Broadcasting Policy Research Articles

TRENDS OF TV NEWS COVERAGE IN BANGLADESH

The media booming especially the rise of satellite television channels is a significant phenomenon in the landscape of Bangladesh media which was initiated after the fall of autocratic regime in 1990. At present, twenty four satellite TV channels are in operation under the corporate ownership. These satellite channels are presenting hour-round news and views on different events and affairs. The state-owned BTV was the sole medium to cover and disseminate news, information and entertainment to the country-wide audience till 1999. Within a period of one and a half decade, ‘the media boom’ that Bangladesh is experiencing is not noticed in many other countries of the South-Asian region. In spite of this significant change in terms of quantity and ownership pattern, there still lacks a comprehensive broadcast policy to guide day-to-day operations of the channels. The article, in this backdrop, presents trend of the ever-growing satellite channels in covering news. The article also explores interests of the TV channels in terms of news selection, treatment and presentation

Canadian Broadcasting Policy, Capitalism, and CanCon

In April of 2023, Bill C-11, the Online Streaming Act, was given Royal Assent to amend Canada’s 1991 Broadcasting Act to regulate transnational, American-based online streaming services that lack intrinsic reason to enhance and foster conceptions of a distinctive ‘Canadian identity.’ Under this contentious new scope of broadcasting legislation, alongside radio and television, Internet streaming services are now required to, among other things, make maximum or predominant use of Canadian creative resources in the creation, production, and distribution of programming or otherwise contribute to those Canadian resources in an equitable manner, as well as support the production and distribution of original Canadian content (CanCon) in both official languages. From a critical political economic perspective, this introductory paper explores how Bill C-11 is a legislative measure aimed at countering the economic and cultural hegemony of online streaming giants, which predominantly disseminate American and other global content. As set forth in Section 3(1) of the 1991 Broadcasting Act, the Canadian broadcasting system should safeguard, enrich, and strengthen the cultural, political, social, and economic fabric of the nation; however, cultural objectives cannot be met without first achieving economic objectives. This paper argues that the Online Streaming Act seeks to safeguard Canada’s cultural industries by ensuring that CanCon is prioritized and protected against the encroachments of a relentless capitalist market driven by transnational corporations, which necessitates a delicate balancing of economic and cultural objectives.

“Korean Wave” and development trends of the South Korean broadcasting corporation KBS

INTRODUCTION. The study examines the history, development, licensing features, and financial problems of the South Korean broadcasting corporation KBS. The relevance of the topic is due to insufficient knowledge of the influence of the Korean wave and South Korean media companies on the global media market. The goal is to show the features of KBS’s development strategy.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Aspects of the Korean wave, the history of the formation of KBS, its development trends in 2023 and 2024, and broadcasting directions in 2024 are studied. The media products of the South Korean international radio station KBS World Radio, broadcasting in Russian, are considered. The reasons for the occurrence and ways to solve the financial difficulties of KBS are analyzed. Conclusions about KBS development trends are made on the basis of media materials published on the company’s websites, as well as South Korean media news covering changes in the features of paying for the KBS television license. The works of researchers on the features of the Korean wave and KBS’s strategy to combat advertising addiction are considered.RESULT AND DISCUSSION. KBS’s activities are aimed at creating a healthy broadcasting culture and objective news programs and promoting Korean culture. KBS officials announced their broadcast policy for 2024, focusing on ensuring impartiality and promoting innovative content across various media platforms to expand their audience reach. Media company KBS is expected to face significant challenges in 2024. Domestic and international competition for content, changes in the media landscape and KBS’s license fee collection have caused financial problems.CONCLUSION. KBS influences the global media market by promoting the Korean Wave. The radio station KBS World Radio creates content for the Russian audience. The experience of South Korean entertainment media can be used for the activities of leading Russian television and radio broadcasting corporations. The results of the study can be used to increase the quality of Russian analogues of Korean media products. The findings add to the consideration of methods for promoting national culture among young people around the world.

