Broad Personality Traits Research Articles

Measuring The Levels of Perfectionism Among Muslim Gifted and Talented Students

In Psychology, perfectionism is a broad personality trait characterized by a person’s concern with striving for flawlessness and try to be the best in every field the venture into. The main purpose of this study is to identify the levels of perfectionism among gifted and talented Muslim students at PERMATA Insan College (KPI). This study is important to avoid the negative effect of perfectionism among students because some studies conducted with gifted students have revealed that perfectionism breeds harsh self-criticism, self-doubt, and a fear of failure, all of which are associated with an increased propensity for suicidal thoughts and actions. The level of perfectionism are determined with the assistance of Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale by Frost (1990). There are low, medium and high-level perfectionists. Previous studies have proven several factors that influence the levels of perfectionism such as surroundings and other people's expectations. The scale consists of 35 questions which contain six constructs. 83 students has taken part in this study. This quantitative study shows that majority of PERMATA Insan College’s students perfectionism level is at medium-level. Some suggestions were made to get a better understanding and help students with perfectionism and at the same time increase their level of thinking styles in the quest of producing future gifted and talented Islamic scholar.

Beliefs that influence personality likely concern a situation humans never leave.

Many of us-60% of humanity, according to one study-would like to change some of our personality traits, such as decreasing pessimism or neuroticism. Dweck (2008) proposed that traits might be altered by changing beliefs. However, novel beliefs must be identified, she contends, because currently studied beliefs are empirically inadequate (e.g., low correlations to broad personality traits) and because a belief's influence on behavior is usually confined to a particular situation or topic. When psychologists refer to the psychological impact of beliefs about situations, they typically mean local situations: situations individuals can enter and leave (e.g., "This neighborhood is dangerous"). The novel theoretical suggestion of this article is that a person's basic beliefs about a situation they never leave such as the world (e.g., "This world is dangerous") are uniquely suited to impact cross-situational behavior patterns often associated with broad personality traits. Historically, general beliefs about the world (termed "primal world beliefs") were understudied, and many remained unknown, rendering systematic investigation infeasible. However, using several methods that helped identify Big Five traits decades ago, a recent effort seeking to map primal world beliefs found a structure of 26 dimensions (most clustering into the beliefs that the world is Safe, Enticing, and Alive) suggesting promising avenues for primals-personality research. This article presents a nuanced, working, speculative hypothesis future research can explore: Average behavioral tendencies that persist wherever the individual goes (personality traits) theoretically should result from beliefs about the broader situation the individual never leaves (the world). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Revisiting the English Short Measure for Adult Playfulness (SMAP): An Investigation of Reliability, Validity, and Cross-Cultural Comparisons

Adult playfulness describes the personality of the quick initiation and strong intensity of enjoyable experiences coupled with the frequency of engaging in playful behaviors. In addition to examining the reliability and validity of the Short Measure for Adult Playfulness (SMAP), we compared the psychometric properties of the SMAP across (a) 4- and 7-point answer formats; (b) German and English language versions; and (c) gender. The SMAP and criterion validity measures were distributed across three independent samples from Canada (N total = 1,177) and a German sample (N = 660). Results supported a unidimensional solution with strong factor loadings for all items (>.50 across all samples) and high test-retest reliability (r = .67, BF10>100). In item response theory analyses, high discrimination parameters were found across the latent continuum. Although both the four-point and seven-point Likert scale versions showed robust item properties, the seven-point Likert scale version yielded more precise measurement of higher playfulness (θ > 1.50). No significant differential item functioning was located across gender or language. Finally, results supported external construct validity via associations with broad personality traits, humor, and orientations to happiness. The present investigation provides support for the reliability and validity of the English SMAP for concise adult playfulness measurement.

