Broadband Links Research Articles

Rain Attenuation in 5G Wireless Broadband Backhaul Link and Develop (IoT) Rainfall Monitoring System

Climate change is the cause of more frequent and intense rainfall where they affect wireless communications because they cause severe weakening of the power of the emitted signal. These losses reduce network coverage and, therefore, system availability. The proposed solution is to integrate an Internet of Things (IoT) rainfall monitoring system where it will be able to collect real-time data on the height of rain that erupts in a particular place. This data will help areas where base stations install and the distance of the link that may need to be changed to reduce rainfall's harmful effects. So, the prediction of attenuation due to rain is an essential parameter in both terrestrial and satellite connections. The present study uses the ITU-R P 838 and ITU-R P 530 models to theoretically calculate losses in a 5G wireless broadband link with 99.9% link availability. This study conducts three frequency bands, 24 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38GHz, in Palo Alto, California. The travel distance is 5km, while the rainfall rate for the analyzed area is in zone D. The results show that the attenuations are proportional to the frequency, polarization, and rainfall rate.

Cascaded IF-Over-Fiber Links With Hybrid Signal Processing for Analog Mobile Fronthaul

We present an intermediate frequency-over-fiber (IFoF) transmission system that uses cascaded connections between a broadband link and multiple narrowband links for future mobile fronthaul (MFH). The downlink MFH system employs analog and digital signal processing after broadband and narrowband IFoF transmissions, respectively, for extractions and frequency conversions of IF signals. The bandwidth of the optical components for the downlink MFH system is investigated and compared with that for the subcarrier multiplexed passive optical network (SCM-PON). The results support the satisfactory performance of the MFH system for bandwidth reduction. Two types of our developed digital signal processors for the MFH system are also described in detail: One is for an output of a single radio frequency (RF) stream, whereas the other is for simultaneous outputs of multiple RF streams. In addition, using either of the digital signal processors, we experimentally demonstrate the downlink MFH system's transmission of 64-QAM filtered OFDM (f-OFDM) signals with 360-MHz signal bandwidth and 3.6-MHz guard bands between adjacent IF signals and 64-QAM OFDM signals with 380.16-MHz signal bandwidth and 19.84-MHz guard bands between IF signals. In both experiments, eighteen IF signals are successfully transmitted over 20-km and 1-km fibers, which includes analog and real-time digital signal processing for IF channel extractions and frequency conversions. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the potential of cascaded IFoF links using hybrid signal processing for 5G and future MFH systems.

HW/SW Architecture for a Broadband Power-Line Communication System With LS Channel Estimator and ASCET Equalizer

Power-line communication (PLC) systems are used for data transmission through the mains. The deployment of intelligent networks and the high demand for broadband communications have made this technology spread worldwide in recent years. Multicarrier modulations, such as filter-bank multicarrier (FBMC), allow broadband links to be achieved by improving intercarrier interference, at the cost of adding complexity to the system. Nevertheless, the main disadvantage of PLC is the medium, commonly with significant noise and interference. To compensate these effects inserted by the channel, channel estimators and equalizers are often included at the reception stage, at the expense of increasing the computational load and complexity of the resulting receiver. This article proposes a hardware/software (HW/SW) architecture for the real-time implementation of an FBMC transmultiplexer with a channel estimator and an L-Adaptive sine/cosine modulated filter bank equalizer for transmultiplexers (L-ASCET) equalizer. The FBMC transmultiplexer and the L-ASCET equalizer are implemented in HW, whereas the channel estimation and the determination of the equalizer coefficients are specified in SW, all forming a system-on-chip architecture. The performance provided by the proposal has been evaluated in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio, the root-mean-square error, and the bit error rate.

Proof of Concept of Vehicle to Infrastructure Power Line Communication Link for Tramway CCTV

In the Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) context, the issue of broadband connected trains presents a number of technical and economic problems. Such broadband links would be benefit for both passengers and security needs. Several technical solutions are available, in particular wireless ones like Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE), Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5G, but we explore here the feasibility of achieving this connectivity, dedicated to trams security application, via Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) technology through tramway power supply cables. In this paper we investigate the possibility of connecting a tramway to its security command post in order to transmit real time video streams through BPL. The Proof of Concept (PoC) is presented through the characterization of the channel, the performances of the physical layer, the measurement of available Round Trip Times (RTTs) and bit rates. Then we demonstrate in real-world a streaming of Closed Circuit TV (CCTV) from two tramway embedded cameras to the security command post. The PoC was carried out on the tramway infrastructure of the city of Lyon. Through this PoC, we have demonstrated the possibility of equipping a complete commercial line with BPL guaranteeing a bit rate of 60 Mega-Bytes per Second (Mb/S) and presented a deployment projection of the BPL solution for dynamic context (moving tram), based on Power-Line Communication (PLC).

