Brine Shrimp Lethality Activity Research Articles

Estimation of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antidiabetic and brine shrimp lethality activities of some medicinal plants growing in Nepal

Estimation of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antidiabetic and brine shrimp lethality activities of some medicinal plants growing in Nepal

Experimental brine shrimp (Artemia Salina) lethality assay to evaluate the drug incompatibility on combined administration of Kakamachi (Solanum nigrum) and Madhu (honey)

Background: Drug incompatibility is one of the major causes of adverse drug reaction (ADR) or drug-induced toxicity in Ayurveda. In fact, this science has given special importance to such drug-induced issues and grouped them under the concept of Viruddha (drug incompatibility) and provided many measures to avoid them in clinical practice; one such example is a combination of fruits of Kakamachi (Solanum nigrum [SN]) and honey. The toxicity of this combination was not assessed; thus, the present study was planned to assess the toxic effect of the combined administration of fruits of Kakamachi and honey on brine shrimp lethality assay. Aims: To evaluate the brine shrimp lethality activity of the combined drug administration of fruits of Kakamachi and honey. Materials and Methods: Authentic brine shrimp eggs were laboratory cultured in artificially prepared saline sea water, and hatched brine shrimp nauplii were subjected to different concentrations of the combination to evaluate the LC50 and lethality assay. Results and conclusion: The study demonstrated that LC50 of fruit powder of SN and honey has shown potential cytotoxic effects at a dose of 0.57 mg on brine shrimp nauplii.

Antibacterial, Antidiabetic and Brine Shrimp Lethality Activities of Some Selected Medicinal Plants from Kavrepalanchok District of Nepal

The methanol extracts of nine medicinal plants collected from Kavrepalanchok district of Nepal were subjected to their potential bioactivity viz. antibacterial, antidiabetic and toxicity tests. Antibacterial property of the extracts was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by agar well diffusion method and antidiabetic activity was investigated by α-amylase inhibition assay. The toxicity of plant extracts was assessed by brine shrimp lethality test. All the nine different plant extracts showed antibacterial activity with the zone of inhibition (ZOI) ranging from 5 to 35 mm. Among the studied plant extracts, Psidium guajava showed the highest ZOI against Salmonella typhi (35 mm) while Melia azedarach was most effective against Staphylococcus aureus (22 mm). The percentage of α- amylase enzyme inhibition was found up to 88.56 ± 3.50 in dose dependent manner. The enzyme inhibitory concentration IC50 value of standard, acarbose was 166.01 μg/mL while the most effective anti-diabetic plant extract of Utrica dioica has 186.67 μg/mL. Moreover, various plant extracts depicted various levels of toxic activities; Curcuma longa demonstrated significant toxicity to Artemia salina with LC50 value 62.10 μg/mL, while Agerantina adenophora, P. guajava and M. azedarach showed moderate toxicity with 103.77, 109.37 and 383.58 μg/mL, respectively.

LC50 DETERMINATION OF EUPHORBIA THYMIFOLIA LINN BY BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY ASSAY

Brine shrimp larva has been used as a bioassay for a variety of toxic substances. Brine shrimp lethality assay has been applied to plant extracts in order to facilitate the isolation of biologically active compounds. This method is used for the determination of LC50 values of herbal extracts. In this study, the plants Euphorbia thymifolia Linn, which is reported in traditional literature for its anti-tumor activity, had been selected to test for brine shrimp lethality activity. Petroleum ether, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, aqueous and ethanolic extract were collected and checked for activity. The result showed that the LC50values of ethanolic extract of the whole plant are found 106.75 μg to possess significant cytotoxic activity.

