Broad Interpretation Research Articles

A Compromise Doomed to Failure: The Soviet Practice of Greek ‘Language Construction’ in the 1920s–1930s

ABSTRACT The ‘Greek language problem’ in the USSR represented a special ‘case of complex ethno-linguistic identification,’ because in the Soviet Union, in addition to Katharevousa and Dimotiki, several dialects (languages) were used as a spoken language. In May 1926, at the first All-Union Meeting on Cultural Building among the Greeks of the USSR it was decided to abandon the use of Katharevousa. However, the reform of 1926 created the ground for a very broad interpretation. In 1932–1934, several more meetings on the ‘Greek issue’ were organized in the USSR, as well as a linguistic expedition to the places of residence of the Greeks. But the final decision on the ‘language problem’ has never been made.

Обращение взыскания на роскошь

In the article, the author assesses the positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation regarding the content of paragraph. 2 clause. 1 art. 446 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in terms of ensuring such constitutional rights of a citizen as the right to private property and the right to housing. The conclusion is formulated about the existence of a legal conflict between the constitutionally established procedure for limiting constitutional rights and a broad interpretation of this legal norm. The author notes that high-quality consideration by the courts of legal personification can serve as a surefire means of maintaining balance in the context of a pro-creditor approach in the issue of foreclosure on the only residential premises suitable for habitation.

Sweden: multiculturalism and specifics of religious freedom’s realization in secular state

Sweden has a long history of being a monoconfessional state. However, in the 20th – 21st centuries the composition of Swedish society has changed, leading the country into a crisis caused by the policy of ignoring the needs of ethnic and religious minorities. In recent years, multidisciplinary research works have been focused on finding a ground of the current social and political destabilization in this country caused by on-going religion- and ethic-based conflicts between its nationals. Some of them suggest that Sweden is not a secular but a clerical state, others – that there is a gap in its legislation.The author of the article offers another point of view, according to which, the Swedish law enforcer distorts the constitutional and legal meaning of the provisions on religious freedom that occurs under the influence of historical specifics of the development of Swedish law, hence the lack of uniformity in law enforcement practice for the implementation of this fundamental human right.The subject of the study is the norms of the legislation of Sweden, including historical legal acts and documents, as well as relevant court cases and key findings of domestic and foreign research works.Objective: to prove the influence of historical specifics of the development of Swedish law on the current legal enforcement practice under which the distortion of the constitutional and legal meaning by the Swedish law enforcement takes place.Methods: the author employs a combination of general (content-analysis, case-study, formal logical method, generalization etc.) and private scientific methods (formal judicial methods, concrete sociological method of studying state and legal phenomena etc).Results: The obtained results demonstrate that Swedish law enforcement has been given an opportunity for a broad interpretation of constitutional norms. The author identifies the distortion of the constitutional and legal meaning in provisions that provide a special status to followers of the evangelical faith, on the one hand, and a partial ban on religious and ethnic minorities from expressing their confessional affiliation, on the other. The analysis of specifics of the development of Swedish law demonstrates the possible ground of the existing constitutional inequality is the historically discriminatory nature of the legislation in relation to followers of other religious cults. These results can be used as a foundation for future research in the field of realization of religious liberty in multicultural states.

Investigating crimes against the foundations of national security: analysis of the content of new articles of the Criminal Code

