Broadband Data Services Research Articles

A comprehensive systematic review of privacy and security issues in Satellite Networks

The recent advancements in satellite networks have garnered significant interest due to their extensive geographic coverage and flexible deployment capabilities, offering a promising solution for global communications and transforming traditional communication methods. Despite these advancements, current satellite systems face challenges such as high propagation delays and inadequate coverage of high-latitude regions, particularly in Geostationary (GEO) systems. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) systems, which can address these issues, are primarily used for voice services, as seen in the Iridium system, but have encountered financial difficulties. This study aims to address the security issues in satellite networks, a critical concern as these networks increasingly rely on IP protocols and hybrid configurations of terrestrial nodes and satellite links. Previous works have identified various potential security attacks on satellite networks and proposed different solutions, but these solutions often lack comprehensive effectiveness and robustness. Our methodology involves analyzing the security vulnerabilities in satellite networks similar to the Iridium system, which includes inter-satellite links (ISL) and routers on each satellite. We review and evaluate existing security measures and propose enhancements to improve their effectiveness. Our results indicate significant vulnerabilities in current systems, but also show that with targeted improvements, security can be substantially enhanced. The implications of this study are profound, suggesting that more secure satellite networks can better support critical global communications and services, including broadband Internet and data services, thereby enhancing their reliability and user trust

The analytical look of the current technologies of the tropospheric and radio-relay

The relevance of the task of creating a mobile combined station of digital tropospheric and satellite communications of the microwave range, which simultane­ ously operates in 2 modes: horizontal communication and direct visibility, substantiates an analytical review of the current state of tropospheric communication in the world. The technical characteristics of the advanced developments of digital troposphere stations and control systems of foreign companies Comtech Systems, Raytheon Corporation, General Dynamics, Advantech Wireless are presented. It is shown that the RTM-100 tropospheric modem, with a bandwidth of 50 Mbit/s and more, which provides stable communications under multipath conditions when using direct error correction turbocompression (FEC) and supports work with Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) data ports and SNMP protocol is the key Elements for creating a new mobile combined digital troposphere and satellite communications station. The analysis of the current state and development trends of radio-relay communication, as well as the spectrum of widespread use of modern digital radio-relay communication. The OptiX RTN 900, a new generation of IP-based digital radio relay system with a split structure, is one of the first systems to support TDM, packet and hybrid transmission platforms. The system supports communication in 2G networks, voice and data services in 3G networks, broadband data services in LTE networks. Radio relay systems of NEC, NERA, Huawei Technologies, ZTE, Nokia Siemens Networks (former Alcatel-Lucent) companies implement adaptive modulation and coding (Adaptive Coding & Modulation — ACM), which allows you to change the parameters of the radio channel when changing the propagation conditions of radio waves and thereby technology AFM allows the operator to reduce their capital costs during the construction of RRL by installing antennas of smaller diameters or by building longer communication intervals. The bandwidth of digital radio relay stations has grown to 5.5 Gb / s (Ericsson) and for this new sections of the millimeter wave range have been mastered: 71…76 GHz, 81...86 GHz. The development of the terahertz frequency range opens up great op­ por­ tunities for a significant increase in throughput and security and secrecy. An analytical analysis showed the promise of creating a mobile combined station of the digital tropospheric and satellite microwave range, corresponding to the development trends of tropospheric and microwave radio communications, is an urgent task for Ukraine.

IEEE Access Special Section Editorial: Mission Critical Public-Safety Communications: Architectures, Enabling Technologies, and Future Applications

Disaster management organizations such as fire brigades, rescue teams, and emergency medical service providers have a high priority demand to communicate with each other and with the victims by using mission-critical voice and data communications [item 1) in the Appendix]. In recent years, public safety agencies and organizations have started planning to evolve their existing land mobile radio system (LMRS) with long-term evolution (LTE)-based public safety solutions which provides broadband, ubiquitous, and mission-critical voice and data services. LTE provides high bandwidth and low latency services to the customers using internet protocol-based LTE network. Since mission critical communication services have different demands and priorities for dynamically varying situations for disaster-hit areas, the architecture and the communication technologies of the existing LTE networks need to be upgraded with a system that has the capability to respond efficiently and in a timely manner during critical situations.