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The implementation of digital broadcasting policies in Indonesia was marked by the issuance of Law Number 11/2020 concerning Job Creation, which was followed by the migration from analog to digital broadcasting (Analog Switch Off/ASO). The dynamics of digital broadcasting are caused by the tug of war-between the legislative, executive, judiciary, academics, nongovernmental organizations, and the broadcasting media industry itself. What is the policy of digital broadcasting after the implementation of Law Number 11/2020 concerning Job Creation, especially Article 60 A regarding ASO on November 2, 2022? What are the opportunities and challenges that communication-based tertiary institutions have in utilizing digital broadcasting in Indonesia? The paradigm of this research is qualitative. Data collection techniques through observations on digital broadcasting business trends, interviews, and legal studies. As a result, the digital broadcasting policy has been running quite well so far. Although implementation in each field is constrained by various problems: infrastructure, infraculture, human resources, and the extent of territory. Findings found that higher education institutions must be able to take advantage of opportunities for digital broadcasting policies as a means of disseminating information. The latest research results indicate that universities can establish digital television companies or content providers as well as a place for distributing work for college graduates. Keywords: Broadcasting, digital, ASO, universities, policy.

Between state funding and volunteerism: The survival strategies of Indonesian community radio network

This article examines the sustainability of community radio, the ‘third pillar’ of Indonesia’s democratic media system, after twenty years of government recognition. It focuses particularly on the strategies adopted by the Indonesian Community Radio Network (Jaringan Radio Komunitas Indonesia, JRKI) – Indonesia’s largest community radio network – to maintain its survival, with a strong emphasis on funding models. This article is based on a review of relevant documents (reports from local and international agencies) and semi-structured interviews with informants from JRKI’s central board and its partners. It is further enriched with a critical analysis of Indonesian broadcast policies and a review of community radio funding models in developed countries. Through its analysis, this article shows that community radio network in Indonesia is facing a managerial and financial crisis, one that leaves its sustainability in question. It also finds that the sustainability of JRKI and its members depends on the political climate and that the organization requires friendly regulations as well as partnerships with local and national public institutions. The recent trend (2015–21) of establishing partnerships with various government bodies has resulted in the association becoming increasingly state-driven in its management.

Discoverability and Algorithmic Recommendations in Video Streaming Platforms: Exploring Algorithmic Gender and Race Bias as a Canadian Broadcast Policy Concern

Background: In 2023, the Canadian government passed legislation empowering the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to require streaming platforms to ensure the “discoverability” of Canadian content. These debates about discoverability provisions primarily focused on the promotion of Canadian content, with little emphasis on gender and racial equity. Analysis: Through interviews with stakeholders in the Canadian screen industry, we explore views on recommendation systems and questions of gender and race bias in streaming recommendations. Conclusion and implications: Interviews revealed concerns beyond promoting “Canadian” content that the broadcast reform initiative focuses on, including concerns about streaming recommendations’ tendencies to promote a narrow range of content and their failure to “see” and recommend content from racialized women.

Changing tides in Zambian television broadcasting: Digital migration and Chinese engagement

This paper examines the recent shifts and debates in the organization of the television landscape following the implementation of digital migration in Zambia. It ponders Zambia’s experience in the digital migration exercise, playing particular attention to the country’s interaction with the Chinese company, StarTimes. It discusses the implications of this interaction on ownership and control in the new digitalized television landscape, highlighting the political economic implications on the broadcast sector. The paper also highlights various debates relating to local broadcasting policy in a digitalized environment and offers a timely contribution to the growing academic interest in Chinese involvement and interactions with African media.

