Broadcast Center Research Articles

Finding broadcast 2-centers of a tree under the postal model

In this paper, we delve into the investigation of locating broadcast 2-centers of a tree T under the postal model. The problem asks to deploy two broadcast centers so that the maximum communication time from the centers to their corresponding vertices is minimized. The broadcast 2-center problem explored in this study is essentially an extension of the classical 2-center problem. To efficiently address this challenge, we employ the binary search method, which enables us to present a highly effective O(nlogn)-time algorithm for solving this problem.

Ontological Security: A Critical Analysis of Israel's Normalization With the Gulf Cooperation Council in Exit 7

This study employs a postcolonial critique of Middle East Broadcasting Center's Saudi television show, Exit 7, around the issue of normalization. The authors argue that episode 3 of Exit 7 showcases a new shift in Middle Eastern relations with Israel. The show demonstrates a deep-rooted change in ontological security of the Arab region and the globe at large, disrupting the routines of Arab individuals and calling into question their national identity, which for the most part, was anti-Israel. The authors explore ontological security at both a state level and a structural level in terms of the audience's relation to popular culture and the media. Through state-controlled media, they argue that Saudi Arabia can incrementally introduce new narratives that challenge long-standing animosities toward Israel and cultivate a sense of ontological security, which may, over time, further mask the apartheid occurring in Israel.

An Integrated Artificial Intelligence of Things Environment for River Flood Prevention.

River floods are listed among the natural disasters that can directly influence different aspects of life, ranging from human lives, to economy, infrastructure, agriculture, etc. Organizations are investing heavily in research to find more efficient approaches to prevent them. The Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) is a recent concept that combines the best of both Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things, and has already demonstrated its capabilities in different fields. In this paper, we introduce an AIoT architecture where river flood sensors, in each region, can transmit their data via the LoRaWAN to their closest local broadcast center. The latter will relay the collected data via 4G/5G to a centralized cloud server that will analyze the data, predict the status of the rivers countrywide using an efficient Artificial Intelligence approach, and thus, help prevent eventual floods. This approach has proven its efficiency at every level. On the one hand, the LoRaWAN-based communication between sensor nodes and broadcast centers has provided a lower energy consumption and a wider range. On the other hand, the Artificial Intelligence-based data analysis has provided better river flood predictions.

Interview with David Waine (1944–2021) Head of Network Production Centre/Head of Broadcasting, BBC Pebble Mill, 1983–1994

David Waine was the Head of Network Production, and subsequently, Head of Broadcasting at BBC Pebble Mill from 1983 to 1994. He held the top job at Pebble Mill during a period of great significance for the BBC Nations and Regions, with competition from independent production becoming established and privatisation beginning to affect the working culture within the BBC. He focussed attention on four key areas of television programming, which are explored in this interview: daytime, leisure, drama and multicultural output. However, by the time he left, there were foreboding signs concerning the long-term future of the broadcast centre.

My Days at the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendro: The Radio Broadcasting Centre during Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971

My Days at the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendro: The Radio Broadcasting Centre during Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971

UHD

<fig orientation="portrait" position="float" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <graphic orientation="portrait" position="float" xlink:href="devli-3080089.tif"/> </fig> During this year’s Olympic games, 9000 hours of sports will be broadcast over 17 days, with a significant portion of that in UHD-2/8K ultrahigh-definition format. When you consider that the International Broadcasting Centre (IBC) will be 30% smaller than it was in the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, it really emphasizes the advances made in remote production. It also changed the perspectives of those who believe that cloud costs are unrealistic for UHD. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated a trend that was already firmly under way in 2019. Cloud production and remote back-haul now require a significantly smaller number of people to be on-site and it is cost-effective to pull UHD feeds internationally to remote studios where the individual countries’ broadcasters can create a local program from a broad range of live and offline feeds made available by the host broadcaster.