Do Character Strengths-Based Interventions Change Character Strengths? Two Randomized Controlled Intervention Studies

Character strengths-based interventions are effective for increasing well-being. However, whether such interventions also change character strengths has never been tested. In Study 1, we studied the effects of seven different variants of character strengths-based interventions on well-being, ill-being, and character strengths traits and states (i.e., frequency of behavior during one week). We analyzed data of N = 1,163 participants (82.3% women, aged 18 to 78; Md = 45) who were randomized to seven intervention conditions lasting one week; (1) learning about the VIA classification of character strengths, (2) learning about one’s own strengths, using signature strengths (3) in a new way, (4) with a minor challenge, (5) with a larger challenge, (6) for other people, (7) forming a strengths-based habit, or a placebo control condition (early memories). Results showed that using signature strengths in a new way led to increased well-being, social well-being, as well as character strengths states and traits. Forming a strengths-based habit also increased well-being and character strengths states. No effects on ill-being were found. In Study 2, we tested a four-week multi-component program that combined several interventions tested in Study 1 in a sample of N = 254 participants (77.8% women, aged 19 to 87; Md = 42). Compared to a waitlist control group, the intervention condition showed increases in well-being and character strengths states, and reductions in stress and neuroticism. We conclude that character strengths interventions may not only affect well-being but also character strengths states and traits, as well as broader personality traits such as neuroticism.

Reliability and Factorial Validity of the Core Self-Evaluations Scale

Abstract: The Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES) measures a broad personality trait reflecting individuals’ self-appraisals of their worth, capabilities, and control of their lives. Although the CSES was designed to capture a single trait, factor analytic studies often found more complex measurement structures. These either referred to different content facets or methodological artifacts due to the item wording. The present random-effects meta-analysis summarized correlation matrices from 53 samples including 31,843 respondents. After accounting for acquiescent responding, meta-analytic confirmatory factor analyses revealed a single common factor for all items. The factor was highly reliable (ω = .87) and demonstrated partial metric measurement invariance across English, German, and Spanish language versions as well as cultural tendencies of individualism and flexibility. However, Chinese and Romanian translations exhibited substantially lower factor loadings. These results corroborate the use of the CSES as a unidimensional measure, albeit systematic investigations of measurement invariance are recommended before its use in cross-cultural research.

The Virtual Identity Status: The Concept and Inventory (VISI)

The objective of the study was to develop and test the methodology to assess virtual identity statuses: identity achieved, moratorium, foreclosure, diffusion. The digital image, mediated by technologies and self-simulated, refers to the virtual identity, but the basis of its psychological mechanism remains unknown. The psychological scientists study the impact of digital experiences on virtual identity, yet no research has been conducted to date that captures the statuses this complex entity. Our study of the virtual identity statuses draws on E. Erikson's conceptualizations of the identity development and provisions of cultural-historical theory. This study applies an originally designed Virtual Identity Status Inventory (VISI). The study also measured: the five broad personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism) and self-determination. The sample comprised 350 students (age range 17 to 25 years; 44.3% men). For data processing, confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach coefficient alpha, Pear son’s r-test, and Student's t-test were applied in the SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21 programs. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 2-factor structure of the inventory, formed by the scales “In-Depth Exploration” and “Meaningfulness of Commitment” (χ2/df = 1.17; p = .08; RMSEA = .07; CFI = .93). We modeled these variables into 4 quadrants formed by a 2-axis circumflex integration of scales in 4 virtual identity statuses. We found that male students, who were open to new experiences and high in self-determination, significantly often demonstrated an achieved virtual identity (p < .01). The status of virtual identity was relatively stable during 2 months (φ* = .21). Thus, the VISI is reliable and valid, and can be used as a tool for solving theoretical, empirical, and experimental problems related to identity development in digital space.