Wireless Channel Models for Maritime Communications

Recently, broadband maritime communication has attracted much attention due to the rapid development of blue economy. In addition to the conventional MF/HF/VHF bands, there has been increasing interests in the utilization of higher frequency bands to provide broadband data service to the sea area. To design efficient maritime communication systems, the first and a fundamental requirement is to develop a framework to understand the wireless channels. In an integrated air-ground-sea communications network, there are two major type of channels to be investigated, namely the air-to-sea channel (e.g., for communication links from the aircraft-based base stations or relays) and the near-sea-surface channel (for land-to-ship/ship-to-land or ship-to-ship communications). Due to the unique features of the maritime propagation environment such as sparse scattering, sea wave movement, and the ducting effect over the sea surface, the modeling of these maritime channel links differs from conventional terrestrial wireless channels in many aspects and, consequently, will result in significant impact on the transceiver design. In this survey, we highlight the most notable differences from the modeling perspective as well as the channel characteristics for the air-to-sea and near-sea-surface channel links, with more focus on the latter. After a thorough review of existing modeling approaches and measurement campaigns, we conclude that the sparse and the location-dependent properties constitute the most important and distinctive characteristics of the maritime wireless channels. As such, we further remark on the challenges and research topics for future development of maritime communications.

User-Driven Network Selection during Vertical Handover in 4G Networks

The importance of network selection for wireless networks, is to facilitate users with various personal wireless devices to access their desired services via a range of available radio access networks. The inability of these networks to provide broadband data service applications to users poses a serious challenge in the wireless environment. Network Optimization has therefore become necessary, so as to accommodate the increasing number of users’ service application demands while maintaining the required quality of services. To achieve that, the need to incorporate intelligent and fast mechanism as a solution to select the best value network for the user arises. This paper provides an intelligent network selection strategy based on the user- and network-valued metrics to suit their preferences when communicating in multi-access environment. A user-driven network selection strategy that employs Multi-Access Service Selection Vertical Handover Decision Algorithm (MASS-VHDA) via three interfaces; Wi-Fi, WiMAX and LTE-A is proposed, numerically evaluated and simulated. The results from the performance analysis demonstrate some improvement in the QoS and network blocking probability to satisfy user application requests for multiple simultaneous services.

Modelling of free space optical link for ground‐to‐train communications using a Gaussian source

The demand for access to broadband data services in high-speed trains is increasing as more people are travelling to and from work, which is not met by the existing radio frequency technology. Therefore an alternative technology known as free space optics (FSO) could be readily adopted that could overcome the bandwidth bottleneck problem. The study presents a mathematical model of an FSO link for ground-to-train communications link and analyses the system performance in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio and the bit error rate (BER). The authors show that the simulated BER is in good agreement with the predicted results for bit rates up to 50 Mbps. The link budget analysis for the proposed system is also presented showing a link margin of 17.75 dB.

Collaborative Optimization Analysis on GSM/WLAN and TD-S/TD-L Network

Mobile operators faced with rapid growth in data throughput, However, the rapid growth of traffic from 2G networks led to the 2G network load increases, even affect the quality of voice communications. At the same time, TD-SCDMA network is relatively light load and WLAN network is limited by the terminal and the hot spots, they can’t give users a seamless broadband data services. It is discussed in this article on how to quadruple collaboration and flow of business to make the optimization analysis from the user traffic bandwidth requirements for different types of data services.

