Broadcasting Organizations Research Articles

PECULIARITIES OF A PUBLIC LICENSE AS A FORM OF DISPOSAL OF PROPERTY RIGHTS TO OBJECTS OF RELATED RIGHTS UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE

This scientific article is devoted to consideration of the features of a public license as a form of disposal of property rights to objects of related rights under the legislation of Ukraine. The examination is carried out by comparing the license and the license agreement, the license and the public license, the public license and the license agreement, as well as considering the features of the public license, taking into account the peculiarities of the legal nature of the objects of related rights, in particular, such an object as the program of the broadcasting organization. Why did it become necessary to investigate the public license as a form of disposal of property rights to objects of related rights precisely by comparing it with a license, a license agreement? This necessity is caused by the need for a correct understanding of the legal nature of this form of order, including how this form of order should be considered - as a unilateral deed or as a bilateral/multilateral deed? So, despite the fairly widespread position in the scientific literature that a public license, just like a license, is a unilateral transaction, we believe that a public license is a form of a license agreement, not a type of license and not a unilateral transaction, because from the analysis of the current legislation of our state (to which we refer in the content of the article), we can see the obligations arising from the licensee, including from the use of the granted object of intellectual property rights, including related rights, in a specified manner, within specified terms, with payment of a fee (if it is stipulated by the terms of the contract) for the use of the specified object. That is, the expression of will, which is characteristic in the case of a unilateral transaction for only one party, as a general rule, in the case of both a public license and a license, meets with the expression of will and obligations of the other party, the licensee. Why, in our opinion, did such an approach arise in the current legislation regarding the fact that a license can be considered as a unilateral transaction? We believe that this approach arose due to the complex nature of legal relations in the field of intellectual property law. Indeed, relations in the field of intellectual property law also contain a public-law element, but does this public-law element extend to relations that arise when concluding a public license as a form of disposal of property rights to objects of related rights? Unlikely, since by its legal nature these relations are private law and are built on the dispositive principles of civil law. Therefore, we believe that the license is an integral part of the license agreement. The license agreement essentially covers both the license and the public license. A public license is a form of license agreement. Why did such a form of license contract as a public license arise? This form arose in connection with the rapid development of information technologies and fully meets the needs of the times and the needs of owners of property rights to increase the turnover of their property rights. This form of license agreement is especially relevant for objects of related rights (performances, phonograms, videograms, broadcasting organization programs). A broadcast organization program is a special object of related rights for which a public license can be concluded. This feature is essentially due to the fact that this object, by its legal nature, depends on the transferred property rights to other objects of copyright and related rights that are part of it, and especially if the property rights to such objects were are also transferred for use, including under a license agreement. Among the tasks of this work, the following should be highlighted: to investigate the legal nature of a public license as a form of disposal of property rights to objects of related rights by comparison with a license, a license agreement, as well as analysis and research of the peculiarities of the legal nature of objects of related rights, in particular, the program of the organization broadcasting in connection with the peculiarities that may arise when concluding a public license for such objects. Such outstanding scientists as A. S. Shtefan, I. V. Kryvosheina, O. M. Starovit and others dealt with questions related to the topic presented in the article.

Analysis on the application status and audience acceptance of virtual intelligent hosts in provincial broadcasting institutions

AI technology empowers traditional media and injects vitality into the radio and television field . In this context, provincial broadcasting organizations have entrusted virtual intelligent hosts with the important tasks of alleviating the impact of multiple media, improving program quality, and narrowing the distance between audiences. Unlike central media, provincial broadcasting organizations have limited resource advantages and platform advantages. They can only fully retain the exclusivity of provincial resources, and share major domestic and international news with CCTV . In this process, too much emphasis is placed on the technical advantages of virtual intelligent hosts themselves, while the particularity of provincial platforms is ignored. There is a lack of consideration of whether there is the ability to give full play to the many advantages of virtual intelligent hosts, or whether these advantages are necessary for provincial broadcasting organizations. This paper attempts to understand the audience's acceptance of virtual intelligent hosts through a questionnaire survey . It aims to explore the current application status of virtual intelligent hosts from the aspects of technology, resources, and audiences based on the characteristics of provincial broadcasting organizations.