HOT and Attractive? The Hazardous Organization Tool as an Instrument to Avoid Attracting and Retaining People with Low Ethical Standards

AbstractTo foster and sustain an ethical culture, organizations need to attract and retain people with high ethical standards. However, there is a lack of knowledge about which organizational characteristics influence the pre- and post-entry work attitudes and behaviors of people with high ethical standards. To fill this gap, we drew on person–organization fit (PO fit) theories and developed the Hazardous Organization Tool (HOT) based on a broad personality trait that is strongly related to ethical standards and predictive of unethical workplace behavior—honesty-humility from the HEXACO personality model. The HOT consists of 9 items that describe organizations that are rated as more attractive by people with low ethical standards. The HOT can be used to measure the extent to which people are attracted to hazardous organizations (HOT-A) and the extent to which people perceive an organization to be hazardous (HOT-P) with different instructions but identical scale options, ensuring commensurability for testing complex fit effects. We examined the validity of the HOT in four samples (total N = 1260). We found moderate to strong correlations between attractiveness ratings of the items (HOT-A) and honesty-humility (ranging from − .31 to − .56) and dark personality traits (ranging from .37 to .63). In addition, hazardous organization perceptions (HOT-P) were related to negative work attitudes and motivation, particularly for employees who were not attracted to hazardous organizations (those with high ethical standards). Overall, the current study suggests that the Hazardous Organization Tool is a valid measure. Implications for the PO fit literature and management practice are discussed.

Autonomy support, personality, and mindset in predicting academic performance among early adolescents: The mediating role of self‐determined motivation

AbstractThere is a growing interest on the role of noncognitive factors such as personality traits and implicit beliefs in accounting for individual differences in academic performance. Autonomy support from primary socializing agents too is an important tool for enhancing student motivation and other learning outcomes. In this study, we tested a model hypothesizing that the broad personality traits of conscientiousness and openness, growth mindset, and perceived teacher and parent autonomy support would be distal predictors of academic performance, with self‐determined motivation proximally accounting for performance outcomes. Middle school students (N = 234) completed an online Qualtrics survey. Students' year‐end grade point averages for all subjects were used as an indicator of their academic performance. We found that conscientiousness had direct and indirect effects (through autonomous motivation) on academic performance. Openness, growth mindset, and parent autonomy support were indirectly associated with academic performance through their effects on autonomous motivation. The effect of teacher autonomy support on academic performance was mediated by both controlled motivation and autonomous motivation.

Events-Affect-Personality: A Daily Diary Investigation of the Mediating Effects of Affect on the Events-Personality Relationship.

Our 10-day diary investigation anchored in dynamic personality theories, such as Whole Trait Theory examined (a) whether within-person variability in two broad personality traits Extraversion and Neuroticism is consistently predicted by daily events, (b) whether positive and negative affect, respectively partly mediate this relationship and (c) the lagged relationships between events, and next day variations in affect and personality. Results revealed that personality exhibited significant within-person variability, that positive and negative affect partly mediate the relationship between events and personality, affect accounting for up to 60% of the effects of events on personality. Additionally, we identified that event-affect congruency was accountable for larger effects compared to event-affect non-congruency.

Structural and Inter-individual Differentiation in Personality Traits Across the Adult Lifespan

The concept of differentiation describes increasing or decreasing similarities between inter-individual differences on psychological constructs, reflecting processes of specialization or adaptation. In this study, we studied age-differentiation in personality traits in (1) the trait domain and facet loadings, (2) the correlations between trait domains, and (3) trait domain, facet, and item (residual) variances. We used three large cross-sectional samples (Ns > 3000) covering 16–90 years of age with broad measures of the Big Five, Five-Factor, and HEXACO models. We examined age effects on the model parameters using local structural equation modeling. We found a high stability of the trait domain loadings, suggesting relatively stable trait domain compositions across age. Extraversion-Openness correlations increased across age for all three measures, whereas an increase in the Extraversion-Agreeableness and decrease in the absolute Neuroticism-Extraversion correlations only replicated across the five-dimensional models. Inter-individual differences in personality were similar across age in the trait domains and facets but differed substantially for item residuals. In summary, the structure and individual differences in broad personality traits is relatively stable across the adult lifespan, with most age-differences only affecting the item level.