DETERMINATION OF ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY USING BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY ASSAY OF CAESALPINIA BONDUCELLA LINN EXTRACTS

Brine shrimp lethality assay is an important tool for preliminary assessment of cytotoxicity of herbal drugs. This method is used for the determination of LC50 values of herbal extracts. The root bark of Caesalpinia bonducella, which is reported in traditional literature for its anti-tumour activity, had been selected to test for brine shrimp lethality activity and antibacterial potentialities by Agar well diffusion method against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria at concentrations of 150 and 300 μg/mL. Ciprofloxacin (100 μg/mL) was used as the standard drug. Present study shows that the LC50 of ethanolic and aqueous extract Caesalpinia bonducella root bark were found to be 190.30 and 282.18 ug/mL, respectively. The ethanolic and aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonducella root bark exhibited antibacterial activity. Ethanolic extract showed better sensitivity towards S. aureus and B. subtilis as compared to aqueous extract while ethanolic extract showed moderate sensitivity towards E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

In vitro antioxidant activity, brine shrimp lethality and assessment of bioactive constituents of three wild Dioscorea species

Many yam (Dioscorea L.) species serve as staple foods in many parts of the world. They are known to show strong enzymatic browning reactions and some species are reported to be toxic. The present study focuses on the cytotoxicity screening using brine shrimp lethality activity (BSLA) and antioxidant evaluation of peel and flesh extracts of Dioscorea hirtiflora, D. dumetorum wild and varieties of D. bulbifera. The qualitative phytochemical assessment of the bioactive extracts of the yam species was also done. Powdered samples of the three plants were successively extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethylacetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH). Cytotoxicity of extracts was evaluated using BSLA, antioxidant activity was measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), while qualitative assessment of bioactive constituents was done by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The DCM extract of the peel of wild D. dumetorum had maximum cytotoxicity (125.4 µg/mL) compared with standard cytotoxic drug—cyclophosphamide (531 µg/mL) and gallic acid (323.6 µg/mL). The MeOH extract of the flesh of D. hirtiflora (IC50 11.8 µg/mL) compared with standards—ascorbic acid (IC50 6.90 µg/mL) and gallic acid (IC50 8.60 µg/mL) exerted the highest radical scavenging activity. Total phenolic content (14.00 mg GAE/g) and Total flavonoid content (74.4 mg QE/g) were higher in the EtOAc extract of the flesh extract of D. bulbifera (mauve) than in other species. The TLC plates showed characteristic colours with visualizing reagents, which confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids. The presence of these metabolites could account for the cytotoxicity and the antioxidant activities of the yam species. The results from the study could justify the applications of the yam species as both food and medicines in traditional health care system.

Alpha-amylase Inhibition and Brine Shrimp Lethality Activities of Nine Medicinal Plant Extracts from South-West Nigerian Ethnomedicine

ABSTRACTAcanthospermum hispidum, Alchornea laxiflora, Calyptrochilum christyanum, Heliotropicum indicum, Holarrhena floribunda, Ipomoea asarifolia, Nauclea diderrichii, Piper guineense, and Tetracera scandens were extracted into methanol and screened for the availability of alpha-amylase inhibitors. Plant extracts’ toxicity was determined by brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The most active plant, Nauclea diderichii, was fractionated into four solvent systems (n-hexane fractions, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-butanol) and tested. All the extracts showed varying degrees of alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. N. diderrichii with IC50 = 248.30 ± 0.27 µg.mL–1 had the highest inhibitory activity, while its butanol fraction with IC50 = 137.8 µg.mL–1 had activity comparable to the standard α-amylase inhibitor acarbose (IC50 = 177.50 ± 0.42 µg.mL–1). LC50 values for BSLA ranged from 11.35 to 1,127.50 µg.mL–1, with T. scandens being the most toxic with 11.35 µg.mL–1 and N. diderrichii the least toxic with 1,127.50 µg.mL–1.

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and brine shrimp lethality activities of different stem extracts of Zizyphus rugosa Lam