Online Healthcare Monitor System Based on Optical Wireless and FBG Sensors

In this work, a practical wireless optical communication system has been proposed for the purpose of monitoring the health condition of patients who are in hospital operating on the basis of the wireless communication system and fiber sensors. The suggest practical system employ a diffuse optical broadband link technique based on laser Li-Fi the technology, Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors was investigated. The focused on optical fiber sensors (pressure and temperature) for medical applications because it’s small size, immunity to electromagnetic interferences and their suitability for remote monitoring. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based (blood pressure, temperature) sensors is designed and implemented using a conventional laser source, Optisystem version 15. The collected data from sensors is transmitted to main unit, the suggested system tested under different operating conditions such as , optical link distance, laser power and transmitter angles, all operating conditions was successively demonstrated.

Analysis of bandwidth aggregation techniques for combined use of satellite and xDSL broadband links

SummaryThe availability of multiple technologies to access the Internet is even more common in today's connectivity scenarios. As an example, smartphones make use of 3G/4G data technology but, when a Wi‐Fi access point is available, they switch from 3G/4G (which typically is a paid per volume service) to the wireless local access. The same principle is applicable for fixed access, when terrestrial ADSL or optical fiber and satellite technologies can be typically available in the same place. This paper focuses on the simultaneous availability of different access technologies with the capability to use them in combination, to offer better performance than the traditional single technology access.

5G Multiscale Mobility : A Look at Current and Upcoming Models in the Next Technology Era

The forthcoming fifthgeneration (5G) mobile wireless system is likely to lead to an increasingly heterogeneous data-demand pattern, including a small number of high-data-rate mobile broadband links and a large number of low-data-rate Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Aspects that govern seamless mobility between different access technologies, cell tiers, cell sectors, and frequency bands will be sensitive to the mobility model of the people, their devices, and the machines. An understanding of such entities will play a fundamental role in the future standardization and exploitation of the 5G technologies. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and general overview about existing mobility models that are useful to characterizing movement patterns across multiple distance and population scales. In doing so, all the models are critically discussed, providing strengths and weaknesses. Finally, open issues and critical design choices are highlighted to serve as guidelines for future research on this topic.

Enhanced Security Authentication of WiMAX using EC3A

WiMAX is the innovation and upgradation of 802.16 benchmarks given by IEEE. It has numerous remarkable qualities, for example, high information rate, the nature of the service, versatility, security and portability putting it heads and shoulder over the current advancements like broadband link, DSL and remote systems. Though like its competitors the concern for security remains mandatory. Since the remote medium is accessible to call, the assailants can undoubtedly get into the system, making the powerless against the client. Many modern confirmations and encryption methods have been installed into WiMAX; however, regardless it opens with up different dangers. In this paper, we proposed Elliptic curve Cryptography based on Cellular Automata (EC3A) for encryption and decryption the message for improving the WiMAX security

A Fully Integrated Broadband Sub-mmWave Chip-to-Chip Interconnect

A new type of broadband link enabling extremely high-speed chip-to-chip communication is presented. The link is composed of fully integrated sub-mmWave on-chip traveling wave power couplers and a low-cost planar dielectric waveguide. This structure is based on a differentially driven half-mode substrate integrated waveguide supporting the first higher order hybrid microstrip mode. The cross-sectional width of the coupler structure is tapered in the direction of wave propagation to increase the coupling efficiency and maintain a large coupling bandwidth while minimizing its on-die size. A rectangular dielectric waveguide, constructed from Rogers Corporation R3006 material, is codesigned with the on-chip coupler structure to minimize coupling loss. The coupling structure achieves an average insertion loss of 4.8 dB from 220 to 270 GHz, with end-to-end link measurements presented. This system provides a packaging-friendly, cost effective, and high performance planar integration solution for ultrabroadband chip-to-chip communication utilizing millimeter waves.