It is indicated that in the context of the russian invasion of Ukraine, there is an urgent need to modernize the forensic methodology of investigating crimes against the foundations of national security. Full-scale aggression has led to the emergence of new forms of such crimes, including treason, sabotage and collaborationism, which pose a serious threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state. The updated methodology should take into account the peculiarities of the state of war, the difficulty of gathering evidence in the occupied territories, and the need to counter cybercrimes and information sabotage. It should ensure effective detection, documentation and investigation of crimes in conditions of limited access to the places of their commission, taking into account the risk of loss of evidence due to hostilities. In addition, the methodology should facilitate rapid response to new threats to national security, including hybrid forms of aggression, and improve coordination between various law enforcement agencies and special services. An important aspect is also the consideration of international cooperation in the investigation of war crimes. The author notes that the analysis of the draft Law «On Amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine on Improving Liability for Collaborative Activities and Related Criminal Offenses gives reason to say that it offers an innovative approach to the wording of Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, clearly defining the types activities that qualify as criminal offenses. However, some aspects of the new edition need clarification and refinement. The main problem lies in the insufficient specificity of individual wording of actions classified as collaborative activities. This creates the risk of an overly broad interpretation, which can lead to difficulties in the practical application of the law during the investigation of this type of crime, ambiguity in law enforcement, the risk of unjustified prosecution, and difficulties in distinguishing between legal and illegal activities under the occupation.

Juridical Review of the Phrase "Unlawful" in Decisions on Corruption Crimes in State-Owned Legal Entities

In several court decisions in cases of criminal acts of corruption in State-Owned Enterprises (SOE), the phrase "against the law" is in Article 2 paragraph 1 of Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes as amended based on Law Number 20 2001 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes (Anti Corruption Act) is interpreted broadly by referring to the explanation of these regulations. Because it relates to an offense, the phrase "against the law" should be interpreted by taking into account the principle of legality, the principle of nullum delictum nulla poena sine previa lege poenali. The use of a broad interpretation of the phrase "against the law" results in unclear differences between unlawful acts in the context of civil law and (onrechtmatige daad) and unlawful acts in the context of criminal law (wederrechtelijkheid). This results in the risk of criminalization of SOE officials, giving rise to fear in making business decisions. The formulation of the problem in this research is how to interpret the phrase "against the law" in article 2 paragraph (1) of the Corruption Law when it is related to cases of criminal acts of corruption in SOE and what is the judge's interpretation of the phrase "against the law" in decisions court for criminal acts of corruption in SOE. The research method used is a research method with a normative juridical approach. The results of the research show that the phrase "against the law" is interpreted broadly in the explanation of article 2 paragraph (1) of the Corruption Law, and judges in several corruption crime decisions interpreted the phrase "against the law" broadly, resulting in violations of the Standard Operating Procedure, Work Plan and The Company's Articles and other internal company regulations are interpreted as unlawful acts that can be considered a criminal act of corruption.

THE CONCEPT OF “THE POLITICAL”: CONTENT, SCOPE, FUNCTIONS

Politics, state, government, bureaucracy, law, etc. as institutions, war, revolution, elections, lawmaking, etc. as processes, sociological polling, collection, storage, presentation and dissemination of information, digitalization, lobbying, corruption, etc. as technologies are hyponyms, that is, concepts expressing a private essence in relation to another, more general concept - hyperonym. Such a common concept for them is political. And a deep understanding of its meaning and content is the initial condition for their scientific research. Today, society has not developed a socially significant and generally accepted understanding of the political. In modern discourse, it has a fairly broad interpretation, characterized by multivariance and ambiguity. At the same time, its meaning and content are often deliberately and purposefully distorted and distorted. On this basis, they sometimes talk about politics as an extremely contradictory concept. The article presents an experience of operationalization of the concept of “political”. It offers the author’s definition of the political, reveals its originality, its relationship with politics and its role in understanding and describing the sphere of politics. An attempt is made to identify criteria of politicality, to reveal the content, scope and functions of the title concept.

Bilateral investment treaties and investors’ social accountability: the law and praxis in South Asia