Parasites on Waves: The Political Potential of Radio Transmission in the Works of Katarzyna Krakowiak

Radio, as it was argued by Friedrich Kittler, already in its early history was regarded as a tool allowing for making politics. Although nowadays it may seem to be an example of dated technology, overturned by other, newer media, the question of how the political potential recognized in radio in the early 20th century translates into contemporary reality, is still worth asking. Perhaps some general qualities of that medium can be described by observing how radio is used by contemporary artists. By placing wireless broadcast in the center of interest, transmission art – the term coined at the end of the 1990s – allows to embrace a wide spectrum of artistic practices presenting the issue of transmission as political at its core. On the examples of radio-based projects by Katarzyna Krakowiak: parasitic Free Radio Jaffa and Reconstruction of the Shipyard’s Broadcasting Centre set against the historical background of Krzysztof Wodiczko’s works I am going to pose the question if the transmission art projects can nowadays fulfill the subversive potential recognized in radio almost 100 years earlier.

An Efficient and Secure Key Agreement Protocol for Sharing Emergency Events in VANET Systems

With the recent rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles on roads, traffic accidents have increased, and emergency reporting processes have become essential. In this paper, a key agreement protocol for a real-time traffic sharing system is proposed for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs), in which a broadcast center authenticates the legitimacy of a user when they report an emergency and issues a certificate of emergency to other users. This study uses a digital signatures mechanism, key agreement and authentication scheme to satisfy the security requirements for a VANET. Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic (BAN logic) is applied to prove that the proposed scheme achieves secure authentication. The proposed protocol ensures the privacy of the communication between fleets and provides a mechanism for immediate emergency reporting. The experiment results show that the proposed scheme is feasible and meets security requirements.

Quality Analysis of Streaming Audio over Mobile Networks

This paper utilizes open source software to analyze the quality of audio streamed over mobile cellular networks. Industry conventions have been developed to assess audio quality such as the Mean Opinion Score or MOS scale described in the International Telecommunications Union ITU P.800.1 document. The MOS scale is a subjective assessment based on the listener’s experience. To eliminate the use of a trained audio listener we automate an estimated MOS calculation by measuring the packet loss, average latency and jitter over the network transport path. The network under test is a pilot network to replace the dedicated analog circuit from the broadcast center to a radio transmitter. We intend to automate the logging of an objective quality assessment using MOS, cellular router and decoder measurements with confirmation using automatically generated visual representations of sample audio received. These visual representations will aid in manual confirmation of poor MOS scores with audio samples available for more in-depth review.

Electromagnetic fields exposure assessment among workers at broadcast centers in Poland.

In the studies investigating the potential health effects of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), the key problem is the assessment of workers' exposure. Electromagnetic fields exposure assessment requires determining maximum EMF levels, for the acute effect, and the dose absorbed, for the cumulative effect. A study was undertaken to determine EMF exposure in workers at broadcasting centers (BCs) in Poland. It was the first part of a comprehensive project on health effects of occupational exposure to EMF. The study was conducted in 4 selected BCs. Spot measurements of electric field strength (E), and the results of E measurements that were made in the past for occupational hygiene assessments, were used for determining workers' exposure to electric field. The parameters considered were the maximum E value (Emax), the weighted average E value (Eavg) and the E lifetime dose (Elifetime dose). In the group of workers examined, the E values did not exceed 16.7 V/m for Emax (the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for work shift in Poland is 20 V/m), 2.9 V/m for Eavg and 1 500 000 (V/m)2×h for Elifetime dose. In view of the lack of dosimetry data, a retrospective assessment of BC workers' exposure to very high frequency and ultra-high frequency EMF was conducted, which made it possible to estimate EMF lifetime dose for the workers. Since the EMF exposure levels at BCs did not exceed the admissible values, they can be considered safe to the workers' health, according to the approach used for developing OELs for EMF exposure. Med Pr 2018;69(5):477-482.