Working Conditions as a Predictor of Employees’ Well-Being in Selected Broadcasting Organisations in Southwestern Nigeria

The study examined the predictability of working conditions on the well-being of employees of selected broadcasting organisations in Southwestern Nigeria. It also assessed the differences in the well-being of these employees based on their form of ownership. A research questionnaire comprising of standardized instruments: the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire and the Work and Well-being Outcome Scale were used to generate data from the respondents. A sample of 412 employees in the eleven selected broadcasting organisations participated in the study. This study made use of both descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequencies, means, multiple regression, least squared difference, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to analyse data. The results indicated that working conditions which is a compendium of various organizational factors within the selected broadcasting organizations significantly predicted employees’ well-being of the selected organizations. Differences were also found in the well-being of employees of federal, state, and privately-owned broadcasting organisations as these employees are exposed to different physical and psychosocial work environments based on the level of structure and organization of tasks, activities, and the physical and human resources available to these organizations. The study concluded that having pleasant working conditions can play a crucial role in the retention of satisfied and loyal employees and the promotion of their all-round well-being.

‘Fake news’, real impact: Changing practices among public broadcasting organizations in the Asia-Pacific region

This study is an attempt to understand ‘fake news’ from the unique perspective of public broadcasting organizations in the Asia-Pacific region; the focus is on how – and how well – they have adapted to the growing incidence of various forms of disinformation, and how they see their role in educating diverse audiences about the phenomenon. This research provides public broadcasting organizations and (news) media practitioners with up-to-date, evidence-based insights on how to combat ‘fake news’ and disinformation effectively. In collaboration with the Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development, a census survey was conducted among their members, resulting in 57 completed questionnaires, representing 24 public broadcasting organizations in eighteen countries. A major finding is that public broadcasting organizations have to get used to revisiting, revising and refining what it is they do (practices), how it is being done (systems, operating procedures, technologies, financial resources) and by whom (human but also IT resources). The analysis also points up the need for collaboration so that scarce resources can be utilized more efficiently.

The society of friends of radio and its role in radio and radio broadcasting in Ukraine in the early 30s of the twentieth century

This article deals with the activities of such a cultural and educational public organization of Ukraine as the Radio Friends Society. Attention is drawn to the fact that the society was surprisingly successful in reaching a wide audience of Soviet people through radio broadcasting, thus ensuring the fulfillment of one of the tasks of the regime of the USSR and the USSR — the education of a new type of person with a Marxist-Bolshevik worldview. The purpose of the study is to determine the main directions of activity of the Society of Friends of Radio and, on this basis, to outline the ways in which it played an important role in issues related to the organization of radio broadcasting and radio broadcasting in Ukraine in the early 1930s of the 20th century. Among such directions is the deployment of organizational and mass work around radio broadcasting, namely: organization of radio listeners' gatherings, assistance in the organization of high-quality broadcasts, their collective listening and discussion, participation in the organization of local and grassroots broadcasting. Regarding the ways of organizing radio broadcasting and radio broadcasting, the author defined the following: the use of permanent purposeful and systematic political pressure and strict control over all aspects of the activities of the Society of Friends of Radio; constant emphasis on the shortcomings of the work, even the smallest ones, drawing people's attention to it; constant expansion of members of the radio community from different categories of the population, including conscripts, students of technical schools, and high school students; transferring the solution of the material and technical support of radio broadcasting to the shoulders of the radio community; etc.