A Multi-Platform Collection of Social Media Posts about the 2022 U.S. Midterm Elections

Social media are utilized by millions of citizens to discuss important political issues. Politicians use these platforms to connect with the public and broadcast policy positions. Therefore, data from social media has enabled many studies of political discussion. While most analyses are limited to data from individual platforms, people are embedded in a larger information ecosystem spanning multiple social networks. Here we describe and provide access to the Indiana University 2022 U.S. Midterms Multi-Platform Social Media Dataset (MEIU22), a collection of social media posts from Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, and 4chan. MEIU22 links to posts about the midterm elections based on a comprehensive list of keywords and tracks the social media accounts of 1,011 candidates from October 1 to December 25, 2022. We also publish the source code of our pipeline to enable similar multi-platform research projects.

Государство-цивилизация в цифровой ойкумене

At the beginning of the work, a brief review of the articles of the current thematic issue of the «Journal of Political Research», devoted to political aspects and problems of the worldview phenomenon, is presented. At the same time, the main goal of the article is to study the features of the construction of digital ecumene on the example of the Russian and Chinese states-civilizations. The methodological optics of this article is the principles of comparative analysis, based on the comparison of the same order, similar political phenomena, processes and phenomena. The methodological optics of this article is the principles of comparative analysis, based on the comparison of the same order, similar political phenomena, processes and phenomena. These were the state-civilizations, their civilizational features, as well as the methods of constructing their digital ecumene (state policy of foreign broadcasting; strategic regulatory documents related to the information sphere; digital diplomacy). The features of the state-civilization as a specific form of polity are compared and clarified. Also, an attempt was made to conceptualize the phenomenon of the digital ecumene – a system of news agencies, corporations, Internet resources, radio, television, leading media activity in other countries to position and protect the interests, value-civilizational, political, economic agenda of the states that created it. Such a conceptualization is based on the reception of Antiquity and correlates with the understanding of the ecumene as a sphere of influence of the state through digital technologies and communications. Such a reception also presupposes the preservation of the civilizational meaning of the ecumene. It is concluded that civilizational states have sufficient resources to maintain digital ecumene as new fields of technological and cultural strategic actions that can protect the integrity of their own civilizational cores. It has been suggested that the civilizational uncompromisingness of the West, its strategy of divide et impera, will most likely contribute to the strengthening of such a form of polity as a state-civilization. In the conditions of the existing geopolitical turbulence, the states-civilizations can focus on building a new, more just system of international relations based on the settlement of political, religious and ethnic conflicts, rather than their escalation and conservation.

The Influence of Japanese Colonialism on Post-Independence Indonesian Radio

This paper revisits the history of Indonesian broadcasting, focusing particularly on the broadcasting model implemented during the Japanese occupation (1942–1945) and its influence on broadcast organizations in the post-independence era. Taking into consideration four elements of broadcast governance—remit, structure, ownership, and funding—this study examines how the Japanese colonial model of radio became the model used by the Radio of the Republic of Indonesia. Examining the broadcast policies of colonial Japan and post-independence Indonesia, this paper finds policy connections between these countries’ broadcast systems. Japanese colonial policy remained evident in the management of Indonesia’s radio in the early independence era, particularly in the use of autocratic political propaganda and centralized control of media content. Even today, the military media of colonial Japan continues to influence how broadcasters serve Indonesia’s national interests. This paper fills the gap in the literature on how Japanese colonialism has affected broadcast systems of Asia.

Broadcast policy-making in an electoral authoritarian regime: From hope to despair

How are communication policies made in a hybrid regime that is democratically elected but essentially authoritarian? Exploring the inner-workings of the policy-making processes in Bangladesh, the article employs a critical analysis of the major communication policies under the incumbent Awami League-led government (in their third term consecutively), including the Private Television Ownership, Establishment and Operation Policy 2012 Draft, National Broadcasting Policy 2014 and the most recent Digital Security Act . Drawing from field-based data, document analysis and in-depth interviews, the article delves deeper into the politics of inclusion and exclusion of policy stakeholders, as well as the compromise, trade off and their consequences that often remain hidden from public scrutiny. The findings show, as Bangladesh moves towards a single party-ruled country, orchestrating an absolute control over broadcast media ownership and communications policy-making in general, the hope for media democratization through policy reforms becomes unattainable and turns into despair.

