in the states of Pará and Amazonas (Amorim et al. 2014). In February 2020, in gardens of approximately 1.0 and 0.18 ha in the municipality of Ananindeua (01° 34' 12" S - 48° 38' 11" W), Pará, Brazil, we observed approximately 10% of the plants exhibited soft rot symptoms, bacterial oozing, and stem pith disintegration. From cariru infected leaves, the bacteria were selectively isolated using healthy pepper fruit, as described by Moraes et al. (2017). Two strain (UFRADD17 and UFRADD18) were obtained and both showed white, small, "broken glass" colonies on CPG (peptone-casamino acid-glucose) medium when observed in a stereoscope under oblique lighting. Pathogenicity tests were performed on 20-day-old cariru seedlings by depositing 10 ul of the bacterial suspension (106 CFU/ml) onto a wound made on the leaf blade with an entomological pin. After inoculation, seedlings were incubated in a greenhouse for 48 h at 30 ± 2°C and 90 ± 2% RH. Plants treated similarly with sterile distilled water were used as a negative control. Symptoms of soft rot were observed between 12 and 24 h after inoculation. Seedlings used as negative control remained symptomless. Forty-eight hours after inoculation, we reisolated the pathogen and performed rep-PCR (REP, ERIC, and BOX-PCR) analyses (Gama et al. 2018) with the strains used for inoculation and those reisolated from the pathogenicity test to confirm the identity of the strains and to fulfill Koch's postulates. The two re-isolated strains showed the same REP, ERIC, and BOX-PCR profiles as the strains used for inoculation. In addition, there were no differences between the rep-PCR profiles of the isolates UFRADD17 and UFRADD18. These isolates were Gram-negative, grew at 37°C, and were positive for maceration in pepper fruit and potato tubers. Molecular identification of the isolate UFRADD18 was performed from sequencing fragments from the 16S rDNA region and dnaX, fusA, gyrA, and mdH housekeeping genes as previously described (Van der Wolf et al. 2014; Ma et al. 2007). Sequences were deposited in Genbank under accessions OP142347, OP191704, OP191705, OP191706, and OP191707. Blastn analysis showed 96.15% identity with the 16S rDNA region of accession KY231142.1 (400/416 bp), 99.5% identity with dnaX of accession KC844490.1 (396/398 bp), 99.86% identity with fusA of accession CP023467.1 (714/715 bp), 99.74% identity with gyrA of accession KC844598 (387/388 bp), and 99.10% identity with mdH of accession GQ891979.1 (563/560 bp) from the type strain of Dickeya dadantii. A phylogenetic analysis performed by Bayesian inference with the dnaX, fusA, gyrA, and mdH genes grouped the isolate UFRADD18 along with NCPPB898T, with a 1.00 posterior probability. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. dadantii causing soft rot in cariru in the Brazilian territory. In addition, this report increases understanding of the host range of this bacterium, which is important for adopting management strategies based on the control of alternative hosts.

COVID-19 and the Perceived Dangerousness of Everyday Objects: A Behavioural Online Study in Italy and Germany

The outbreak of COVID-19 and efforts to contain it have likely impacted our daily lives, including how we interact with objects. This online study aimed to develop and test a task to measure how different contexts affect our perception of objects, particularly those that were regarded as potentially dangerous. Two pre-registered experiments conducted in Italy and Germany showed how linguistically processed affordances (e.g., nouns) referring to objects perceived as dangerous (such as a door handle during the pandemic) were processed differently than those referring to neutral objects (like a toothbrush) in a sensibility judgement task. This effect was observed across different contexts and in both experiments. Further research is needed to determine if this effect is similar to the processing of negative words, and if it differs between objects with immanent negative properties (like a broken glass or a fire) versus those with potentially negative properties that only emerge in certain contexts. Replications of the study may clarify if the effect was temporary or produced more permanent changes in behaviour.

