British Work Research Articles

Integrated electronics development in the United Kingdom and Western Europe

The populations of Europe and the U. S. are compared and the general electronics position in Western Europe is surveyed briefly. Two maps illustrate the location and number of organizations engaged in research, development, and production of integrated circuits in the United Kingdom and Western Europe. Some early British work is summarized, and details are given of the present position in thin-film and integrated circuits in the United kingdom. The general integrated circuits situation in Western Europe is summarized, and details are given of thin-film and integrated circuits research, development, and production in France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, and Norway. A bibliography is included of United Kingdom and European publications.

Mechanisms of irradiation-induced growth and cracking in beryllia

Anisotropie expansion of the BeO lattice leads to the storing of strain energy in a polycrystalline material owing to grain boundary constraint. At low irradiation temperatures and doses below about 5 × 10 20 nvt at least, this strain energy can be estimated from X-ray lattice expansion data. At elevated temperatures or higher doses however, crystal growth due to irradiation-induced defects that do not affect the lattice parameters, e.g. dislocation loops, may contribute appreciably to the strain energy. British work aimed at determining the role of irradiation-induced defects is summarised.

Charles Turner Thackrah: The Effects of Arts, Trades and Professions on Health and Longevity

Dr. Meiklejohn, whose recent tragic death in a fishing accident is the source of great sorrow to his friends and colleagues, sometime ago did a labor of love in reprinting Thackrah's classic book<i>The Effects of Arts, Trades and Professions on Health and Longevity: With Suggestions of the Removal of Many of the Agents Which Produce Disease and Shorten the Duration of Life</i>. In addition to the facsimile reproduction of the second London edition of this book, Meiklejohn wrote an interesting biographical sketch of the relatively unknown author of this work. While Ramazzini is properly looked upon as a father and founder of industrial hygiene and preventive medicine, Thackrah certainly contributed much to the field and provided the standard British work on this topic. Early in October, 1815, the name of John Keats was written on the Register of Students at Guy's Hospital, and very shortly thereafter the name of

The British council's work in Asian countries

The British council's work in Asian countries

Infrared detection in British air defence, 1935–38

British work on the detection of aircraft by infrared means during 1935 to 1938 was primarily directed towards a compact airborne thermal equipment giving ranges against single-engined aircraft of the order of one mile, to fill in a possible gap between minimum radar range and maximum visual range at night. The experimental equipment developed had a crude scanning system giving directional indications of a hot or cold source in a 30° field of view; the scanning mirror was 11 cm in diameter. Thermopiles and bolometers were tried, the former being preferred ; the fastest had a time constant of 10 msec. Thermionic amplifiers were used, with vibration galvanometers as indicators. Sensitivity was rather better than 10 −8 W for 1 cycle bandwidth. The possibility of detecting aircraft by radiation from aerodynamic heating was appreciated. Other devices tried or suggested included optical radar, an infrared detector based on the increase of thermionic emission with temperature, an infrared memory cathode ray screen, and “Window”, the resonant strips used as decoys for radar.

Co-operative British work on insulating materials

Increased emphasis is being placed on cooperation between Great Britain and the United States in the investigation of insulating materials. Efforts made by two British organizations — the Electrical Research Association and the British Standards Institution — are described.

A comperative study of media for detection of enterococci in water.

THE FECAL STREPTOCOCCI, or enterococci, have received increasing attention as indicators of pollution. Determination of enterococci may supplement information provided by the coliform group of organisms in water. The previous lack of a generally accepted and a suitable medium has, in part, been responsible for the infrequency of their use as supplementary indicators of pollution. The statements of Suckling' that enterococci are present in feces and sewage and are found in polluted water; that they are not found in pure water and sites away from human and animal life; and that enterococci do not multiply outside the animal body in water or soil have been amply confirmed.2-4 Recent editions of Methods for the Examination of Water, Sewage, and Industrial Wastes have not included methods for enterococci, but reference has been made to British work. The latest issue of British methods5 includes a section on fecal streptococci using tellurite or azide media for their detection. It was with the intent of rectifying this omission that the present study was encouraged by the Standard Methods Committee. Media for enterococci were selected for this collaborative project which were either new and untested, or which had been found highly productive in previous comparisons. The practicality of the method for widespread use was likewise considered. This study was designed to compare the productivity of various media for enterococci. Tube dilution and membrane filter technics were performed in eight laboratories* with untreated natural waters from widely separated parts of the country and collected during cold and warm seasons. In addition the relationship, if any, between the coliform bacteria and enterococci in these waters could be studied.