China’s digital diplomacy on Twitter: The multiple reactions to the Belt and Road Initiative

This article examines three aspects of China’s digital diplomacy efforts about the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on Twitter between February 9th 2019 to January 3rd 2020. First, it explores the frequency and geographical distribution of tweets about the BRI. Second, it scrutinises the main topics discussed in such tweets. Finally, it describes the actors producing BRI content. Results show that Chinese digital diplomacy has been proactive on Twitter, driven by the posting practices of its main international broadcasting organisations and BRI partners. As such, China’s digital diplomacy is becoming more relational. However, the open nature of Twitter also paves the way to numerous counter narratives disseminated by other users critical of the BRI, namely, Western media, think tanks, academics, and citizens, who undermine the stories that China aims to convey. These criticisms expose the limits of China’s digital diplomacy and of the sensationalist reporting of its alleged direct effects on audiences.

Combating Signal Piracy- A Shift From The Signal Based Approach

Broadcasting organization can be defined as an entity which shoulders the complete responsibility for broadcasting the signal. This would also include assembling and scheduling the programmes. The entities which delivers the signal exclusively by means of a computer network are also brought under the purview of the broadcasting organization.1 Several international conventions were drafted intending to confer effective protection to the broadcasting organizations against illegal use of the program- carrying signals. In spite of all these legal instruments, infringements are happening in the form of signal thefts which is disadvantageous to the broadcasting organizations. Signal piracy, if left unchecked can cause a serious concern for the proliferation of the entertainment industry. This can affect the marketability as well as the profitability of the broadcasting organizations This will eventually affect public interest, in case if the broadcasters restrict broadcasting programmes of public importance. Traditional broadcasters and in most cases the public broadcasting organizations in developing and least developed countries are the worst affected. Signal piracy, not only affects the interests of broadcasting organizations, but also it affects the rights of the copyright holders of the content which is being broadcasted. In this paper, the author intends to analyze the scope of the existing national as well as international legislations in combating signal piracy and to the extent in which they could protect the rights of the broadcasting organizations. While analyzing the legislations, the paper intends to demarcate signal based and right based approach in protecting the broadcasting organizations.

International legal protection of related rights of broadcasting organisations

The international protection of the rights of radio broadcasting organisations to the programmes they create and broadcast began with the adoption of the International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations, done in Rome on 26 October 1961 (the Rome Convention). The Rome Convention establishesthe general principles of legal protection of the rights of radio broadcasting organisations and establishes property rights that allow them to influence the use of programmes by third parties. On 21 May 1974, the Convention on the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite (the Brussels Satellite Convention) was adopted in Brussels. This actdoes not contain any provisions on the rights of broadcasting organisations and is an international treaty in the field of public international law rather than private international law. On 15 April 1994, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) was adopted. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it is the first international act thatcombines provisions on the legal protection of various intellectual property rights: copyright and related rights, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, inventions, etc. In terms of the related rights of radio broadcasting organisations, the TRIPS Agreement is based on the provisions of the Rome Convention and does not provide for any other related rights.Thus, today, the related rights of radio broadcasting organisations at the international level comply with the standards of 1961. This does not take into account modern broadcasting and information transmission technologies, and therefore does not sufficiently protect the interests of radio broadcasting organisations. Since the late 90s, a new international treaty on the protection of the rights of broadcasting organisations has been developed under the auspices of WIPO. The adoption of this treaty is an urgent need to strengthen the international system of protection of the rights of radio broadcasting organisations.

Public broadcasting and democracy’s defense: responses to far-right parties in Germany and Sweden

ABSTRACT This article studies the response by public sphere institutions in democratic societies to far-right parties, focusing specifically on public broadcasting organizations in Germany and Sweden. With the upsurge of far-right parties these types of institutions are faced with difficult decisions on how to balance norms of inclusivity, impartiality and pluralism while also safeguarding substantive norms related to the protection of equal human dignity and non-discrimination. Public sphere institutions, and public broadcasting in particular, are of key importance for well-functioning democracies. They are also settings where democratic dilemmas appear that have received less attention in the existing literature on democracy's protection. We develop our contribution through a comparative study of the response by public broadcasting organizations to the far-right in Germany and Sweden. Results point to continuing difficulties in navigating dilemmas related to the response to these parties, especially as they are becoming an increasingly normalized part of the political landscape.

