Brick Shape Research Articles

Influence of thermal radiation and shape factor on a hybrid nanofluid flow over a permeable flat plate with cross-diffusion effects: An irreversibility analysis

Understanding and controlling the shape factors of nanoparticles in fluid flow problems is crucial for optimizing heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and various applications such as nanofluids, drug delivery systems, catalysis, and nanocomposites. By tailoring the shape of nanoparticles, researchers can manipulate their behavior, dispersion, and interaction with the fluid, thereby optimizing the desired outcomes in various fluid flow problems. The meticulous investigation uncovers the integration of entropy analysis in the investigation of the flow of convective magnetohydrodynamic hybrid nanofluid via a permeable flat surface, by considering the effects of Dufour, viscous dissipation, Soret, and thermal radiation. The governing equations are converted into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations and then solved using the bvp4c solver, a MATLAB in-built function. We display the outcomes for three different shape factors: platelet, cylinder, and brick. The skin friction coefficient increases at a rate of 1.5089 for the brick shape, 1.5163 for the cylindrical shape, and 1.5212 for the platelet shape when the mixed convection parameter lies between 1 and 5. In this regard, it is important to point out that there is a direct connection between the increase in temperature transmission rate and a decline in the Dufour number ( Du ). It has been found that when 1 ≤ Du ≤ 2.4 , the Nusselt number decreases by 0.4786, 0.4618, and 0.4512 for brick, cylinder, and platelet shapes, respectively. A decline in the Sherwood number is noticed with an upsurge in the Soret number ( Sr ). There is a noticeable increase of 0.0442 in the Sherwood number for brick shape, 0.0438 for cylinder form, and 0.0435 for platelet form when 1 ≤ Du ≤ 2.4 . Furthermore, we have detected that an increase in the radiation parameter amplifies both the Bejan number and the profiles of entropy formation.

Steel Ladle Slag Zone Lining Optimization Considering Irreversible Material Behavior

The optimization of refractory linings is a complex task due to the many factors that influence the thermomechanical behavior. This study applies the multiparameter optimization method technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution to a commercially used slag zone lining of a secondary metallurgical steel ladle, considering the influence of different material models in a finite element (FE) simulation. The dataset is acquired by varying the working lining brick shape, initial expansion allowance (IEA), and isolation layer thickness. The maximum irreversible strain, joint opening at the hot face, and steel shell temperature are determined from the FE simulation results and used as the input values for the optimization. A larger circumferential brick dimension combined with low IEA is favorable for the von Mises creep model. The main contribution is from the IEA (98.53%). The optimized lining for the Drucker–Prager criterion has a brick with a small circumferential dimension and larger IEA. The main influencing factor is the brick shape (85.06%). The differences in the optimization results and factor contributions can be explained by the contribution of the constitutive models to the simulation results before and after the thermal shock.

Modeling of 3D Brick‐and‐Mortar Structures Using Cohesive Zone Finite Elements

Nacre‐inspired brick‐and‐Mortar composite structures exhibit exceptional combinations of properties as well as a highly tuneable mechanical response, due to their large range of design parameters. Understanding the effect of these parameters on the response is essential to optimally design these structures and can be guided by modeling. Traditional models only consider 2D geometries and limited attempts at modeling 3D geometric designs exist. Herein, 3D brick‐and‐mortar structures using a finite element in conjunction with an experimentally calibrated cohesive zone model to represent the layers are proposed. The model is successfully validated against experimental results for a nonplanar brick assembly using so‐called osteomorphic bricks. The capabilities of the model are further demonstrated through a parametric study, where the effect of brick shape, number of bricks, and soft layer material properties on the structure mechanical properties (elastic modulus, yield strength and toughness) are investigated. Numerical results show that toughness is significantly increased by transitioning from a “two‐peak” failure mechanism to a “peak‐plateau‐peak,” which is controlled by the brick shape. It is also shown that 3D structures may exhibit significant out‐of‐plane deformation involving the cooperative motion of many bricks, which may contribute to their improved toughness compared to 2D structures.