Xi Jinping, China, Africa, and Global Realignment

This presentation is on “Xi Jinping, China, Africa, and Global Realignment”. It deals with the changing power relations and how various countries and regions react to those changes. Roughly two years ago, the international version of Central China Television, CCTV, changed its name and brand to that of China Global Television Network, CGTN. The objective was to defend and promote Chinese policies globally probably in competition with other giant global television networks in advancing the interests of their home countries. The BBC, for instance, makes effort, mostly in subtle ways, to promote British policies worldwide and sound credible. CGTN was seemingly to do the same for China. It initially established two global broadcast centers, the main one in Beijing and the second one in Nairobi to cover the entire Africa. Then it added Washington as the third center. Thus CGTN drives Xi Jinping’s development global agenda from the triangular perspective of Beijing, Nairobi, and Washington. This is part of China’s global power projection. Key words : Xi Jinping, China, Africa, Geopolitics, Policy

STRATEGI HUMAS DAN PROTOKOL TERHADAP PUBLIKASI KEGIATAN DPRD DIY

Abstract. Public Relations (PR) DIY DPRD plays an important role on the publication of activities DIY DPRD. Unpublished activities of DIY DPRD will raise negatives suspicions from the public. In order to suppress the bad things, Public Relations DIY DPRD needs to have a strategy in publicizing the activities of Parlement DIY. The purpose of this research is to know the strategy used by DIY Public Relations Coordinator in publicizing the activities of DPRD DIY. Some strategies and Public Relations become the researcher in researching, so that the reserch can be focused more and more. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research with data collections techniques in the form of participant observation, interview, and supported by document. The result of this study indicate Public Relations DIY DPRD or institutional data referred to as Public Relations and Protocol Parliament DIY has ten strategies in publishing the activities of DPRD DIY. These ten strategies include, legitlat Mimbar, Advertoria/ Newspapers, Mass Media Mass, Suplement (koran), Radio Interactive Diolog, Live Broadcast Radio, Television Broadcast, TV Magazine, Website, Press Conference and Media Center.

Broadcasting in weighted trees under the postal model

Given a weighted graph G=(V,E), the broadcasting problem is to find a broadcast center such that the maximum communication time from the center to all vertices is minimized. For this problem, Slater et al. [29] proposed an O(n)-time algorithm in unweighted trees and Koh and Tcha [23] designed an O(nlog⁡n)-time algorithm in unweighted trees under the telephone model. In this paper, we strengthen the results of Slater et al. by showing an O(n)-time algorithm in weighted trees under the postal model. The algorithm computes the set of broadcast centers, determines the broadcast time of the broadcast centers, and an optimal broadcast scheme from one of the centers to all vertices in the tree. We further show that the broadcast time of any vertex in the tree can also be determined in O(n) time.

Mixed messages, partial pictures? Discourses under construction in CCTV’s Africa Live compared with the BBC

Does the news element of the Africa Live program broadcast by CCTV News represent an alternative to influential Western global news agendas? The Chinese state broadcaster promised “African news from an African viewpoint” when it launched the program in 2012 from its new broadcast center in Nairobi featuring African reporters and presenters. However, ultimate editorial control resides in CCTV’s headquarters in Beijing. In 2014, in a comparison with BBC World News TV’s Focus on Africa program – also launched in 2012 with similar ambitions and a similar parent broadcaster outside Africa – Africa Live’s news bulletins underwent quantitative content analysis. Qualitative comparative multi-modal discourse analysis was applied to selected news events. The early results from this continuing project indicate substantial differences in the way the two broadcasters set about their goal of delivering an “African story”. Although Africa Live did indeed show signs of developing an alternative to the “Western gaze”, which reduces Africa to a litany of conflicts and famines, Chinese subject matter and Chinese interests had a disproportionate effect on its editorial agenda.