‘What about the presumption of innocence?’ Legal consciousness and himpathy in Social Media Users Comments on Flemish #MeToo scandal

In November 2017, after receiving multiple complaints of sexual harassment, the Flemish Radio and Television Broadcasting Organization (VRT) terminated its collaboration with one of Flanders’ most popular TV personalities, Bart De Pauw. What followed was an explosion of opinions from both well-known and ordinary persons. The focus of this article is on the latter: Facebook users commenting on newspaper articles. To gather information about their legal consciousness with respect to the scandal, their comments are analysed using critical discourse analysis. The term legal consciousness refers to the ways in which ‘the law’ is invoked to evaluate and define certain behaviours that occur outside of a legal framework. Legal consciousness is apparent in the comments of social media users with references to elements of procedural justice: the presumption of innocence, to (the absence of) the right to a defence, or to the absence of any evidence. Despite the fact that the women in question have not made a claim in conventional judicial institutions, their complaints are still evaluated within such a framework. The conducted analysis seems to support the paradox identified by Gash and Harding: that law (or rather perceptions thereof) stands in the way of the objectives of an awareness movement and encourages victims of sexual abuse to remain silent (2018). In this context, it appears that commenters are plagued by ‘himpathy’, with a fixation on the harasser’s fall from grace whereby procedural rules are merely used as a decoy. A remarkable finding of this study is the total reversal of victimhood that takes place. It is found that the case at hand clearly illustrates that seizing control of the narrative is part of male dominance, even more so when the alleged perpetrator is popular and powerful.

THE EFFECT OF COMMUNICATION ON EMPLOYEE JOB MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE IN DELTA STATE BROADCAST ORGANIZATIONS

The core of this study was to examine via inferential and descriptive statistics, the statistical correlation between organization communication on employee’s job motivation and job performance in the broadcast organizations in Delta State, Nigeria. This study was anchored on the unitary theory of industrial relations due to its relevance to the scope of this study. To achieve the general and specific objective of this study, the descriptive survey research design was adopted and primary data were obtained from questionnaire responses administered to one hundred and seventy-one staff of the seven broadcast organizations used for the study. Hypotheses were formulated and tested and findings emerged. This chapter therefore presents the summary of this study’s findings, conclusion, contribution to knowledge and recommendations.

The Influence of Japanese Colonialism on Post-Independence Indonesian Radio

This paper revisits the history of Indonesian broadcasting, focusing particularly on the broadcasting model implemented during the Japanese occupation (1942–1945) and its influence on broadcast organizations in the post-independence era. Taking into consideration four elements of broadcast governance—remit, structure, ownership, and funding—this study examines how the Japanese colonial model of radio became the model used by the Radio of the Republic of Indonesia. Examining the broadcast policies of colonial Japan and post-independence Indonesia, this paper finds policy connections between these countries’ broadcast systems. Japanese colonial policy remained evident in the management of Indonesia’s radio in the early independence era, particularly in the use of autocratic political propaganda and centralized control of media content. Even today, the military media of colonial Japan continues to influence how broadcasters serve Indonesia’s national interests. This paper fills the gap in the literature on how Japanese colonialism has affected broadcast systems of Asia.

Safe and Sound: A Framework for the Preservation of Audio-Visual Records to Support Accessibility for the Radio Broadcasting Stations in South Africa

Most radio broadcasting organisations struggle to preserve audio-visual records owing to a lack of skills, poor infrastructure and technological obsolescence. This qualitative study proposes a framework for preserving audio-visual records at South African broadcasting radio stations to ensure that records are safe and sound at all times if they are still needed. The study relied on the literature to investigate a framework for preserving audio-visual records to support accessibility for radio broadcasting stations in South Africa. The study discovered, based on the literature and challenges experienced, that the largest section of the radio broadcasting institution has no framework for preserving audio-visual records. This may be owing to a lack of preservation strategies and suitably qualified archivists to provide vision for implementing strategies. These strategies are implemented to preserve audio-visual records, which may result in records being undocumented and irretrievable. The study provides a framework for the systematic preservation of audio-visual records for radio broadcasting institutions by applying different preservation strategies. It is trusted that this framework will provide a benchmark to remedy the situation.