A Polycentric Broadcasting Model: Radio and the Promotion of Portuguese Colonialism

ABSTRACT The article demonstrates how Portugal lacked a true policy of imperial broadcasting which led it to become dependent on colonial stations for the dissemination of colonialism. The broadcasters established in the Portuguese Empire dedicated significant airtime to the dissemination of Portugal’s colonial mission but also promoted local identities with programming echoing the lifestyle of the colonial elites. Thus, the article argues that while the Portuguese authorities considered the cultural expressions and identities of the white residents in Africa as peripheral, these perceived themselves as part of a new devolved center. This ‘peripheral centre’ gained particular ‘visibility’ on the airwaves.

Content Structure of University Radio Stations in Turkey As Part of Their Broadcast Policy

The aim of this study was to examine to what extent university radio stations in Turkey are an alternative to popular, commercial radio stations by analyzing the program content and general approaches within the framework of their music and program policies. Using the qualitative research method, in-depth interviews were carried out with the employees and representatives of 25 public and 9 foundation university radio stations across various regions and different cities of Turkey. Twenty university radio stations were examined on site by direct observations and face-to-face interviews, and we interviewed the representatives of 14 university radio stations via telephone or video communication. All interviewees were asked the same semistructured questions. Furthermore, the supervisors of the 11 sample radio stations who archive their programs regularly selected some of the programs and shared their archives with the researchers. These selected programs were analyzed in terms of the duration of talk and music, and categorized according to the production elements. It was found that university radio stations in Turkey have problems with content production for various reasons and are exposed to certain restrictions. Therefore, in contrast to international practices and the existing literature, they have content similar to that of commercial radio stations, rather than broadcasting alternative content.

한국과 일본의 UHD 방송 정책에 관한 비교연구

한국과 일본의 UHD 방송 정책의 가장 큰 차이점은 일본은 유료방송을 중심으로 UHD 방송 정책이 추진되고 있는 반면, 우리나라의 UHD 방송 정책은 지상파방송사를 중심으로 전개되고 있다는 점이다. 일본에서는 유료방송인 위성방송과 케이블TV, IPTV를 중심으로 8K 기반 UHD 방송의 도입 정책이 추진되고 있지만 한국은 지상파 중심의 4K UHD 방송 정책이 추진되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 한국과 일본의 UHD 방송 정책을 살펴봄으로써 국내 UHD 방송의 활성화에 기여할 수 있는 방안을 모색했다. 연구결과 한국과 일본의 UHD 방송 정책은 UHD 수신 환경 개선과 UHD 수신기 보급 확대에 긍정적인 정책적 성과가 나타나고 있었다. 다만 일본은 UHD 방송을 위한 수신기 보급은 목표치에 근접하는 수신기 보급이 이뤄지고 있었지만 일본 시청자들이 UHD 방송 서비스를 이용하기 위해서는 4K와 8K 서비스에 대응 가능한 튜너가 내장된 TV를 구매해야하고 별도로 튜너가 내장되지 않은 UHD TV의 경우는 따로 외장 튜너를 구매하여 연결해야 한다는 점에서 실제 UHD방송의 시청 경험과 이용율은 낮다. 지상파방송의 직접수신 비율이 일본에 비해 훨씬 낮은 한국의 지상파 UHD 방송은 직접수신만으로 시청해야 하기 때문에 시청자들의 시청 선택권이 크게 제약되는 상황이었다. 이러한 문제점 해소를 위해 지상파 방송과 함께 유료방송에서도 UHD 방송이 활성화를 위해서는 공동수신설비의 대대적인 개선과 함께 지상파 UHD 방송의 유료방송 재전송 문제를 해결해야 할 필요성이 제기된다. 한편 한국의 지상파 방송은 4K 중심으로 이뤄지고 있다는 점에서 일본이 추진하고 있는 8K 중심의 UHD 방송이 국제적 주도권을 획득할 경우를 대비하여 지상파 방송의 4K 기반 UHD 방송과는 별도로 유료방송에서 4K와 함께 8K 기반 UHD 방송 서비스에 대한 정책 방안 마련이 필요하다.