Taking Remote Production to the Next Level: CBC's Coverage of the 2014 Sochi Olympic Games

In 2012, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) was awarded the Canadian broadcast rights for the 2014 and 2016 Olympics. The Olympic broadcast experience is a nationbuilding event that embraces partnerships and cross-platforms and be can be shared in multiple languages. Content will be delivered on TV, desktop, mobile, tablet, and radio platforms with all sport available to watch live in both official languages, emphasizing a need for a production model that is flexible, robust, and cost effective. To meet this challenge, CBC/Radio-Canada (RC) has chosen a remote production model that utilizes a transmission concept that will extend the reach of our Olympic headquarters in both Montreal and Toronto not only to the International Broadcast Center, but directly to the sporting venues. This presentation covers new concepts of remote production, next-generation live remote event delivery, and transmission concepts that allow CBC/RC to make innovative production and cost-minimizing decisions. Remote production, as it applies to the CBC/RC, is a concept of producing content with minimal infrastructure deployed at the remote site. With only the necessary resources on site, costs are reduced, but more importantly quality and accessibility of media are increased utilizing existing robust infrastructure at home to support remote talent. Remote production on this scale required the development of new transmission concepts. Subjects covered in this paper include file-based delivery of content, Internet protocol technology at the venue, minimizing frame rate conversion, remote audio and video production, and next-generation transmission. The presentation also provides insight into the technical and operational challenges that were overcome and production opportunities that were realized during the design and implementation of the plan.

The anti-terrorist advertising campaigns in the Middle East

The anti-terror public media campaigns started in Iraq around 2004 and was called ‘Terror has no Religion’ in order to combat the threats of sectarianism and Al-Qaeda. After the withdrawal of the US forces from the country in late 2010, the campaign stopped, but a new and similar one emerged that is called ‘Say no to Terror’ whose advertisements mostly targeted the Saudi public. Several Pan-Arab regional channels like Al-Arabiya and Middle East Broadcasting Center (MBC) were part of airing its advertisements. This study focuses on the ‘Terror has no Religion’ and ‘Say no to Terror’ campaigns by critically examining their websites and videos to understand the nature of messages sent to the public. Further, the study examines the effectiveness of the two campaigns with special emphasis on ‘Say no to Terror’ by analyzing comments posted on YouTube and discussing the counter campaign. Over 350 videos were found containing counter arguments to ‘Say no to Terror’ campaign, and about 60% of YouTube commentators viewed the campaign negatively, expressing suspicion about its real intentions. The paper concludes that the success of such public service advertisements is doubtful due to the format of the message as well as cultural and political reasons that are linked to the region.

The crisis of contemporary Arab television: Has the move towards transnationalism and privatization in Arab television affected democratization and social development in the Arab world?

Abstract The Arab media have witnessed a radical shift starting in the 1990s with the emergence of a wide range of private satellite-TV channels. These new TV channels, such as MBC (Middle East Broadcasting Center) and Al Jazeera have rapidly become the leading Arab channels in the realms of entertainment and news broadcasting. These transnational channels are believed by many scholars to have challenged the traditional approach of their government-owned counterparts. Alternatively, other scholars argue that despite the easy flow of capital and images in present Arab television, having access to trustworthy information still poses a challenge due to the governments’ grip on the production and distribution of visual media. This article brings together these contrasting perspectives, arguing that despite the unifying role of Arab satellite TV channels, in which national challenges are cast as common regional worries, democratization and social development have suffered. One primary factor is the presence of relationships forged between TV broadcasters with influential government figures nationally and regionally within the Arab world. I have also based my findings on personal communication with TV professionals at the second Moroccan satellite TV channel known as 2M.

Creating the Periphery in Management and Organizational Knowledge

Management and Organizational Knowledge (MOK) is today a global phenomenon and business schools are central locations where such knowledge is produced and taught. In particular, the U.S. has been a broadcast center from where MOK has traveled to other regions of the world prompting academics to refer to this process as Americanization. The literature on the travel of management ideas, however, has mainly analyzed highly industrialized countries, leaving the 'periphery' underexplored. Focusing on the transference of U.S. MOK to Brazil in the 1950s, this paper draws on an ANT reading of postcolonialism. I will explore how a particular practice helped U.S. MOK to travel and, at the same time, enacted asymmetries and hierarchies between Brazil and the U.S. By doing that, I will show how centers and peripheries are created and sustained as outcomes of situated practices. I will also argue that organizing is a political process that generates asymmetries, hierarchies and discrepancies, but also leaves open the possibility of making things different.