Breed, age, and social environment are associated with personality traits in dogs

Personality in pets and other domesticated animals is important for their well-being and it can also influence human-animal relationships. Genetic and environmental factors influencing unwanted behavior in dogs are somewhat well known, but the factors influencing dog personality remain understudied. Here we examined environmental and demographic factors associated with seven broad personality traits in a survey of over 11,000 dogs. We utilized linear models and extensive model validation to examine the factors that have the most significant influences on personality and calculated effect sizes to assess the importance of these variables. Breed and age had the strongest associations with dog personality traits. Some environmental factors, especially puppyhood socialization, were also associated with personality. All factors had small effect sizes, highlighting that a lot of variation in personality remains unexplained. Our results indicate that personality traits are complex and strikingly similar in dogs, humans, and other nonhuman animals.

Five-Factor Model and DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorder Profile Construction: Associations with Cognitive Ability and Clinical Symptoms

Although numerous studies have explored latent profiles using the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of normative personality, no studies have investigated how broad personality traits (i.e., FFM) and pathological personality traits using the alternative model of personality disorder (AMPD) may combine for latent personality profiles. The present study recruited outpatients (N = 201) who completed the Big Five Aspects Scales (BFAS), Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I/P), gambling and alcohol use measures, and the Weschler Intelligence subtests. When FFM and AMPD measures were combined, latent profile analyses revealed four profiles, Internalizing-Thought disorder, Externalizing, Average-Detached, and Adaptive. Detachment and openness to experience were the most and least essential traits for profile distinction, respectively. No associations between group membership and cognitive ability measures were found. Internalizing-Thought disorder membership was linked with a current mood and anxiety disorder diagnosis. Externalizing profile membership was associated with younger age, problematic gambling, alcohol use, and a current substance use disorder diagnosis. The four FFM-AMPD profiles overlapped with the four FFM-only and three AMPD-only profiles. Overall, the FFM-AMPD profiles appeared to have better convergent and discriminant validity with DSM-relevant psychopathology.

The disgust traits: Self-other agreement in pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity and their independence from HEXACO personality.

A broad literature indicates that pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity relate to, among other things, political attitudes, moral condemnation, and symptoms of psychopathology. Consequently, disgust sensitivity has been widely assessed across subfields of psychology. Yet, no work has examined whether self-reports in disgust sensitivity reflect systematic trait variation that is detectable by others, and the extent to which such variation is distinct from broader personality. Here, we present the first study to examine self-other agreement in pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity. Romantic partners (n₁ = 290), friends (n₂ = 212), and acquaintances (n₃ = 140) rated each other on these three domains of disgust sensitivity and on HEXACO personality. Correlations between dyad partners' self and other ratings were calculated to estimate the magnitude of self-other agreement. We found self-other agreement in all domains of disgust sensitivity (rs of .46, .66, and .36 for pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity, respectively), with this agreement weakly to moderately inferred from personality perceptions (percentages mediated by HEXACO were 15%, 7%, and 33% for pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity, respectively). These results suggest that pathogen, sexual, and moral disgust sensitivity reflect systematic trait variation that is detectable by others and distinct from broader personality traits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Beyond the brain localization of complex traits: Distributed white matter markers of personality.

Extensive work in personality neuroscience has shown mixed results in the ability to localize reliable relationships between personality traits and neuroimaging measures. However, recent work in translational neuroimaging has recognized that multifaceted psychological dispositions are not represented in discrete, highly localized brain areas. As such, standard univariate neuroimaging analyses may not be well-suited for capturing broad personality traits supported by distributed networks. The present study uses an out-of-sample predictive modeling approach to identify multivariate signatures of Big Five personality traits within the structural integrity of white matter pathways using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. In Study 1 (N=491), we trained a ridge regression model to predict each of the Big Five traits and tested these models in an independent hold-out subsample. We found that models for both Neuroticism and Openness were significantly related to predictive accuracy in the hold-out sample. Study 2 (N=108) applied Study 1's predictive models to an independent set of data collected on a different scanner and using a different Big Five scale. Here, we found that the model for Neuroticism remained a significant predictor of individual difference. Our findings provide evidence that this white matter signature of Neuroticism generalizes across differences in measurement and samples.

A Meta-Analysis of Test-Retest Reliability in Language Anxiety Research: Is Language Anxiety Stable or Variable?