Performance of LG window systems with different materials under extreme static loading

Laminated glass (LG) is created by bonding two or more glass layers together with one or more polymer interlayer(s). LG may significantly lower the risk of injury from broken glass because the polymeric interlayer retains the glass pieces, especially when subjected to explosive threats. Many interlayer materials have recently been used in LG panels, but the effects on the performance of glass thickness and type, interlayer thickness and type, and hybrid interlayers are not well known. In this work, we report on new implicit and explicit nonlinear finite element models for simulating pressurized water-chamber-like quasi-static tests. The numerical models were validated using 18 by 18 in. LG tests. This study shows that the resistance function of LG can be well predicted numerically and can be used as a tool to study the effects of various glass and interlayer types and configurations. Explicit solutions had a slightly greater resolution in predicting the fracture behavior and post-peak response and captured the distinct failure points of the inner and outer glass panes. Implicit calculations maintained high levels of accuracy and were orders of magnitude faster than the explicit simulations. Using the implicit method, a parametric study was conducted on 38 by 66 in. LG to determine the effects of glass and interlayer thickness, size, and layup configuration. The LG resistance function was improved within the pre-cracked stage by increasing interlayer thickness. Ionoplast SentryGlas® interlayers were shown to be the strongest of the three types considered. Additionally, unique hybrid interlayers were simulated and indicated that strength and bonding can be maximized using various hybrid configurations.

From Glass Slippers to Glass Ceilings: Will We Ever Stop Walking on Broken Glass?

From Glass Slippers to Glass Ceilings: Will We Ever Stop Walking on Broken Glass?

Gloss to the Judgment of the Court of Appeal in Łódź of 11 August, 2021, I ACa 139/20, Concerning Strict Liability for the Collapse of a Structure or Detachment of its Parts

The subject of this gloss is the responsibility of the autonomous possessor for the collapse of a building or detachment of its parts. Having analysed the judgment, the author observes that the concepts of a structure (building) as well as detachment of its parts are interpreted too broadly in judicial decisions. Not every detachment (such as a destroyed fence and broken glass in the front door or in the balcony balustrade) justifies the strict liability of their autonomous possessor. Therefore, the current position in this respect needs revising. However, in many actual situations, the actions or omissions of other people, including the aggrieved party, may be included in the chain of causation. Consequently, the question arises whether and to what extent these circumstances may affect the autonomous possessor‘s liability and its scope. It is particularly important to determine the aggrieved party’s behaviour which can be qualified as contributing to or increasing the extent of the damage. The extreme positions of individual courts in this respect vary from the necessity of complicity (culpa concurens) to the sufficient requirement of complicity (causa concurens), which causes great uncertainty of decisions that may differ under similar circumstances. The above question as well as other issues regarding the co-responsibility of the autonomous possessor of the structure and other people whose actions or omissions resulted in the damage, have been considered in the gloss to the judgment of the Court of Appeal in Łódź of 11 August, 2021 (I ACa 139/20).

Inventarisasi Tanaman Bernilai Ekonomi Sebagai Obat Tradisional Suku Bugis di Kabupaten Bone Sulawesi Selatan

Ethnoeconomics is a branch of ethnobotany that studies the role of plants that have economic value, one of which is as traditional medicine by an ethnic group or ethnomedicine. The purpose of this study was to inventory traditional medicinal plants of the Bugis tribe in South Sulawesi as ethnomedicines. The research was conducted from November 2022 to January 2023 in Pallae Village, Cenrana District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi. This type of the research was qualitative descriptive, to describe the use of plants as traditional medicine. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and literature studies. Respondents were selected by purposive sampling. Research data were analyzed descriptively and compared with scientific data or scientific data. Based on the results of the study, the types of plants used as traditional medicine by the Bugis tribe in the research location were noni, belimbing wuluh, sidaguri, areca nut, moringa, broken glass, cat's whiskers, ginger, bangle, turmeric, lemongrass, aloe vera, betel, tobacco, soursop and bagore. Plant organs used as medicine are fruit, leaves, rhizomes, and mucus

Gapassipi

Gapassipi

Optimal Mixture of Materials and Condition in Producing Flat Glasses for Automobile Windscreens in Nigeria

The selection of materials is an essential element for engineering designers. This study investigated the optimal mixture of materials and condition in producing flat glasses for automobile windscreens in Nigeria. To achieve this, 10 pairs of compositions of material mixtures and cullet (broken glasses) were used. The standard material mixture (80/20 wt. % of material mix/cullet) from the local industry was modified to have batches of up to 60/40 wt. % material mix/cullet. These material mixtures were used to produce flat glasses by adopting procedures of industrial float glass process of Pilkington Brothers in variable conditions of annealing temperature and time. The average density of each pair of flat glass was measured using water displacement method, and each pair was later laminated to produce a total of 10 automobile windscreens. The windscreens were subjected to 2.25kg drop ball impact test from a height of 4m at 900. The study revealed that the density of the flat glass produced was significantly (p< 0.01) related to squared composition (wt. %) of cullet (R2=97.65%). The highest and lowest densities of 2.23g/cm3 and 1.95g/cm3 were obtained at cullet inclusions of 40 wt. % and 20 wt. % respectively at constant annealing temperature (5500C) and time (60 min). The optimal batch obtained composed of 40 wt. % cullet inclusion, annealed at 5000C for 50 minutes. Increased cullet composition was found to reduce the melting temperature of the batch mixture and fractured characteristics of the windscreens produced. Employing this design in the windscreens manufacturing industry saves production cost, facilitates a competitive market, enhance the quality of windscreens, reduce emissions and curb environmental degradation.