Hybrid Contribution of JPEG200 Video Files for Professional Production Centers Reliability and Non-Reliability Transmission File Based in Image Quality Needed

ATM, SDH or satellite have been used in the last century as the contribution network of Broadcasters. However the attractive price of IP networks is changing the infrastructure of these networks in the last decade. Nowadays, IP networks are widely used, but their characteristics do not offer the level of performance required to carry high quality video under certain circumstances. Data transmission is always subject to errors on line. In the case of streaming, correction is attempted at destination, while on transfer of files, retransmissions of information are conducted and a reliable copy of the file is obtained. In the latter case, reception time is penalized because of the low priority this type of traffic on the networks usually has. While in streaming, image quality is adapted to line speed, and line errors result in a decrease of quality at destination, in the file copy the difference between coding speed vs line speed and errors in transmission are reflected in an increase of transmission time. The way news or audiovisual programs are transferred from a remote office to the production centre depends on the time window and the type of line available; in many cases, it must be done in real time (streaming), with the resulting image degradation. The main purpose of this work is the workflow optimization and the image quality maximization, for that reason a transmission model for multimedia files adapted to JPEG2000, is described based on the combination of advantages of file transmission and those of streaming transmission, putting aside the disadvantages that these models have. The method is based on two patents and consists of the safe transfer of the headers and data considered to be vital for reproduction. Aside, the rest of the data is sent by streaming, being able to carry out recuperation operations and error concealment. Using this model, image quality is maximized according to the time window. In this paper, we will first give a briefest overview of the broadcasters requirements and the solutions with IP networks. We will then focus on a different solution for video file transfer. We will take the example of a broadcast center with mobile units (unidirectional video link) and regional headends (bidirectional link), and we will also present a video file transfer file method that satisfies the broadcaster requirements.

Hybrid Contribution of JPEG200 Video Files for Professional Production Centers Reliability and Non-Reliability Transmission File Based in Image Quality Needed

ATM, SDH or satellite have been used in the last century as the contribution network of Broadcasters. However the attractive price of IP networks is changing the infrastructure of these networks in the last decade. Nowadays, IP networks are widely used, but their characteristics do not offer the level of performance required to carry high quality video under certain circumstances. Data transmission is always subject to errors on line. In the case of streaming, correction is attempted at destination, while on transfer of files, retransmissions of information are conducted and a reliable copy of the file is obtained. In the latter case, reception time is penalized because of the low priority this type of traffic on the networks usually has. While in streaming, image quality is adapted to line speed, and line errors result in a decrease of quality at destination, in the file copy the difference between coding speed vs line speed and errors in transmission are reflected in an increase of transmission time. The way news or audiovisual programs are transferred from a remote office to the production centre depends on the time window and the type of line available; in many cases, it must be done in real time (streaming), with the resulting image degradation. The main purpose of this work is the workflow optimization and the image quality maximization, for that reason a transmission model for multimedia files adapted to JPEG2000, is described based on the combination of advantages of file transmission and those of streaming transmission, putting aside the disadvantages that these models have. The method is based on two patents and consists of the safe transfer of the headers and data considered to be vital for reproduction. Aside, the rest of the data is sent by streaming, being able to carry out recuperation operations and error concealment. Using this model, image quality is maximized according to the time window. In this paper, we will first give a briefest overview of the broadcasters' requirements and the solutions with IP networks. We will then focus on a different solution for video file transfer. We will take the example of a broadcast center with mobile units (unidirectional video link) and regional headends (bidirectional link), and we will also present a video file transfer file method that satisfies the broadcaster' requirements.