Researchers have agreed that language anxiety is situation-specific; however, whether existing instruments measure stable or transient components of this anxiety remains controversial. Therefore, this study examined language anxiety’s trait stability and state variability. The results from synthesizing 21 test-retest correlations based on existing scales showed a large effect ( r = .82). Meta-regression and subgroup analyses revealed that the aggregated correlation varied with target languages, but not with age, measuring scales, or retest intervals. The overall results provide evidence that situation-specific language anxiety, as measured by existing scales, is as stable as broad personality traits are, but it is not a personality trait. This finding suggests a need to develop anxiety instruments for transient state language anxiety that will complement rather than replace existing scales that are capable of measuring the temporal stability of language anxiety. This finding also provides implications for language research and practice with regard to anxiety, and for research on other individual-difference variables and their measurement.

Social network size and personality traits independently and prospectively predict distress disorders and suicidal behavior in U.S. Army soldiers.

Personality traits (e.g. neuroticism) and the social environment predict risk for internalizing disorders and suicidal behavior. Studying these characteristics together and prospectively within a population confronted with high stressor exposure (e.g. U.S. Army soldiers) has not been done, yet could uncover unique and interactive predictive effects that may inform prevention and early intervention efforts. Five broad personality traits and social network size were assessed via self-administered questionnaires among experienced soldiers preparing for deployment (N = 4645) and new soldiers reporting for basic training (N = 6216). Predictive models examined associations of baseline personality and social network variables with recent distress disorders or suicidal behaviors assessed 3- and 9-months post-deployment and approximately 5 years following enlistment. Among the personality traits, elevated neuroticism was consistently associated with increased mental health risk following deployment. Small social networks were also associated with increased mental health risk following deployment, beyond the variance accounted for by personality. Limited support was found for social network size moderating the association between personality and mental health outcomes. Small social networks also predicted distress disorders and suicidal behavior 5 years following enlistment, whereas unique effects of personality traits on these more distal outcomes were rare. Heightened neuroticism and small social networks predict a greater risk for negative mental health sequelae, especially following deployment. Social ties may mitigate adverse impacts of personality traits on psychopathology in some contexts. Early identification and targeted intervention for these distinct, modifiable factors may decrease the risk of distress disorders and suicidal behavior.

Academic online learning experience during COVID-19 - a systematic literature review based on personality traits

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the literature regarding the academic online learning experience under the lens of broad personality traits, in the transition from traditional to online learning due to global coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19).Design/methodology/approachThe systematic literature review is based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) method and includes indexed empirical studies in academic institutes during the period of COVID-19 outbreak.FindingsElectronic sources identified 103 references; while after the elimination of duplicates and irrelevant titles, 42 papers were forwarded for abstract screening and later full-text assessment. Of these, 14 met the eligibility criteria. Finally, nine studies were included in the literature review profiling and in the qualitative analysis.Originality/valueThe research insights provided in this study are useful in terms of enhancing the view that link broad personality traits and various learning outcomes, during the necessitated transition to online learning by the public health emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic.

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF BRAND LOVE – CAN EXTRAVERSION AS A PERSONALITY TRAIT MODERATE THIS INTERACTION