PurposeInternational investment law governs matters related to transnational investments. The extensive reach of transnational corporations (TNCs) has granted them substantial economic, political and social influence, often intertwining them with public interest issues and implications in human rights violations. This paper aims to explore the profound influence exerted by TNCs in today’s globalized world and its implications for human rights and social responsibility within the framework of international investment law. Particularly, it acknowledges the vulnerability of economically weak South Asian states and cites past instances such as the Bhopal gas tragedy in India and the Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh as egregious violations of human rights. Focusing on South Asian bilateral investment treaties (BITs), this paper aims to examine the scope of investors’ social accountability.Design/methodology/approachThis research engages with doctrinal and analytical methods in traversing through primary and secondary sources. It would parse the arbitral tribunals’ jurisprudence for their discussion on the inclusion of social accountability obligations within international investment agreements (IIAs). Further, it engages in a quantitative analysis related to the nature of the social accountability-related obligation of the corporation within South Asian BITs.FindingsThe findings reveal a glaring absence of the law on investors’ social accountability and the need for enhanced regulatory mechanisms to address the escalating influence of TNCs on human and social rights. The absence of a robust legal framework, coupled with the asymmetric nature of international investment law, granting investors greater rights and leverage compared to states, exacerbates this challenge. The phenomenon of “regulatory chill” inhibits states from effectively enforcing regulatory measures aimed at protecting human rights and the environment. Furthermore, the broad interpretation of clauses such as “fair and equitable treatment” by investment tribunals often undermines states’ ability to implement measures in the public interest. While international organizations such as the UNCTAD and the UNCITRAL Working Group III are actively discussing reforms to IIAs, the existing guidelines addressing investors’ social accountability are woefully lacking in the content as well as the method of their integration with international human rights law. The findings underscore the imperative for South Asian nations, the subject of this research’s empirical analysis, to adopt a comprehensive approach involving both domestic law reforms to promote corporate social accountability and active pursuit of negotiations for the inclusion of binding social obligations for investors within IIAs.Practical ImplicationsThis research, drawing upon international law developments, offers suggestions for incorporation of social accountability provisions via relevant domestic law reform. The research could be viewed as a prelude for mapping the legal developments in the area of investors’ social accountability within investment agreements, as well as investment contracts, drawing guidance from international law instruments.Originality/ValueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, no other study analysed the scope of investors’ social accountability in South Asian BITs.

Electoral system: concept and elements

The article focuses on the approaches towards understanding the concept of the electoral system, which may be the subject of research outside the field of law. The author distinguishes different opinions of foreign and Ukrainian scholars on the term “electoral system”, in particular, narrow and broad interpretation. The author analyzes the elements which inherently fill and reveal the concept of the electoral system. The article provides an overview of scientific research and concepts that study electoral systems, including the works of prominent Ukrainian and foreign scholars, as well as documents of international organizations and institutions. The author analyzes different approaches to the interpretation of the concept of “electoral system”, its legal nature and key elements that have a significant impact on the formation of elected bodies and the organization of electoral processes, and further establishment of democratic principles. The author presents various positions on the elements through which the concept of the electoral system is revealed, such as the electoral formula, electoral district, method of expressing the will of voters, structure of the ballot and the process of filling it out, method of voting, etc. The author shows the importance of these elements and how they are reflected in the definition and modification of different types of electoral systems. The author emphasizes the need for further study of the concept of an electoral system and its system-forming elements, which allow constructing an appropriate type of electoral system, in the context of Ukraine’s experience in organizing and conducting elections. This will have a positive impact on the process of improving the electoral systems used in the formation of elected bodies at the legislative level, which will consequently contribute to ensuring greater transparency of a number of electoral procedures, obtaining fair results and minimizing the risks of their distortion. The author outlines the problem of periodic unsystematic changes in electoral systems in the formation of elected bodies in Ukraine, which in turn generates negative trends in the decline of citizens’ electoral culture, trust in the results of voters’ expression of will and unpredictable consequences in the socio-political context.

An Empirical Study of How Tribunals Interpret Stand-Alone FET Clauses regarding Their Relationship with the MST and How It Impacts Findings on Liability

This article provides the first empirical survey since the 2012 UNCTAD Report of how tribunals have addressed a specific type of Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) clause: stand-alone clauses containing no reference to international law or any other standard. The vast majority of awards did not take a position on the issue of whether that standard offers the same or different level of protection compared to the Minimum Standard of Treatment (MST) under custom. Yet, those that did have overwhelmingly concluded that the clause must be interpreted to have an autonomous character, not related to the MST. These tribunals have also given broad interpretation of the scope and content of the clause which, in turn, had an impact on how they have addressed matters of liability and compensation. The success rate of FET claims is higher for tribunals which have expressly stated that a stand-alone FET clause has an ‘autonomous’ character compared to others which did not take a position on this question (two-thirds versus 50%). Notably, the overall success rate of FET claims under a stand-alone clause (50%) is much higher compared to that of awards examining FET clauses where the standard is expressly linked to the MST.