Comparing coverage quality for femtocell and macrocell broadband data services

This article presents the results of a series of field tests to characterize femtocell coverage quality in typical residential houses with respect to high-speed data services. The study proves femtocell users can expect to observe an improvement of more than five times in average airlink data speeds relative to the existing macrocell network. The article presents the methodology used in the tests, and offers summary results for both 1xEV-DO and HSDPA technologies. The results presented here show that the case for using femtocells for broadband data services is even stronger than for voice-based services.

High-capacity ethernet backhaul radio systems for advanced mobile data networks [Application Notes

The demand for high-bandwidth mobile data services continues to escalate as operators deploy third-generation (3G) cellular networks globally. Although these networks do indeed provide some escalated broadband data functionality [as compared to their second-generation (2G) counterparts], truly broadband mobile data services will require fourth-generation (4G) technology rollouts.

MIMO Technologies in 3GPP LTE and LTE-Advanced

3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has recently completed the specification of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. Majority of the world's operators and vendors are already committed to LTE deployments and developments, making LTE the market leader in the upcoming evolution to 4G wireless communication systems. Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technologies introduced in LTE such as spatial multiplexing, transmit diversity, and beamforming are key components for providing higher peak rate at a better system efficiency, which are essential for supporting future broadband data service over wireless links. Further extension of LTE MIMO technologies is being studied under the 3GPP study item to meet the requirement of IMT-Advanced set by International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R). In this paper, we introduce various MIMO technologies employed in LTE and provide a brief overview on the MIMO technologies currently discussed in the LTE-Advanced forum.

Safety First: Reinvesting the Digital Dividend in Safeguarding Citizens

Public Safety and Security (PSS) service responders provide us with indispensable police, fire and other emergency services. Each individual in our society has the growing expectation of, if not the right to, emergency services. In turn, society expects that its government will expend the necessary resources to aid those in emergency need. The provision of emergency services extends beyond the social contract and invokes a moral obligation to protect life, welfare, and property. In order to fulfil this obligation to save lives and property, PSS organisations and their personnel require wireless access not only to voice and simple data services (narrowband) but also increasingly to broadband data services. The ability to utilise broadband services requires more spectrum than the two 5 MHz-wide blocks currently harmonised across Europe. Already some countries have had to provide access to further spectrum to support voice services. Calculations show that approximately two additional 15 MHz-wide blocks are required but the question is where this spectrum can be found that can economically support the longer ranges needed to provide geographic coverage in rural areas. One possible solution is to allocate spectrum from the transition to digital terrestrial television, the so called Digital Dividend. In this White Paper, we examine the social welfare gained through the reallocation of Digital Dividend spectrum to PSS mission critical networks. We marshal the arguments for further dedicated spectrum for mission critical PSS communications, as well as provide a detailed view of the technical and operational characteristics of next generation PSS radio systems. The Digital Dividend can fulfil this necessary communications role, within the timescales needed by PSS users and provide a clear evolution path for essential day to day wireless mission critical communications.

Safety First: Reinvesting the Digital Dividend in Safeguarding Citizens (Executive Report)

Public Safety and Security (PSS) service responders provide us with indispensable police, fire and other emergency services. Each individual in our society has the growing expectation of, if not the right to, emergency services. In turn, society expects that its government will expend the necessary resources to aid those in emergency need. The provision of emergency services extends beyond the social contract and invokes a moral obligation to protect life, welfare, and property. In order to fulfil this obligation to save lives and property, PSS organisations and their personnel require wireless access not only to voice and simple data services (narrowband) but also increasingly to broadband data services. The ability to utilise broadband services requires more spectrum than the two 5 MHz-wide blocks currently harmonised across Europe. Already some countries have had to provide access to further spectrum to support voice services. Calculations show that approximately two additional 15 MHz-wide blocks are required but the question is where this spectrum can be found that can economically support the longer ranges needed to provide geographic coverage in rural areas. One possible solution is to allocate spectrum from the transition to digital terrestrial television, the so called Digital Dividend. In this White Paper, we examine the social welfare gained through the reallocation of Digital Dividend spectrum to PSS mission critical networks. We marshal the arguments for further dedicated spectrum for mission critical PSS communications, as well as provide a detailed view of the technical and operational characteristics of next generation PSS radio systems. The Digital Dividend can fulfil this necessary communications role, within the timescales needed by PSS users and provide a clear evolution path for essential day to day wireless mission critical communications. (A full version of this report is also available.)