Purpose- Today, the most important factor for every brand is to attract consumers to them in a competitive environment and to develop and maintain long-term relationships with them. At this point, businesses are trying to establish a link between their brands. One of the most important ways to create this bond is to build brand love. In this context, the concept of brand love has become extremely important for marketing science. The brands that have become love brands in the eyes of consumers are mentioned by consumers on every platform and provide a competitive advantage for businesses (McDowell, 2011). Thus, consumer-brand relationships have become a popular topic in marketing literature, which has attracted the attention of marketing researchers as well as academics (Albert & Merunka, 2013; Carroll & Ahuvia, 2006; Nawaz, Jiang, Alam, & Nawaz, 2020). Brand love is affected by many factors, which are called antecedents. This study focuses on examining the relationship between the antecedents and consequences of brand love. In today’s digital world, social media platforms have become an indispensable practice in life. We consider Instagram as a brand, and it exhibits brand love. The first purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship between the antecedents and consequences of brand love in the context of Instagram. The main factors, which are analyzed within the scope of the study, are the perceived hedonic value of Instagram, the utilitarian influence of reference groups as well as consumer-oriented perceived brand equity as the antecedents of brand love. We take brand loyalty as a consequence of brand love, which is listed as one of the outcomes of brand love from the consumer perspective. The second aim of this study is to investigate the mediator role of extraversion on brand love and brand loyalty, which is one of the five broad personality traits. Methodology- Within the scope of these purposes, data were collected by an online survey method from 287 people using Instagram with the help of snowball sampling. The collected data was analyzed with SPSS 16 and AMOS 25 package programs. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine the validity of the scales. Then the research hypotheses tested using structural equation modeling. Findings- The analysis reveals that the hedonic value of using Instagram, the utilitarian influence of reference groups, and brand equity have a positive effect on brand love, while brand love has a positive effect on brand loyalty. Furthermore, it is revealed that extraversion has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between brand love and brand loyalty. Conclusion-In this regard, this study reveals the importance and benefits of brand love and the proposed antecedents and consequences of brand love, as well as extraversion for social media and other sectors of industry. By understanding the antecedents and consequences of brand love, managers can get a better understanding of the factors that orientate consumers’ inner feelings for the brand. As a result of this study, brand love and other variables which were part of the model are highly important factors which influence the connectivity between consumers and brands. If the love for the brand is higher, the loyalty for the brand from the perspective of consumers is also higher because brand love has a positive effect on brand loyalty. Therefore, it is extremely important for businesses to try to establish a link between their consumers and the brand and to ensure the formation of brand love. By establishing a a mutual relation between a consumer and a brand, businesses can likewise ensure the loyalty of the consumer towards the brand. Extroverts are more likely to be in a more direct contact with the brand because of their feelings toward it than introverts. Since hedonic value of product also has a positive effect on brand love and loyalty likewise, businesses can use this situation for their own profit by introducing various and different products that will attract customers of this character. Keywords: Brand love, hedonic value, influence of reference groups, extraversion, brand equity JEL Codes: M30, M31, M39

From goals to traits: A pre-registered replication study of Dunlop, McCoy, and Staben (2017)

The present manuscript aims to test the primary hypothesis of Dunlop, McCoy, and Staben’s (2017) study that perceivers are able to accurately form impressions of broad personality traits from reading a target’s set of personal strivings. For increased reliability, the pre-registered N = 250 perceivers rated the traits of 167 sets of strivings (each perceiver rating an average of 10 targets; each target rated by 17 perceivers) using a randomized subsection of the 44-item BFI. The present study replicated Dunlop and colleagues’ findings, which carries two implications. One: that brief descriptions of what one typically tries to accomplish each day are an additional valid source of information from which we can perceive an individual’s personality. Two: accuracy in personality perception can cross two distinct personality domains, which have been largely taxonomized and researched separately.

Measuring Italian Resilience

Abstract: The Essential Resilience Scale (ERS) measures global trait resilience and three factors of physical, emotional, and social resilience. This study developed an Italian adaptation of the ERS and recruited participants from Italy ( N = 500) to complete the measure along with criterion validity measures of broad personality traits and related psychological concepts. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrated robust evidence for a well-fitting three-factor model of the ERS, with items strongly loading onto their respective latent factors. Utilizing Samejima’s graded response model, most item discrimination values were moderate-to-high, and category threshold parameters were well-distributed throughout the latent continuum. The ERS showed correlations in the expected directions with extraversion, emotionality, optimism, mastery, resilience, behavioral activation, behavioral inhibition, stress, and well-being. Cultural invariance was supported (at the scale- and item-level) with multigroup CFA and differential item functioning (DIF) with a sample of Canadian English speakers ( N = 874). Findings evinced the internal consistency (i.e., total MacDonald’s ω), factorial validity (i.e., three-factor CFA), criterion validity (i.e., personality, temperament), and convergent validity (i.e., trait resilience and well-being) of the Italian ERS. Results suggest the Italian ERS can be applied for measuring resilience for future research studies in Italian-speaking populations.