The Category of Good Faith in Modern Russian Civil Law

The paper considers the main approaches to understanding the essence of the category of good faith in modern civil law of the Russian Federation. The emphasis is placed on the problem of the lack of a unified approach to understanding this category in modern civil law science. The author analyzes the historical course of the development and formation of good faith: it takes its origins from the category of bona fides of Roman private law, which clearly had a moral significance. The conclusion is formulated about the borrowing of such a meaning by the modern category of conscientiousness. Explaining the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the category of good faith, the Plenum of the Supreme Court applied a broad interpretation and determined that its key feature is the coordination of its interests with the interests of other subjects of civil turnover. The paper examines the approaches of various scientists to understanding the category in question. Thus, according to E. E. Bogdanova, conscientiousness is a purely moral category and can be assessed only from the standpoint of the rules of morality. E. A. Sukhanov’s approach, on the contrary, considers good faith as the condition of a person who is unaware of facts entailing certain legal consequences and defines this category as «ethically indifferent». The position of I. B. Novitsky, who for the first time divided conscientiousness into objective and subjective categories, is noteworthy. Objective conscientiousness acts as an external measure of civil legal relations, while subjective conscientiousness is a person’s ignorance of circumstances important to the law. The author concludes on the flexibility of the category of good faith due to its ambiguous and ambivalent nature.

Memahami Kaidah Ushuliyah Al-Am, Al-Khas, Al-Amru dan An-Nahyu Sebagai Metodologi Penetapan Hukum Islam

There are at least three problems that will arise if the establishment of the Islamic law ignores the Ushuli theory; the ambiguity in the use of Ushuli theory, the misunderstanding of the Nash in the Qur'an and Hadith, and the broad interpretation because it does not focus on one or more of the Uushuri theories. The purpose of the study is to know the approach of the Ushuliyah al-am, al-khas, al-amru and al-nahyu as methodologies, procedures, and problems in the establishment of Islamic law. This research is a qualitative library research with a Ushul Fiqh approach. It is the same in the Qur'an as in the Quran. The procedure for the establishment of Islamic law is not much different from some of the views of scholars conducted, in general, namely by searching for the provisions of the law in Al-Qu’an and Hadith and analogous to the Islamic Shariah. The problem is that it lies at the core of the beginning of the law, on the different understanding and meaning that is presented or expressed by the scholars, the solution to overcome this problem by following the agreement of the scholar. Thus, in the understanding of the teachings of the Ushuri: Al-Am, Al-Khas, al-Amru and An-Nahyu, which is a small part of the studies of Ushuli, open a great opportunity for further research to discuss more fully about the teaching of Ussuri than Al-Amm, Al - Khas, Amru and Al – Nahyu.

Features of management decisions in enforcement agencies

The article examines the features of managerial decision-making in such public authorities as enforcement agencies. The author considers management decisions in enforcement agencies from the point of view of the phonomena of their legal status, in particular, as a tool for ensuring the enforcement of an authoritative decision of a judge, judicial authority, other public authority, official in relation to a single legal entity: a citizen, an organization, a public authority. This proves the importance of the role of management decisions in ensuring human and civil rights as the highest value, authoritative publicly significant decisions on the scale of the entire state. Adhering to a broad interpretation of the definitions of the concepts of “public administration”, “act”, the author comes to the conclusion that the management decision — this is a process that requires formalization, and which permeates the entire activity of the enforcement authority, in particular and mainly, illustrating the process of enforcement proceedings, asserts that a management decision accompanies it from the moment of receipt of the enforcement document to its completion, says that as long as the state exists, it will need tools for the enforcement of authority decisions, and therefore in a management decision. According to the author, a legally significant managerial decision of the enforcement body, its official, is based on a triad of conditions on the basis of which it is made: legislative, jurisdictional, competent; it takes the form of a legal act of management, the main of which is a resolution. In addition to resolutions, the author names such forms of management decisions as a request, a bilateral act and others, arguing his position from the point of view of a broad understanding of the term “act”. The author comes to the conclusion that the adoption of a managerial decision in enforcement proceedings is a vivid example of a combination of administrative procedure and specific administrative and jurisdictional proceedings, characteristic only of a bailiff conducting enforcement proceedings, in the unity of conditionally allocated types of administrative procedural activities.