Backhaul-Aware Joint Traffic Offloading and Time Fraction Allocation for 5G HetNets

In fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks, heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are used to improve capacity and users' densification. However, to rapidly deploy a large number of femto base stations (BSs) in a cost-efficient manner, they should be connected to the core network through residential broadband links. As such, different femto BSs may have different backhaul capacities, which should be taken into consideration when macro BSs offload traffic to femto BSs. Furthermore, users offloaded to femto BSs can be severely interfered by the macro BSs if macro and femto BSs transmit at the same time in the downlink. This interference can be avoided by proper transmission time scheduling. In view of the problem, this paper proposes a novel scheme to jointly perform traffic offloading and time fraction allocation (TOTFA) to ensure proportional fairness in throughput among the users. The proposed scheme, called TOTFA maximizes the weighted sum of the logarithm of user throughput, subject to constraints imposed by the backhaul capacity. Simulation results show that TOTFA can improve aggregated throughput up to 100% compared with a baseline scheme when the backhaul link capacity is 1.25 Mb/s. Over a range of different backhaul capacities, the average throughput improvement is 45%.

Randomised crossover trial of telemonitoring in chronic respiratory patients (TeleCRAFT trial)

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of home telemonitoring on health service use and quality of life in patients with severe chronic lung disease.DesignRandomised crossover trial with 6 months of standard best...

Perspectives on Net Neutrality and Internet Fast-Lanes

"Net neutrality" and Internet "fast-lanes" have been the subject of raging debates for several years now, with various viewpoints put forth by stakeholders (Internet Service Providers, Content Service Providers, and consumers) seeking to influence how the Internet is regulated. In this paper we summarize the perspectives on this debate from multiple angles, and propose a fresh direction to address the current stalemate. Our first contribution is to highlight the contentions in the net neutrality debate from the viewpoints of technology (what mechanisms do or do not violate net neutrality?), economics (how does net neutrality help or hurt investment and growth?), and society (do fast-lanes disempower consumers?). Our second contribution is to survey the state-of-play of net neutrality in various regions of the world, highlighting the influence of factors such as consumer choice and public investment on the regulatory approach taken by governments. Our final contribution is to propose a new model that engages consumers in fast-lane negotiations, allowing them to customize fast-lane usage on their broadband link. We believe that our approach can provide a compromise solution that can break the current stalemate and be acceptable to all parties.

Cellular Underwater Wireless Optical CDMA Network: Potentials and Challenges

Underwater wireless optical communications are an emerging solution to the expanding demand for broadband links in oceans and seas. In this paper, a cellular underwater wireless optical code division multiple-access network is proposed to provide broadband links for commercial and military applications. The optical orthogonal codes are employed as signature codes of underwater mobile users. Fundamental key aspects of the network, such as its backhaul architecture, its potential applications, and its design challenges, are presented. In particular, a promising underwater localization and positioning scheme based on this cellular network is presented. Furthermore, the proposed network is used as infrastructure of centralized, decentralized and relay-assisted underwater sensor networks for high-speed real-time monitoring. Finally, probable design challenges, such as cell edge coverage, blockage avoidance, power control, and network capacity, are addressed.

Algorithm Optimization of Resources Scheduling Based on Cloud Computing

In some service areas, such as cloud computing of virtual technology, the specific virtual technology’s level configuration processing power is limited and it has defects. [1] Under normal circumstances, the traditional cloud computing resource sharing configuration can not be effectively applied, for it has a time difference and several machines can not be connected to the network by a broadband link and work simultaneously, making the virtual technology particularly difficult in the efficiency and effectiveness of the implementation. This paper presents a cloud computing of ant colony and genetic combination of resources virtual scheduling optimization, which is applied to multiple machines physical layer simultaneously, at the same time it can optimize the allocation of resources to maximization. Experimental results show that the model algorithm is more convergent and more practical than traditional methods.

A two-level Markov model for packet loss in UDP/IP-based real-time video applications targeting residential users

The packet loss characteristics of Internet paths that include residential broadband links are not well understood, and there are no good models for their behaviour. This complicates the design of real-time video applications targeting home users, since it is difficult to choose appropriate error correction and concealment algorithms without a good model for the types of loss observed. Using measurements of residential broadband networks in the UK and Finland, we show that existing models for packet loss, such as the Gilbert model and simple hidden Markov models, do not effectively model the loss patterns seen in this environment. We present a new two-level Markov model for packet loss that can more accurately describe the characteristics of these links, and quantify the effectiveness of this model. We demonstrate that our new packet loss model allows for improved application design, by using it to model the performance of forward error correction on such links.