Effect of solid waste on concrete performance: Innovative use of recycled and secondary materials

The reuse and disposal of waste have provoked increasing attention. A novel solution for a medical waste pharmaceutical blister (PB) powder by replacing it with fine aggregates instead of landfills or direct dumping is conducive to environmental protection. The recycling of PB waste is usually challenging and energy-intensive. Waste PB partially replaced the fine aggregate in 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, and silica fume in a constant amount of 2%. In contrast, the broken glass (BG) particles are chosen at different weight fractions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by the replacement of coarse aggregate. Mechanical properties like compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing in normal water and durability at 90 days of curing in chemical water were tested and compared with M30 conventional concrete. In addition, calcium lignosulfonate is used as a superplasticizer, and a constant 2% silica fume particle is chosen to fill the pores and enhance the strength of concrete. This research illustrates that 10% of BG/10% of PB/2% SF mix exhibits high strength and better bonding ingredients than conventional concrete. The results showed a 14.87% improvement in compressive strength. The splitting tensile and flexural strengths increased by 11.78% and 10.33% after 28 days, respectively. The mix showed better workability.

Moral Values in Rachel Platten’s Selected Songs Lyric

In the song, of course, there is a deep meaning from the songwriter. Lyrics as one of the elements of the song, it contains an outpouring of personal feelings and a series of words that are often influenced by the values ??of a culture, social, or moral. This study seeks to examine and describe the moral values ??contained in the song lyrics of Rachel Platten. This study aims to describe the types and characteristics of the moral values ??of the songs “Fight Song”, “Stand by You”, “Broken Glass”, and “Soldiers”. The method used in this research is qualitative method. The data in this study are verbal in the form of words, phrases or sentences contained in the lyrics of songs by Rachel Platten, which are adapted to the purpose of the study. The next step is data collection. It’s the procedure of collecting and measuring. Also, the procedure of analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques. Data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing and data verification. The results showed that in the lyrics of the songs are kinds and characteristics of moral value. Keywords: Characteristics of Moral Value, Kinds of Moral Value, Rachel Platten, Songs Lyric

An investigation of the effects of the vehicle terror suicide attack in the urban area

In this study, the explosion that occurred due to a suicide attack in Elazig Province in Turkey in 2016 was investigated. For this purpose, a preliminary visual numerical analysis was conducted to form a three-dimensional topographic map, and the damage levels to which the buildings were subjected were estimated. Accordingly, in the aftermath of the explosion, a crater pit formed was formed, in addition to collapsed walls of buildings in the region. The explosion pressure also resulted in broken doors, windows along with their frames, broken glasses, and collapsed roofs. According to the results of the study, the amount of TNT, which was the main explosive in the attack, was calculated based on the level of damage caused by the explosion in the failures analysis. Finally, the amount of TNT that was calculated, and the levels of actual damages in the buildings, which were calculated by choosing a specific area in the region of the attack, were compared. The fact that the region where the attack occurred has a sloping topography and is full of trees at 1000 m altitude is a unique and authentic feature of this study in terms of theoretical and numerical analyses on the subject. Accordingly, it was determined that negative pressure could cause greater damage than positive pressure in large-scale explosions.