Errors in the visual perception of the victim

A particularly complex activity, listening to people is often the object of criticism that mainly concerns the precarious balance required to be maintained between the desire of the persons involved for a broad interpretation in the field of limits needed to be imposed to the professional approach of the investigation and the desire of professionals to be able to use as many means and procedures as possible to put pressure on the interviewed person, to break his/her will in order to obtain as much useful information as possible. Perception is a cognitive psychic process, which consists in reflecting objects and phenomena in the integrity of their qualities at the moment of action on the sense organs. It is rightly considered that perceptual activities are the basis of all behaviors, as without prior perception it will not be possible to learn, speak, memorize, communicate. Perception allows us to become aware of the environment and to interact with it or act on it. Errors of perception, as well as other types of errors admitted by the person, are recognized by the legislature as a basis for criminal liability, and are therefore attributable, since in this case, by exercising a greater dose of care and prudence, the perpetrator should and could have been aware that he was admitting an error. A special role in the process of forming the statements of the injured party is played by visual sensations, in that they provide an accurate and complete picture of the surrounding world. The individuality of the one who is heard, both in the actual listening and during possible reconstructions, confrontations, or presentations for recognition, is likely to generate deviations from objective truth. Preconceived ideas and points of view influenced by discussions with others change the range of elements that the listened person might remember about the deed. The danger of influencing those who testify in cases of sensation is particularly great. Even if there are several statements that coincide, the fact itself gives only a conditional guarantee about the trust that the investigator can have in them.

The liberal conception of free speech and its limits

ABSTRACT Unfortunately, many people today see the regulation of lies, disinformation, hate speech, and fake news as an infringement of free speech, at least when such speech is ‘political,’ despite the damage that such speech can do. But this very protective attitude toward speech rests on a mistaken understanding of the role of free speech in a liberal society. The right to free speech is based on the liberal value of freedom, and as such can be no broader than freedom itself. And freedom has always been subject to reasonable limits in a liberal society. Indeed, while the principles of toleration and neutrality are often cited as supporting a broad interpretation of the right to free speech, they also tell us that certain limits apply to that right. We need not tolerate speech that encourages intolerance, and while government should be neutral between reasonable conceptions of the good, it need not be neutral between reasonable and unreasonable conceptions. These ideas form the framework of liberal society, and as I shall show, also provide a guide for understanding what kind of speech is protected in a liberal society and what it is not.

Historiographical Distortion of R.A Kartini's Heroism in a Feminist Sociological Perspective

The historiography of R.A Kartini 's heroism is a choice of topic that is quite challenging to discuss because Kartini is the only heroine who is armed with ideas. By tracing the historiography of Indonesian heroes, it was identified that not many of them left traces for the next generation in the form of written ideas. The monumental work that makes Kartini unique is a book titled “Letters of Javanese Princess.” The book “Letters of Javanese Princess” became a new milestone in the struggle of Indonesian women to gain access to formal education. The method used in this textual research is critical hermeneutics. The critical hermeneutics method allows a broad interpretation of written texts accessed by researchers. The results show that the historiography of Kartini's heroic values tended to be distorted by her rhetorical value alone. The impact is the occurrence of cults and devotional attitudes towards personality. The content of historical knowledge based on monumental historiography is quite risky because cults and devotions are always final, making it unnecessary to re-dialogue their existence. This research can be positioned as an auto criticism of Kartini's heroic historiography by utilizing the paradigm of feminist sociology.