The Mobile Broadband WiMAX Standard [Standards in a Nutshell

Mobile worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) is a wireless standard that introduces orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and other key features to enable mobile broadband services at a vehicular speed of up to 120 km/h. WiMAX complements the and competes with wireless local area networks (WLANs) and the third generation (3G) wireless standards on coverage and data rate. More specifically, WiMAX supports a much larger coverage area than WLAN, does not require line of sight for a connection, and is significantly less costly compared to the current 3G cellular standards. Although the WiMAX standard supports both fixed and mobile broadband data services, the latter have a much larger market. Therefore, this article will briefly present the Mobile WiMAX standard, the technologies deployed for the air interface and the network, and the development of the standards to support mobile multihop relays in a WiMAX network.

Decentralized Rate Assignments in a Multi-Sector CDMA Network

As the demand for wireless broadband data services grows, it becomes increasingly important to address the issue of optimal resource allocation. Specifically, such allocation should address not only quality of service (QoS) requirements, but continually changing resource demands. In this paper, we consider a data-only multi-sector wideband CDMA network with arbitrary layout of sectors and base-stations. Optimal reverse-link rate allocation for such a network is examined. Using an optimization framework, we develop the conceptual basis for a distributed algorithm for finding the optimal rate assignments using information available to the mobiles. We then use this to propose practical algorithms at the bases as well as the mobiles. These algorithms provide a proportional fair transmission rate/interference control scheme. Finally, we examine the dynamic behavior of such a distributed algorithm in the presence of realistic physical conditions such as shadowing and mobility

Decentralized Rate Assignments in a Multi-Sector CDMA Network

As the demand for wireless broadband data services grows, it becomes increasingly important to address the issue of optimal resource allocation. Specifically, such allocation should address not only quality of service (QoS) requirements, but continually changing resource demands. In this paper, we consider a data-only multi-sector wideband CDMA network with arbitrary layout of sectors and base-stations. Optimal reverse-link rate allocation for such a network is examined. Using an optimization framework, we develop the conceptual basis for a distributed algorithm for finding the optimal rate assignments using information available to the mobiles. We then use this to propose practical algorithms at the bases as well as the mobiles. These algorithms provide a proportional fair transmission rate/interference control scheme. Finally, we examine the dynamic behavior of such a distributed algorithm in the presence of realistic physical conditions such as shadowing and mobility

Innovation system dynamics in the Swedish telecom sector

PurposeTo analyse the evolution of the Swedish telecommunications sector (1970‐2003), with a focus on barriers and drivers of innovative activity.Design/methodology/approachDeveloping a functional approach to innovation systems analysis, where six basic interdependent functions need to be served for a new technology to be developed and diffused and for a supporting industry to evolve. The sector is divided into four major sub‐sectors: traditional fixed telecom; mobile telephony; fixed data communications (including internet); and mobile data communications (including mobile internet).FindingsRelate to two questions: first, how did it happen that Sweden developed a leading innovation system for mobile telephony but not for data communication; and second, what are the strengths and weaknesses of the innovation system for mobile data communications? Findings include that early developments mattered, innovative search direction is crucial as are the provision of incentives for innovative activity.Research limitations/implicationsFunctional analysis of innovation systems useful for guiding policy actions, which should have the purpose of strengthening weak functions, removing bottlenecks and stimulating inducement mechanisms, in particular if used to stimulate the transition from one phase to another. It needs further development, in particular with respect to the understanding of diffusion processes.Practical implicationsThe stimulation of innovation in, and diffusion of, mobile and broadband data services is crucial to development of the innovation system, globally, in Europe and in Sweden. An innovation system which allows for entrepreneurial experimentation should be fostered. Early stage financing and diffusion of services are major system weaknesses. Regulatory authorities should consider addressing innovation explicitly.Originality/valueNew (adapted) approach for guiding policy action. Better understanding of dynamics in the telecom sector, and the comparative success and failure of Swedish industry in sub‐sectors.