Some significant advances in oils and fats research in Great Britain in the last fifty years

ConclusionAt the beginning of our period of review the chemistry of the natural fats was not only a virtually unexplored field, but it was one that did not attract many research chemists. The same could be said, and was in fact said (64), some 15 years later. The position reached today is so totally different that it must be hard for younger chemists to appreciate the magnitude of the change, which virtually began after the first World War. Apart from the interruption of the second World War, British contributions to the advancing tide of knowledge of fat chemistry have been continuous and have included many of great significance, as I have tried to show by some selected items in Table I. The present symposium affords a picture of how the British work fits into the world‐wide pattern, which for most purposes can best be contemplated as an interwoven whole.

XXIIIe Salon International de l'Aéronautique ‐ Cinquantenaire

AS the Paris Aero Show grows it becomes more and more difficult to do justice to the wide range of exhibits in the space available. In selecting the aircraft and other exhibits described below the aim has been to concentrate first on the French industry, and then on the other continental countries. British participation, although considerable, has not been treated at all, in the belief that our readers are already well‐informed about current British work. The most technically interesting aircraft have been described, rather than the most spectacular, and it has not been possible to begin to cover the large range of light personal and general‐purpose aircraft shown. In one or two cases illustrations have taken the place of descriptions.

Recent work on microseisms in U.K.

This phenomenon has been observed by Bernard (1941), Deacon (1947) and Darbyshire (1950, 1954). The American workers, especially on the Pacific side, are very critical of the stationary wave theory. In a recent survey of the British and American work (Darbyshire and Iyer 1958) it has been pointed out that it is not difficult to find out ways and means of reaching agreement. The chief problem in the study of micro-seisms is to estimate the direction of arrival. This has been investigated by many workers and from time to time various techniques have been put forward. The tripartite method (Ramirez 1940, Gilmore 1946) developed by the American Navy attained great popularity during the Second World War as a promising technique for tracking hurricanes.

Energy storage for thermonuclear research

BS>The basis of most British work on controlled fusion is the pinch effect, and the experiments are essentially pulse operated. Many other suggested thermonuclear devices are pulse operated or use pulsed model experiments to limit the mean-power requirements. To operate such pulsed experiments, where energy is often required at very high levels, it is usual to a suitable energy store over a long period---several seconds. This energy is then discharged into the experimental load in a period which may be a few microseconds or an appreciable fraction of a second. Energy may be stored as electric change, magnetic flux, mechanical energy or chemical energy, and these various methods are considered. It is shown that storage as electric charge in a capacitor is most suitable where a rapid discharge is required. Magnetic storage as current in an inductance has its greatest usefulness where energy is required for periods of milliseconds, while machines and batteries are more appropriate to the longer pulses. For large-scale experiments the energy store can be a large fraction of the capital cost and an economic study of the various possibilities is important. It is suggested that a reasonable price for an energy-storage system has been achievedmore » when the capital cost is of the same order, or less, than the cost of the electrical energy to be passed through it in its designed life. (auth)« less

British Social Work in the Nineteenth Century.

An examination of the main branches of social work in Great Britain and their development from their confused beginnings to the state they reached by the nineteenth century. Also discussed are the material changes in the conditions of life that took place in the century, and a brief appraisal of the philosophical and religious ideas that influenced people's minds and affected their attitude to the poor and their approach to social work.

Fertilizer Placement

Within the past ten years experimental work in Great Britain, mostly by the author and his colleagues at Rothamsted, has established methods for the placement of fertilizers that frequently give better results than broadcasting. This paper assesses the value of these techniques for most of our common crops, discusses the factors involved, and suggests how the British work might be applied to cultural conditions in other lands.

News: New Type of Selective Herbicide May Emerge from British Work

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNews: New Type of Selective Herbicide May Emerge from British WorkCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1954, 2, 24, 1212–1213Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1954Publication History Published online7 June 2004Published inissue 1 November 1954https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60044a607RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views15Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (409 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

British geological work on Prins Karls Forland, Spitsbergen, 1950 and 1951

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Supervoltage technique and engineering

Summary Since March, 1942, the 1500 kv. electrostatic X-ray generator at the Haukeland Municipal Hospital in Bergen, Norway, has been in continuous service for deep-therapy work. This generator is operated at atmospheric pressure and will deliver an X-ray output of 135 r per min. per ma. at 70 cm. skin-target distance through 10.5 mm. lead-equivalent filtration. The experiences with this generator are summarized and its technical features described. The overall performance of this type of installation is evaluated in comparison with other types, and the factors influencing choice of operating voltage are discussed, together with service problems. Large shock-doses of very hard X rays or very fast electrons are nowadays produced in the laboratory, principally for the use of the biochemist in studies of biochemical effects of radiation in dead tissue. Equipment specially designed to give a large quantity of radiation in very short time pulses is mentioned, and the possible application to the medical field is pointed out. In conclusion the possibilities and limitations of the electromagnetic-induction type of electron accelerator are mentioned, and a brief reference is made to recent British work in connexion with linear accelerators as X-ray generators.

ON THE VEGETATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF ELEOCHARIS R.BR.