When will the courts recognize the independence of the grounds for compensation for damage caused by the illegal use of procedural for in Part 3 of Article 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation?

The uncertainty of the criminal procedure legislation regarding the recognition of the right to compensation for harm for a certain category of persons gives rise to the relevance of the study of this issue. Based on the provisions of part 3 of Article 133, Article 139 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, an analysis of the normative complex has been carried out with the help of which, in judicial practice, compensation for harm to persons caused by the unlawful application of procedural coercion measures to them should be ensured. Special attention is paid to court cases, the content of which reveals the problems of establishing the grounds for compensation for damage caused by the illegal use of procedural coercion measures. It is concluded that only participants in criminal proceedings, criminal prosecution against whom has been terminated on rehabilitative grounds, or illegally subjected to compulsory medical measures, as well as other persons illegally subjected to procedural coercion measures, have the right to compensation for harm in rehabilitation. Thus, the list of persons eligible for rehabilitation is definite and not subject to broad interpretation.

A Legal Conundrum - The Duty to Reasonably Accommodate: A Comment on Legal Aid South Africa v Jansen 2020 41 ILJ 2580 (LAC)

Persons with disabiliites are a historically marginalised minority, but they do possess the capacity to make a valuable contribution in the workplace. Disabilty in no way dimisses the right of individuals to be employed and to make a contribution to the labour market and the economy at large. Recent case law suggests that the duty to reasonably accommodate disabled respondents remains a conundrum for both respondents and employers in South Africa. In Legal Aid South Africa v Jansen 2020 41 ILJ 2580 (LAC) the Labour Appeal Court (LAC) overturned a judgment by the Labour Court that found that Legal Aid unfairly discriminated against a respondent with depression. In 2018, the Labour Court ordered Legal Aid to reinstate Mr Jansen in that it had acted unfairly as his depression was most likely the true cause for his misconduct. On appeal, the LAC emphasised that in order to prove automatic unfair dismissal an applicant must prove both factual and legal causation. The LAC further found that the most dominant reason for Mr Jansen's dismissal was his misconduct and not his depression. Nonetheless, the LAC emphasised that depression is a prevalent illness in the current work environment and that all employers have a duty to deal with depression in a sympathetic manner and were reminded of their obligation to investigate the disability fully, to consider reasonable accommodation and to consider alternatives short of dismissal. Respondents were also reminded of the fact that they need to co-operate with their employers. Whilst South Africa has made significant progress in enacting legislation, codes, and guidelines to lay the foundation for reasonable accommodation, role-players, with specific reference to employers and the judiciary, often overlook these detailed guidelines, especially in cases where the employee suffers from depression. Disabilty is often used interchangeably with incapacity, which is problematic. This article argues that employers should follow a broad interpretation of the guidelines contained in the Code of Good Practice: Key Aspects on the Employment of People with Disabilities (2002), as well as the Technical Assistance Guidelines. Multi-party consultations and investigations need to be conducted, with the assistance of experts, if needs be. It is further suggested that until South Africa has targeted legislation and policies which make disability management functions mandatory, reasonable accommodation will remain a conundrum.

Voluntary compensation for harm or elimination of damage caused as a circumstance that mitigates the punishment: on the question of scope