Throughput-Optimal Broadcast in Wireless Networks with Point-to-Multipoint Transmissions

We consider the problem of efficient packet dissemination in wireless networks with point-to-multipoint wireless broadcast channels. We propose a dynamic policy, which achieves the broadcast capacity of the network. This policy is obtained by first transforming the original multi-hop network into a precedence-relaxed virtual single-hop network and then finding an optimal broadcasting policy for the relaxed network. The resulting policy is shown to be throughput-optimal for the original wireless network using a sample-path argument. We also prove the NP-completeness of the finite-horizon broadcasting problem, which is in contrast with the polynomial-time solvability of the problem with point-to-point channels. Illustrative simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed broadcast policy in achieving the full broadcast capacity with low delay.

Організаційно-правове становлення локальних публічних аудіовізуальних медіа в Україні

The diversity of media means not only a variety of content and multiplicity of media owners, but also a variety of types of media. Together with the traditional models of public service and private commercial broadcasting, the community media emerged as the “third level” of media development, which contributed to strengthening the freedom of speech. This article examines the organizational and legal aspects of formation of local public audiovisual media in Ukraine, their compliance with the standards and principles of media legislation of European countries, and provides the examples of development of local public broadcasting in the world practice. In addition, the international standards for community broadcasting, on which legislative and regulatory bodies rely, are analyzed. The objective of the study is to analyze, to systematize and to generalize the basic legislative norms for formation of audiovisual media communities in Ukraine as a separate media institution along with public, commercial broadcasting and broadcasting abroad. The bibliographic method was used to study and to analyze the legislative documents. With the help of the systemic method, the community broadcasting as an integral system mass media was considered. The comparative method was used to compare the legislative regulation of activities of media communities, recommended by the Council of Europe and represented in the legislation of Ukraine. The article outlines the main provisions of the draft Law of Ukraine “On Media” No. 2693-d. Comparing the Ukrainian legislative initiatives with the European experience, the suggestions and proposals for improving the financing system and the program policy of community broadcasting in Ukraine are presented.

Continuity and Change in British Public Service Television’s Engagement with Mental Health

This article explores factual television coverage of mental health by British public service broadcasters (PSB) from the post-war period, examining continuity and change by highlighting the range of voices given airtime, the variety of programme formats and stylistic presentation. It argues that British television has had a long commitment to educating the public about mental health, periodically examining mental health policies, and providing air-time for a range of perspectives. In addition, mental health conditions are now featured more widely, however newer factual genres emphasise experiential accounts and self-accountability over critical investigation. By situating televisual representations of mental health within a historical framework of UK broadcasting and mental health policy, it contributes to the history of health and television, demonstrating the ways in which policy, broadcasting practices and cultural constructions of mental health are interrelated.

Emergency Broadcasting Radio in Indonesia: Comparative Studies in Lombok and Palu