Linguocultural Organization of the International Broadcasting in Russia Today

In modern political and socio-cultural realities, a special role and importance are assigned to international broadcasting as a technology for positioning a content-producing country in the external environment, i. e. the global media space. The subject of this study is the explication of the specifics of the linguocultural organization of international broadcasting. The experience of Russia Today was taken as the flagship of international broadcasting in the Russian segment of the media space, through its activities influencing the formation of the geopolitical situation in the modern globalizing world. A complex of methods was used: historical and political analysis, structural analysis, contextual analysis, secondary analysis of sociological and statistical data. The empirical base was made up of four editions of the Sputnik Agency (Sputnik International, Sputnik Polska, Sputnik Trkiye, and Sputnik Belarus), representing various linguocultures - with differentiated ethnic and religious characteristics that have not only linguistic but also cultural manifestations in general. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the linguocultural organization of international broadcasting is considered as a means of implementing the diplomatic mission of the state-broadcaster with soft power tools in the globalizing world. It is based on the representation of positioning content, taking into account ethnicity, religion together with the linguistic and cultural characteristics of the audience. Both the effectiveness of promoting program statements and ideas and strengthening the countrys geopolitics depend on the degree of linguocultural orientation of international broadcasting activities.

COVID-19가 TV홈쇼핑의 농협 농식품 매출에 미친 영향 분석

This study is conducted to analyze the effects and factors of COVID-19 on the agri-food sales of Nonghyup TV home shopping. For the analysis, agri-food sales data of Nonghyup TV Home Shopping from 2019 to 2020 are used. Difference in Difference(DID) analysis is used by including various factors affecting the sales of TV home shopping as control variables. The results show that there is an impact of COVID-19. It is found that the average sales per broadcast increased by about 17.79 million after COVID-19. The influence of the control variable is found to be higher in autumn and winter than in spring and on Tuesday and weekend than on Monday. As the broadcasting time increased, the sales increased and the sales of morning, afternoon, and evening broadcasts are higher than that of dawn. Additionally, the sales of live broadcasts are higher than that of reruns. On the other hand, there is a difference in the influence of the control variable depending to the item. An efficient broadcast organization strategy and operational efficiency measures of Nonghyup agri-food are presented.

Review of acoustically related design factors for three recent Los Angeles area music studios.

The design of a professional-quality music recording studios involves a specific set of challenges, namely the need to provide high levels of sound isolation, rigorous noise and vibration control for building support systems, and the provision of acoustically appropriate room finishes. The optimization of design solutions for each of these challenges depends upon project-specific requirements, including aesthetic objectives, base building constraints and the musical genres being recorded. This paper reviews how these challenges were successfully addressed in three recent Los Angeles area music recording/broadcast studio projects. Projects reviewed include a recording studio at University of California, Los Angeles, where challenges included the need to accommodate all musical genres, from jazz, to orchestra, to drum ensembles. The two other studios were both for broadcast organizations: KCRW, an influential NPR-affiliated music-orientated radio station and for the commercial radio broadcaster SiriusXM. The paper includes discussion of why and how various acoustical techniques were utilized, including use of "floating" construction and live room variable acoustics. Solutions for successfully incorporating significant areas of glazing into live rooms and accommodation of audiences are also discussed, along with the various acoustical room finishes that were applied.

Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in the Field of Television and the Internet. The Notion of Teleformat

The article is devoted to the main issues of protection of intellectual property rights in the field of television and the internet, related to the spread of piracy in the field of copyright and related rights, and to the unlicensed copying of television broadcasts. Moreover, there is an emphasis on the exacerbation of existing problems in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic and how this affected the industry. This research considers international and national legislation in the field of intellectual law, international experience of various countries, approaches to theory, and problems of implementing existing measures, in order to propose some options for optimizing existing mechanisms. The research methodology use the following methods: formal-legal, historical-legal, comparative analysis, and modeling. The main issues under consideration are the following ones: international broadcasting regulation, the problem of uniform terminology, and prospects for the legal regulation of copyright in television broadcasting. The authors defend the uncompromising protection of intellectual property, highlighting the lack of basic definitions, to propose their own definitions, in order to avoid the weak copyright protection of television broadcasting organizations.

ЕТАПИ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ СУСПІЛЬНОГО МОВЛЕННЯ В УКРАЇНІТА ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИЙ ДОСВІД

Public service broadcasting first emerged in Britain with the advent of the British Broadcasting Company Ltd (BBC) in 1922. After that, the system of organization of television and radio broadcasting, in which control by the state is impossible, spread throughout Europe. Every European society has a history of the emergence and development of public service broadcasting, but usually in democracies they all play the role of social institutions, which, according to the Recommendation of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, aim to "provide society growth of social, political and cultural activity of citizens and cohesion of society ".

CURRENT AFFAIRS PROGRAMMMES AS PUBLIC RELATIONS TOOL: A STUDY OF EBONYI BROADCASTING CORPORATION (EBBC), ABAKALIKI

The current affairs programmes of broadcast stations are considered as effective public relations tool. They bridge the gap between the government and the governed. They also attract goodwill and patronage for the station. This study focused on how effective current affairs programmes are used in Ebonyi Broadcasting Corporation (EBBC) to foist good image on the station. The survey method was used to get analyzable response from the station’s audience. The study examined the potentials of current affairs as a broadcast programme and how it can be used as a tool of public relations. It specifically sought to determine if current affairs programmes have any effect on the relationship between the audience and any particular broadcast organization; identify the problems that affect the production of current affairs programmes as a public relations tool, and proffer solutions to ineffective current affairs programmes production. It further found out that good current affairs programmes affect station-audience relationship. This is not only because good current affairs programmes induce respect for, interest in and familiarity with the station, but they, more importantly, raise the popularity of the station. Thus these are invaluable resources which every organization craves for as they are also at the root of every good public relations campaign. The study, moreover, discovered that educated adults, mostly civil servants and business men and women listen to EBBC current affairs programmes regularly to know the activities in government (their chief employer and policy maker) and in the society at large. The study however found out that lack of requisite skills, lack of programme materials and lack of touch with station’s environment and needs, and inadequate training of staff are chief among the problems affecting current affair programmes. It therefore recommended among others that broadcast establishments should be professional in their conduct to sustain and retain audience. These they can do by employing professionals in the field as well as carrying out regular training of staff to keep pace with the ever changing trend of audience appeal

“We in the Mojo Community” – Exploring a Global Network of Mobile Journalists

ABSTRACT Mobile journalism is a fast-growing area of journalistic innovation that requires new skills and work practices. Thus, a major challenge for journalists is learning not only how to keep up with new gadgets but how to advance and develop a mojo mindset to pursue their interests and solidify future work options. This paper investigates a globally pioneering network of mojo journalism, the Mojo Community, that consists of journalists and practitioners dedicated to creating multimedia content using mobile technologies. The study is based on empirical data from interviews with and the observation of the participants of the community over a two-year period. The analysis draws on Wenger’s concept of “communities of practice” to explore the domain, structure, and role of this communal formation for innovation and change in journalistic practices. The community’s core group is comprised of journalists mainly affiliated with legacy broadcast organizations and with a particular interest in and extensive knowledge of mobile technologies. The participants perceive their engagement with the community as a way of meeting the challenges of organizational reluctance to change, fast-evolving technological advancements, and uncertain job prospects.