The genus Eleocharis, as defined by Svenson (I929), contains six British species, which resemble each other in the possession of leafless photosynthetic haulms which terminate in the fertile state in the simple ebracteate spike. Of these species, E. palustris (L.) R.Br. em. R. & S. is by far the most common in Britain. In the course of an investigation, primarily taxonomic in nature, of this and the closely allied E. uniglumis (Link) Schult., a study of the seedling and adult morphology of these two species has been undertaken. The absence of any previous British work on this subject has led the author to prepare this short account, which refers to both species, as there are no differences between the two in general habit and vegetative morphology. The other four species, viz. E. acicularis (L.) R. & S., E. multicaulis Sm., E. parvula (R. & S.) B., N. & S. and E. pauciflora (Lightf.) Link, all show the same basic morphological plan, but differ in habit; their morphology is readily understood by reference to that here described for E. palustris.

The British Adult Residential College

A CTING on the principle that education is a lifelong process as broad as society and as varied as life, British educators in recent years have established a number of adult residential colleges, inspired, in part, by the folk colleges of Denmark, but peculiarly adapted to the demands of British life. In these colleges persons over eighteen may learn while they earn, without any thought of degrees, certificates, credits, and other tangible awards usually associated with university life. Authority for the establishment of these adult colleges is derived from the Education Act of I944, which states that it is no longer simply the ' permissive function of the Local Education Authorities but their actual duty to provide some type of approved fulland part-time education for persons over the compulsory school age of fifteen, and to furnish the means for time occupation in such organized cultural training and recreative activities as are suited to their requirements.' Adult education is receiving more attention today in Great Britain than in the United States, and Americans can learn much from British work in this field. The British regard adult education as a third stage in educational life; it is a continuation of the secondary and county-college system which provides for students aged fifteen to eighteen who are employed but who are required to attend school parttime. In comparison with the regular school curriculum, adult education in the residential colleges is more closely related to the demands of contemporary society; it is not primarily concerned with the acquisition of basic skills.2 In recent years the residential college has sought to cope with postwar social confusion, especially as regards the problem of increased leisure time. The courses of study are intended to provide an understanding of both national and world problems. Men and women today need practical information not only concerning their own lives and occupations and the situations which may arise within their own community, but also about the crucial issues that plague the peoples of all countries. In spite of their inherited preference for the terminal qualities of schooling, the British realize that adult education is indispensable if citizens are to

Book Reviews

THE author of this book caught the fascination of the Antarctic when he went south with R. E. Byrd in thelittle America expedition of 1928-30 as special correspondent of The New York Times. He has retold the stories of some of the best-known expeditions of all times with an eye to journalistic interest rather than historical value. There is little new and practically nothing about the Antarctic Ocean, and very little about the Antarctic Continent, its glaciers and animal life. Mr. R. Owen is cautious about the Bransfield Palmer controversy over the discovery of what is now known as Graham Land, but he goes too far in asserting that C. Wilkes furnished proof of the continental character of Antarctic lands. There is very little in his pages about recent British and Norwegian work. Two dozen sketch-maps are a useful feature of the book. The Antarctic Ocean By Russell Owen. Pp. 225 + 14 plates. (London: Museum Press, Ltd., 1948) 18s. net.

Anti-Pernicious Anæmia Factor

TWENTY-TWO years ago, Minot and Murphy postulated the presence in liver of a factor effective against pernicious anaemia, and many attempts at its isolation have been made. The long quest now seems to be nearing its end with the independent appearance within a week of two papers, from the United States and Britain, announcing the isolation of red substances having extremely high potency. The American workers (E. L. Rickes, N. G. Brink, F. R. Koniuszy, T. R. Wood and K. Folkers, Science, 107, 396 ; 1948) describe crystalline material effective in a single dose of some 15 µgm., that is, with roughly two thousand times the haematopoietic potency of folic acid. Dr. Lester Smith (Nature, 161, 638 ; April 24, 1948) does not appear to have taken the purification so far but has separated two different red pigments, both clinically active. These may turn out to be peptide conjugates of this crystalline substance. He gives more information about the properties of his materials than do the Americans, including a value of approximately 3,000 for the molecular weight. The Americans were assisted in their fractionation by a microbiological assay method using L. lactis Dorner. The British work depended on clinical assays, of which more than eighty were carried out, and on the red colour. It also established the important fact that the highly purified red material, unlike folic acid, is effective against subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. The crystalline substance, for which the Americans suggest the rather unsatisfactory name ‘vitamin Bl2', is remarkably potent, being effective at a daily dose of about 1 µgm. only. A rough calculation indicates that it would require at least twenty tons of liver to yield 1 gm. of crystals. This is in itself sufficient explanation of the fact that these advances have come not from academic institutions but from two industrial laboratories, namely, those of Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, and Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd., Greenford, Middlesex.