In every disaster, problems of information and communication distribution always occur. The communication channel is very dependent on various supporting facilities. Electricity, transmitter towers, broadcasting stations, to human resources. In two big disasters in Indonesia in 2018: the Lombok earthquake; and the earthquake, tsunami and liquefaction in Palu, there were issues of the information and communication channels. Local people do not know the conditions that occur in their area and the situation of their families. While outsiders, the government, and rescue teams did not get detailed information from the affected areas. In countries with high intensity of natural disasters, emergency broadcasting policies have been long practiced. The simplest device for emergency broadcasting is radio. This kind of media can immediately air with simple facilities. Regardless, the initiative of emergency radio has not yet adopted into regulation in Indonesia. Therefore, the emergency radio initiator limited to a handful of organization like in Lombok earthquake. Conversely in Palu disaster, there was a Ministerial Decree of Information and Communication Ministry Number 773/2018 (KM 773), regulation that simplify access to radio frequency. Using comparative method, this research examined these two disasters to analyze the differences of emergency radio practices. Only 1.5 months away and similar location features, the emergency radios initiation differ in several aspects related subjects that regulated in this KM. The result shows that this KM can broaden all aspects of emergency broadcasting radio. Although, the KM unable to shorten the time of emergency radio implementation. Regulation change only limited to frequency access. A broader regulation change is needed to support the practice of emergency radio.

Суспільне мовлення в країнах Балтії у період відновлення державності

The article examines the features of public broadcasting in the Baltic States during the restoration of statehood. It is emphasized that the conditions of post-communist development have significantly influenced the media system and its information policy. The definitions of the "public broadcasting" concept and its main meanings are analyzed. The peculiarities of the development and formation of public broadcasting in the post-communist countries, which have created certain cases for further improvement of state policy on the media, are traced. The structure of a special institution to which the state broadcasters of the Baltic States are subordinated is considered. Emphasis is placed on financing state television and radio companies. The main features of the program policy in accordance with the national legislation are indicated. The study proved that the information policy of public broadcasting is significantly influenced by geopolitical and cultural factors that contribute to the coverage of the pluralism of opinions of the ethnic composition of the population. The liberalization of socio-political life leads to the fact that one of the main responsibilities of public service broadcasting in the Baltic States is to ensure the unhindered dissemination of comprehensive coverage of events in the country and abroad. The internationalization of the Baltic media by Western companies contributes to their Westernization and development in accordance with European principles. In the course of the research it was determined that the formation of public broadcasting in the Baltic States is due to the integration of political, cultural and historical determinants. A feature of the informational space of the Baltic States is bilingualism, which contributes to the democratization of society and the development of the media. It is proved that the democratic development of the state requires the functioning of public television and radio, which provide coverage of information taking into account the social, cultural, religious and other diversity of the population.

Performance Evaluation of Best Route and Broadcast Strategy for NDN Producer’s Mobility

Named Data Networking is a novel concept mainly for the future Internet infrastructure that is centered on routable named data. The NDN infrastructure comprises of a new constituent known as the strategy layer. The layer give access for automatic selection of network routes by considering network pre-conditions such as delay in Interest messages forwarding via a producer. However, expressing appropriate pre-condition in selecting the best possible routes to forward Interest messages remains a challenging factor in NDN, because various parameters and conditions opposes one another when selecting best routes. Besides, it is possible for data in NDN to be retrieved from several sources. Yet, so far preceding research on forwarding strategy techniques that can calculate, from which route accurate NDN data contents content are realized does not regard a network attacker trying to transmit invalid data contents containing same name as accurate data. Therefore, this paper evaluate performance of forwarding strategy using analytical and simulation, and that can be compatible to related network applications such as voice. In analytical, we exploit the use of distribution function for consistency. These are the Probability Density Function (PDF) and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF). In simulation, each application require its own form of forwarding policy using best route and broadcast. These were exploited to evaluate the total delay in a given interval from 10 through 50 seconds for five times. Similarly in our evaluation, a largescale ring topology was use in the simulation consisting of 30 nodes and 48 links. Link bandwidth is configured as 1Mbps. Numbers of content consumer/producer starts from 1 to 18 so as to achieve our simulations. Both consumers and producers were randomly selected in term of unique content request on the access network. ndnSIM 2.1 is used in simulating the scenarios for several time intervals. Performance results presents best route policy carries significant delay when compared with broadcast policy. Also, in our result, Delay metric is half the value obtained during analytical and simulation processes for NDN producer’s best route and broadcast using CDF, as compared to the value realized in our benchmark paper for NDN consumer.