Enabling free internet access at the edges of broadband connections

B roadband connection sharing constitutes a network resource pooling technique that could evolve toward supporting the establishment of the “Free Internet for all” notion. This technique could be implemented through the User-Provided Network model in which end-users could become suppliers of Internet connectivity. In this paper, the behavior of such system is investigated from a queuemanagement perspective. A numerical analysis that takes into consideration both the high variability of broadband link speeds and different packet-size distributions is presented. Based on these results, we propose a hybrid packet scheduling scheme that enables the application of Lessthan-Best-Effort services at the connection edges and allows for the development of different packet scheduling policies corresponding to different requirements. Some significant open issues and research directions are also highlighted.

Design and Development of an Integrated Web-based System for Tropical Rainfall Monitoring

This study is about the design and development of an integrated web-based system for tropical rainfall monitoring. The system gathers data using a network of low-cost, Android-based acoustic rainfall sensors, a nationwide infrastructure of 5GHz wireless broadband links, and remote weather stations. The low-cost Android-based acoustic rainfall sensors are deployed at high densities over a local area and the 5GHz wireless broadband sensors gather rainfall information on a nationwide scale. The sensor network provides information about spatial-variations that are characteristics of tropical rain rates, and complement data from the scarcely deployed remote weather stations. Gathered data is then processed and displayed on a web interface.

The results of 24 hr teleconsultation with people at home and in residential care settings

Introduction: Use of video links (teleconsultation) to deliver clinical care has most often been used in a professional:professional context. We describe the results of providing 24 hr access to immediate clinical support using teleconsultation in both domestic and residential care settings. Aims To deliver a reliable, safe and effective means of providing clinical support to patients with a wide range of Long Term Conditions (LTCs), on a 24/7 basis. Methods: A dedicated 24/7 Hub, staffed by experienced nurses, supported by a consultant general physician, can receive and make calls to patients over domestic broadband links. Patients may be at their home or in a residential care (Nursing and Care home) setting. Consultations are viewed either on a domestic TV via set top box technology (Red Embedded) or on a dedicated mobile video system (Involve Visual). Consultations are documented using a shared EHR (TPP SystmOne) which is used for communication and audit purposes. Patient feedback is captured using post call questionnaires. Results: As exemplars, 2 groups are reported here. Firstly, a cohort of 25 people with COPD, managed at home. In these individuals, study of their admissions to hospital over the year before and after introduction of teleconsultation showed a 29.5% reduction in hospital admissions and a 36% reduction in length of stay for those admissions that occured. Patient satisfaction with the approach scored 8-9/10 across a range of measures. Secondly a cohort of 14 nursing and care homes were supported using mobile teleconsultation equipment. For each home, comparison of a six month period post introduction of service and the same six months one year previously, showed a 50% relative reduction in admissions compared with similar homes that had no access to teleconsultation (actual reduction 27% vs 18%) and a 74% relative reduction in Emergency Department attendances (47% vs 27%) from the homes. Over the study period there were no clinical governance issues. For care homes, financial modelling of the benefits this approach may

The use of videoconferencing to enhance interprofessional clinical education for allied health students

The Health-e-Learning project investigated the use of videoconferencing to deliver interprofessional clinical education to allied health students. Via a broadband link, students observed DVD footage of a clinical session then participated in discussion with the clinicians at the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH), Melbourne. The videoconference sessions were evaluated with respect to session content, the effectiveness of videoconferencing in providing interprofessional education (IPE) and the satisfaction with this as a supplement to facility-based placements. During the two semesters of the project, 28 videoconference sessions were conducted and 724 participants were surveyed. Student responses were positive with 84% indicating that these videoconferences increased their understanding of interprofessional practice (IPP) and 95% agreeing that the sessions were an effective learning tool. The results of this study support the use of videoconferencing to provide interprofessional clinical education.

IdleChat

Residential broadband links are characterized by low and variable upload capacity and large latencies, leading to poor video performance. Aggregating multiple backhaul links using 802.11 Access Points has been considered as a solution to increasing the backhaul capacity limit. In this paper, we revisit the problem of backhaul aggregation in the context of interactive applications. We present the IdleChat architecture that uses wireless connectivity to aggregate idle broadband connectivity in a neighborhood to overcome the limits of individual asymmetric broadband uplinks. In contrast to prior work, IdleChat aggregates in a traffic-aware manner, focussing specifically on low-latency, real-time link aggregation in support of interactive applications such as video chat. IdleChat schedules packets in a deadline-aware manner to improve interactivity. We evaluate IdleChat both in an experimental testbed in our lab and in a residential deployment. Our results show that use of IdleChat in existing deployments can improve video SNR by up to a factor of 10 db in the presence of a single neighboring AP. This results in video quality improvement from a MOS score of bad to excellent.