Advanced Optical Modulation Formats

Fiber-optic communication systems form the high-capacity transport infrastructure that enables global broadband data services and advanced Internet applications. The desire for higher per-fiber transport capacities and, at the same time, the drive for lower costs per end-to-end transmitted information bit has led to optically routed networks with high spectral efficiencies. Among other enabling technologies, advanced optical modulation formats have become key to the design of modern wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) fiber systems. In this paper, we review optical modulation formats in the broader context of optically routed WDM networks. We discuss the generation and detection of multigigabit/s intensity- and phase-modulated formats, and highlight their resilience to key impairments found in optical networking, such as optical amplifier noise, multipath interference, chromatic dispersion, polarization-mode dispersion, WDM crosstalk, concatenated optical filtering, and fiber nonlinearity

Evolving public safety communication systems by integrating WLAN and TETRA networks

This article contributes to the evolution of public safety communication systems by specifying a novel solution for integrating WLAN and Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) networks. The specified solution allows TETRA terminals to interface to the TETRA Switching and Management Infrastructure (SwMI) over a broadband WLAN radio access network, instead of the conventional narrowband TETRA radio network. These terminals are fully interoperable with conventional TETRA terminals and can employ all TETRA services, including group calls, short data messaging, packet data, and so forth. In addition, however, such terminals can support a range of brand new capabilities enabled by the WLAN, such as broadband data services, true concurrent voice and data services, simultaneous reception of many group calls, reduced call setup and voice transmission delays, improved voice quality, and so forth. The specified solution is solely based on IP multicast and Voice-over-IP (VoIP) technologies and thus fits ideally to the all-IP architecture being introduced by the MESA project for the next generation of public safety and disaster relief communication systems.

Qos aware adaptive resource allocation techniques for fair scheduling in ofdma based broadband wireless access systems

A system based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) has been developed to deliver mobile broadband data service at data rates comparable to those of wired services, such as DSL and cable modems. We consider the resource allocation problem of assigning a set of subcarriers and determining the number of bits to be transmitted for each subcarrier in OFDMA systems. We compare simplicity, fairness and efficiency of our algorithm with the optimal and proposed suboptimal algorithms for varying values of delay spread, number of users and total power constraint. The results show that the performance of our approach is appealing and can be close to optimal. We also consider another resource allocation scheme in which there is no fixed QoS requirements per symbol but capacity is maximized.

The AnyMedia® access system-providing solutions for distribution and network independence

Today's network providers face a significant challenge in selecting and deploying access solutions that enable them to compete in an increasingly unpredictable and dynamic market. They must manage the uncertain interplay between the demands for circuit-based and packet-based services and, at the same time, avoid the possibility of being stranded with large unrecoverable investments in outmoded or incompatible infrastructure. The equipment deployed must ensure adequate capacity to support a complete set of applications and must maximize economies of scale. In response to these needs, Lucent Technologies has developed the AnyMedia® Access System, a platform for access network solutions supporting a full complement of telephony and broadband data services via standard, open network interfaces. This new fifth-generation access system builds on Lucent's heritage of high-reliability access network elements and leverages Lucent's Access Interface Platform (AIP) technology. The AIP is shared with the 5ESS® line units, AnyMedia Access Interface Units (AIUs), and other products to provide integrated voice and data access facilities for 24-channel and 30-channel markets. The new system can serve as a gateway between the circuit-switched telephony network and the ATM networks that transport telephony services over standard ATM format. We present here an overview of the AnyMedia Access System hardware and software architectures, system applications, and capabilities.