Zizyphus rugosa Lam (Z. rugosa Lam) (Family: Rhamnaceae), has been regarded as a food and medicinal plant. It is locally known as “Bon Boroi” or as “Jongli Boroi” in Bangladesh. Its stem, roots and fruits are used medicinally for the treatment of carbuncle, syphilis, menorrhea, and ulcer tongue. It is also used for dysentery in Laos, Burma, Thailand, China (Hainan, Yunnan), Sri-Lanka and Vietnam. The present study was designed to investigate antioxidant properties (through in vitro method) as well as brine shrimp lethality and phytochemical group evaluation of stem part of Z. rugosa Lam extracted with different solvents i.e. from non polar to polar (petroleum ether > ethyl acetate > ethanol > methanol > water). Phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, glycosides and carbohydrates which provides evidence on good to moderate antioxidant and good lethality properties of the subjected plant. Ethyl acetate extract of stem was found to contain the highest amount of phenols (97.188 ± 12.816 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) and flavonoids (15.009 ± 0.385 mg/g quercetin equivalent). In 2,2-diphenyl,1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, among all the extracts ethanolic stem extract showed the highest scavenging property (IC50 83.550 µg/ml) whereas standard drug ascorbic acid showed (IC50 18.348 µg/ml). But in nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay maximum scavenging of NO was found with water extract of stem (IC50 5.975 μg/ml) comparatively similar to standard ascorbic acid (IC50 5.934 μg/ml). Methanolic stem extract was found to contain the greater reducing power in reducing power capacity assessment (correlation coefficient r = 0.99 and P < 0.001). In brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLB) among all extracts, ZSM part showed good activity (LC50 40.43 μg/ml) whereas standard anticancer drug vincristine sulphate showed high toxicity (LC50 2.48 μg/ml). The overall findings provide scientific basis for the use of Z. rugosa Lam stem extracts in traditional medicine in the treatment of aforementioned diseases. Hence, the stem may serve as a new potential source of medication.

Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity ofFicus elasticaRoxb. (Moraceae) leaves

The aim of this study is to analyze the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Ficus elastica (F. elastica). Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Ficus elastica leaves was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant activity test, iron chelating activity test and reducing power assay. Antimicrobial activity and Cytotoxicity of F. elastica was determined by agar well diffusion method and brine shrimp lethality test respectively, while total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were measured by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminum chloride method respectively. The extract showed significant (p<0.05) dose dependent antioxidant activity in various in vitro antioxidant methods. F. elastica also showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aerugenosa. Brine shrimp lethality activity of F. elastica unveiled significant dose dependent and time dependent cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp nauplii. Phytochemical screening of F. elastica showed the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic, flavonoids, proteins and tannins, which might be responsible for the above reported medicinal properties of the extract. These findings establish F. elastica as a potential source of natural antioxidants, antimicrobial and cytotoxic compounds and in future studies can be established to obtain the lead molecules for drug development.

Chemical composition of essential oil, antibacterial activity and brine shrimp lethality of ethanol extracts from Sedum pallidum

The essential oils of Sedum pallidum is obtained by hydro distillation and analyzed by (GC/MS) for determining their chemical composition and identification of their chemo types. The major component was Hexadecanoic Acid (33.5%), other predominant components were Phenol (9.96%), Eicosane (9.19%), Cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl (4.78%), Oxime-methoxy-phenyl (4.34%), Neophytadiene (4.32%), Phytol (3.86%), 3-alpha H-2- Oxofurano (2.78%). The extract of Sedum pallidum (400 mg/disc) showed moderate activity against three bacteria. The zone of inhibition against Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter Cloacae andStaphylococcus aureus was 10.11 and 18 mm diameter, respectively. But, the extract of S. pallidum was not activity against on Bacillus subtillis and Klebsiella pneumonia. The positive control, Ampicilin, Gentamicine and Stereptomaicin had shown zone of inhibition resistant of all bacterial. The brine shrimp lethality activities of ethanolic extracts of S. pallidum were evaluated in this study. The results of cytotoxic activity of these extracts were more active against brine shrimp lethality of Artemia salina. Key words: Sedum pallidum, essential oil, antibacterial activity, brine shrimp lethality.

Antioxidant, icthyotoxicity and brine shrimp lethality tests of Magonia glabrata

The ethanolic extract of the fruit bark from Magonia glabrata yielded shikimic acid, scopoletin, sitosterol glycoside and 2- O-methyl- l-inositol. Antioxidant, icthyotoxicity and brine shrimp lethality activities were observed in this extract. The major constituent, 2- O-methyl- l-inositol, was found to be inactive in two assays but showed moderate activity as a radical scavenger.