A Localized Bloom Filter-Based CP-ABE in Smart Healthcare

Wearable technology-supported cloud-based smart health (s-health) has emerged as a promising answer to increase the efficiency and quality of healthcare as a result of rapid improvements in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. However, the issues of data security and privacy preservation have not been fully resolved. In recent years, ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE), which was developed as a versatile and potent cryptographic fundamental to accomplish one-to-many encryption with fine-grained access control, has been seen as a viable answer to the security issue in the cloud. The attribute values in the access policy, however, are supplied in cleartext in standard CP-ABE. This will conveniently reveal the data owners’ privacy (patients). Because the Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare stores sensitive data in the cloud, security is crucial. The data must always be accessed via an access key when using traditional encryption techniques. Though the data cannot be accessed right away in an emergency, this offers greater security. The healthcare IoT created the break-glass concept to address this. The encryption technique is integrated with the broken glass idea to offer data protection and simple access in emergency scenarios. The majority of research papers employ cypher text policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) with the broken glass idea to secure electronic health records. For improving data accessibility in the smart healthcare environment, modified cypher text policy attribute-based encryption (MCP-ABE) with the broken glass (BG) technique is suggested. Greater information security is achieved with this method, but the access policy is also dependent on keys that are vulnerable to hacking. To analyze the access policy individually throughout the key generation process, the attribute-based encryption procedure in this case uses the bloom filter. Information about the access policy is kept intact, which enhances the security of the keys. To continue serving patients and saving their lives, this modified CP-ABE is integrated with break glass in the smart healthcare facility. The experimental results demonstrated that, when compared to the lightweight break-glass procedure, the proposed solution is likewise the best in terms of decreased overhead. The main benefit of this strategy is that it uses the bloom filter concept in the MCP-ABE process, which protects the access policy attributes, to ensure that the key is never compromised. For data access in smart healthcare to preserve patients’ lives, the proposed MCP-ABE with broken glass is best.

The enhancement of polymer composite coating by using a waste glass powder as alternative reinforcement

Epoxy-based composites are widely used as a surface coating in the aircraft, automobile and microelectronic industries due to theirs great mechanical properties, excellent strength-to-weight ratio, lightweight, and good machinability. However, the epoxy-based coating has poor corrosion resistance in a severe environment such as in seawater. The incorporation of various fillers into epoxy resins can yield high-performance composites having high strength, lightweight, multifunctional properties and also improve corrosion resistance. Therefore, this study focuses on the preparation of inorganic nanoparticles filled in an epoxy resin matrix to create high-performance composites. The waste glass powder (WGP) was selected to use as the alternative reinforcement in epoxy resin-based composites in order to search for a sustainable and recycling filler along with the use of commercial SiO2 as a comparative filler. The broken glass from household waste was processed through a high-speed vibratory milling technique until reaching the micrometer level. The physical properties, microstructure, mechanical properties, electrical properties, water absorption and corrosion resistance of all composites are investigated. The results show that after mixing WGP with an epoxy resin matrix, both Vickers hardness and abrasion resistance significantly increase compared to the neat epoxy resin whereas the water absorption ability of composites decreases. For the electrical properties, WGP does not show a significant effect on dielectric constant, dielectric loss and resistivity whereas the anticorrosive performances of the WGP/epoxy resin composite coating are improved.

Analisis Kecelakaan Kerja Dalam Upaya Menurunkan Kecelakaan Kerja Menggunakan Metode Fault Tree Analysis Di UMKM Kopi 1000 Nurhidayah

Work accidents are one of the most common problems in companies where these accidents often occur in workers and cause severe injuries at the physical level of workers. UMKM Kopi 1000 Nurhidayah in carrying out activities cannot avoid problems that will occur, the purpose of this study is to find out the causes of work accidents that occur and provide solutions to the causes of these events. This type of research is qualitative and quantitative with primary and secondary data using the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method. Work accidents in UMKM Kopi 1000 Nurhidayah occur due to human factors, equipment factors, work procedures, and environmental factors. The types of accidents are falls, pinched hands, earaches, backaches, shortness of breath, tightness, eye pain, and blistered hands. The highest cause of accidents was coffee slime with a probability of 7.74% and the lowest was a work shirt with holes and broken glasses with a probability of 0.92%. The solution to the cause of work accidents is to prepare yourself physically and mentally, by periodically replacing damaged personal protective equipment to minimize the impact of work accidents, as well as the need to conduct training on safety standardization, and always maintain a clean work environment.