The article is devoted to the study of one of the mitigating circumstances provided for in Point 2 of Part 1 of Article 66 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, – voluntary compensation for harm or elimination of damage caused. It is noted that many issues related to this circumstance have been researched by scholars and generally accepted positions have been formulated regarding them. at the same time, the question of the amount of compensation for the harm caused or elimination of the damage caused is ambiguous, since it is not clear whether their partial compensation or elimination is allowed, or, on the contrary, only full compensation or elimination is required. The author, applying different ways of interpreting the text of the criminal law, presented a number of arguments in favor of the fact that such compensation or elimination should only be full, otherwise they cannot be taken into account as a circumstance mitigating the punishment. The opinion is provided that if it is assumed that partial compensation for the harm caused or elimination of the damage caused is as well allowed, then this will lead to problems in law enforcement, since it is impossible to justify compensation or elimination of which part of the harm or damage can be considered sufficient to mitigate the punishment. Another question arises in the context of the provisions of Part 2 of Article 66 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine on the ground of inexhaustibility of the list of mitigating circumstances, in particular, can partial compensation for the harm or elimination of the damage be taken into account as a mitigating circumstance? A negative answer is offered to this question, because it is stated that Part 2 of Article 66 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine refers to circumstances mitigating punishment other than those already provided for by the criminal law. Therefore, the recognition of partial compensation for the harm caused or elimination of the damage caused as a mitigating circumstance will nullify the significance of the circumstance provided for in Point 2 of Part 1 of Article 66 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and in general will create prerequisites for a too broad interpretation of other circumstances provided for by law.

Балетные сцены опер М. И. Глинки в отзывах современников

The article discusses the problem of ballet scenes in the operas of M. I. Glinka, "A Life for the Tsar," and "Ruslan and Lyudmila," in the context of choreographic art of the 19th century. The author documents the composer's growing interest in dance and ballet theater, the place and significance of ballet scenes in opera productions of that time. The critical responses that emerged in the press after the premieres of Glinka's operas, containing judgments on the staging of the ballet scenes, are analyzed in the paper. As a result of the analysis, the author concludes that critics who highly appreciated the music of the dance scenes were critical of their choreographic embodiment, while those who focused on the ballet were dissatisfied with the music. Additionally, the author pays attention to the method of broad interpretation of opera music through the creation of folk dances based on it. As a result, the author concludes that the objective understanding of the significance of ballet scenes in Glinka's operas became possible only with the passage of time, but their practical influence on ballet and dance scenes in Russian operas in the second half of the 19th century is undeniable.

Управление предпринимательскими сетями арктических территорий: методика проектирования сетевой архитектуры и ее реализация на Python

This study aims to develop a methodology for designing entrepreneurial networks based on assessing the potentials of actors, which are social and economic groups participating in entrepreneurial relations localized in the territories of the Russian Arctic. The objective is to ensure the reasoned participation of actors in network alliances. Methodological approaches and results of assessing the entrepreneurial potential of actors were previously presented, with the author developing approaches that account for the regional features of Arctic processes and allow for broad interpretation. To achieve this, the potential of various actors, or stakeholders operating in Arctic territories, is evaluated. This involves the use of indicators to integrate data in order to detail entrepreneurial properties. Among the indicators are involvement in creating business infrastructure, the scale of activity, innovative endeavors, professionalism of public organizations, and the efficiency of government administration in fostering a favorable investment climate. Other indicators include population engagement in innovation-driven processes (the degree of integration of local and scientific knowledge achieved by establishing formal and informal institutions and programs for interaction between the population and scientific communities; the degree of development of public institutions as subjects of the transfer of innovative solutions between participants in the territorial innovation system, etc.), the degree of monopolization of the territory's economy, the presence of large venture investors, and the venture policy of corporations indicating the stage of territory development. The article's objective is to lay theoretical foundations and methodological provisions for designing the architecture of Arctic network alliances. The focus is on ensuring maximum entrepreneurial potential, considering Arctic processes and their rapid recombination amid swift changes in the business environment. As a result, the author proposes a methodological approach to identifying actors in entrepreneurial networks and connections that support relationships between central actors. This identification is based on the target function of maximizing and restructuring entrepreneurial potential in the Arctic, whose calculation is automated through the use of the Python programming language. The article introduces the author's version of software for generating management information for network brokers. All data for assessment and design can be obtained from official open sources, ensuring the speed of data collection and processing. Research plans involve developing provisions of a methodology focused on the meso-level of the Russian Arctic macroregion for territorial, production, and socio-economic systems with significant potential for forming relations in the innovation economy.