An Unusual Cause of Rectal Pain

Question: A 79-year-old man presented with a 1-week history of rectal pain. He had passed a painful, jagged stool with fresh red rectal bleeding. The patient reported that it felt like passing “broken glass.” He had previously undergone a laparoscopic anterior resection with a nonfunctioning ileostomy for adenocarcinoma of rectum (T3 M0 N1) 7 years prior. His ileostomy had been closed and there had been no evidence of disease recurrence on follow-up. In addition, he has atrial fibrillation, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and had acute cholecystitis with calcification that was managed conservatively 4 years ago. On examination, he was hemodynamically stable. His abdomen was soft and nontender. An internal rectal examination was tender with intraluminal glass-like material palpable within the rectum. Admission blood tests including liver function tests were normal apart from a C-reactive protein of 37 mg/L and lactate of 3.1 mmol/L. Previous imaging (plain radiograph [Figure A]) from 4 years ago is compared with contemporary imaging (plain radiograph (Figure B) and a computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast was performed (Figure C, D). What is the most likely diagnosis? Look on page 1181 for the answer and see the Gastroenterology website (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and images in GI. A previous plain radiograph (Figure A) from 4 years before presentation demonstrated an intact porcelain gallbladder. Imaging at the current presentation, a plain radiograph (Figure B) and a computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis (Figure C) demonstrated a porcelain gallbladder and cholecystocolonic fistula. A large portion of the porcelain gallbladder wall had fragmented, passed via the fistula into the transverse colon and had transited to the rectum (Figure D). The patient underwent examination under anesthesia and removal of this part of the porcelain gallbladder wall per rectum (Figure E). Histopathological analysis demonstrated fragments of fibrous tissue with the epithelial lining entirely replaced by extensive calcification and metaplastic bone formation with no evidence of malignancy (Figure F; microscopic section; original magnification ×12.5; Figure G, original magnification ×100, demonstrating metaplastic bone formation). The histopathologist favored a final diagnosis of porcelain gallbladder wall passing via the cholecystocolonic fistula into the colon to the rectum. Postoperatively, the patient recovered well with no further intervention required for the gallbladder or cholecystocolonic fistula. Porcelain gallbladder is also known as calcified gallbladder or calcifying cholecystitis, where the gallbladder becomes encrusted with calcium, brittle, hard, and takes on a bluish discoloration.1Geller S.A. de Campos F.P. Porcelain gallbladder.Autops Case Rep. 2015; 5: 5-7Crossref Google Scholar Patients are often asymptomatic, but occasionally present with right upper quadrant pain, a palpable mass, or symptoms of biliary obstruction.1Geller S.A. de Campos F.P. Porcelain gallbladder.Autops Case Rep. 2015; 5: 5-7Crossref Google Scholar The diagnosis is frequently incidental on an abdominal radiograph or computed tomography scan.1Geller S.A. de Campos F.P. Porcelain gallbladder.Autops Case Rep. 2015; 5: 5-7Crossref Google Scholar The decision to manage porcelain gallbladder conservatively or with cholecystectomy considers the presence of symptoms, biliary complications, and comorbid medical conditions. Although porcelain gallbladder has previously been regarded as a risk factor for gallbladder adenocarcinoma, a recent review of 7 published case series that included 60,665 cholecystectomies suggests that cancer risk is low (<3%).2Khan Z.S. Livingston E.H. Huerta S. Reassessing the need for prophylactic surgery in patients with porcelain gallbladder: case series and systematic review of the literature.Arch Surg. 2011; 146: 1143-1147Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar Among patients who are asymptomatic with good functional status, prophylactic cholecystectomy is recommended despite the limited data regarding true risks of gallbladder cancer because the prognosis of gallbladder cancer is poor.2Khan Z.S. Livingston E.H. Huerta S. Reassessing the need for prophylactic surgery in patients with porcelain gallbladder: case series and systematic review of the literature.Arch Surg. 2011; 146: 1143-1147Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar Gallstone ileus caused by large stones passing through duodenal fistulae causing small bowel obstruction is common. We previously reported a case of large bowel obstruction caused by a large gallstone passing via cholecystocolic fistula into the sigmoid colon.3Ventham N.T. Eves T. Raje D. et al.Sigmoid gallstone ileus: a rare cause of large bowel obstruction.BMJ Case Rep. 2010; 2010Crossref Scopus (4) Google Scholar Previous cases of sigmoid gallstone ileus have been managed conservatively, endoscopically (including use of ultrasonic lithotripsy) and surgically.3Ventham N.T. Eves T. Raje D. et al.Sigmoid gallstone ileus: a rare cause of large bowel obstruction.BMJ Case Rep. 2010; 2010Crossref Scopus (4) Google Scholar This case is the first reported of actual fragments of gallbladder itself, rather than stones, passing via the fistula into the colon. The presentation was with rectal pain alone, rather than any right hypochondral or other colonic or biliary symptoms. Currently, the present authors are not suggesting this as a novel way to perform a cholecystectomy.