A novel computational investigation for EMHD gold nanofluids in an asymmetric inclined ciliated microchannel

The advancement in bio nanotechnology due to its enormous application in the field of biomedical, for instance in drug delivery systems, in vitro assessment, in bioimaging, cure of cancer tumor, laser therapy has emerged as burning topic among many researchers. Gold nanomaterials can be mingled in multiple shapes and dimensions. Because of having such significant features, gold nonmaterial can transmute excellently, heal the infected cells, and finish them. A EMHD gold-blood nanofluid transport characteristics in asymmetric vessel under the influence of ciliary mechanism that produces a metachronal rhythm is investigated. The pertinent equations of flow dynamics are encountered by relying on low Reynolds and long wavelength and Debye-Huckel simplifications. A computation study is carried out in MATLAB with novel BVP4C methodology. Impact of relevant parameters on flow dynamics thoroughly interrogated with the aid pictorial illustrations. It has been revealed the shape factor of Gold nanofluids really effect the flow dynamics in a ciliated microchannel and it has been established that Brick shape nanofluid has higher fluid velocity in comparison to platelets and cylindrical shaped nanofluid. The axial velocity experiences surge in the bulk flow regime of ciliary vessels for rising electroosmosis phenomena. Also, it can be concluded that nanoparticles temperature concentration, and microorganism profile surges with enhanced Brownian phenomena and turnaround is experienced for temperature ratio parameter.

Influence of shape factor on a chemically reactive hybrid nanofluid flow via a moving plate when Soret and Dufour effects are significant: An irreversibility analysis with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model

Nanofluids, which are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids, have gained significant attention in the field of fluid dynamics due to their unique properties and potential applications. Researchers are exploring the use of nanofluids in areas such as energy storage, solar energy conversion, biomedical devices, and advanced manufacturing processes. Nanofluids offer opportunities to improve existing fluid-based technologies and enable the development of novel systems with enhanced performance. The influence of shape factor, Soret, Dufour and quadratic thermal radiation parameters on a hybrid nanofluid (Water + Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes () + Copper (II) oxide ()) flow over a flat plate with chemical reaction is analyzed in this article. The process of heat transfer is analyzed using the heat flux model developed by Cattaneo and Christov. This article also includes an analysis of irreversibility. Governing equations of this study are transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using suitable similarity transformations, and this system is solved by means of the bvp4c solver. Outcomes are provided for three instances related to shape factor i.e. Platelet, Cylinder and Brick. Influence of some important parameters (including Dufour number) on skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number were discussed using bar diagrams. It is clear from a closer inspection that as skin friction coefficient declines with the escalation in magnetic field parameter () and volume fraction of nanoparticles (). At the skin friction coefficient is seen to drop at a rate of 0.38663 (Platelet shape), 0.40361 (Cylinder shape) and 0.42987 (Brick shape). It is detected that Dufour number () and thermal relaxation parameter () both have different effects on the Nusselt number. It is discovered that, when the Nusselt number declines by 0.28159 (in case of Platelet), 0.27528 (in case of Cylinder), and 0.26552 (in case of Brick).

Numerically hydrothermal fully developed forced convective hybrid nanofluid flow through annular sector duct

In this paper, fully developed forced convective flow properties of hybrid nanofluid through annular sector duct are discussed. The studies of hybrid nanofluid, i.e. the combination of a nanofluid (nanoparticles plus water) with another nanoparticles’ volume fraction, are considered. Hybrid nanofluids become most important due to enhancement in the heat transfer rate. Copper oxide (CuO)–water is taken as the nanofluid. The volume fraction of CuO nanoparticles in water is kept fixed at 4%, whereas the volume fractions of Cu nanoparticles are taken in the range of 0–4% in this study. Under the assumption of hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed flow, the deviation in the velocity components along the axial direction vanishes in the case of momentum equations; however, the deviation in the temperature becomes constant in the case of energy equation. After dimensionless analysis, the finite volume method is applied to find the numerical solutions for velocity, temperature, heat transfer rate and fanning friction factor. During physical analysis, it has been concluded that the percentage enhancement in heat transfer rate is comparably more than fanning friction factor when we increase the volume fraction of Cu nanoparticles in the CuO–water nanofluid. Furthermore, the same observation has been noticed in the case of heat transfer rate when the platelet shape factor of the nanoparticles has been used instead of brick and cylinder shape factors. Increase in fRe is 8.01% when we increase the Cu nanoparticles’ volume fraction from 1% to 4%, whereas the increments in Nu are 15.09%, 18.56% and 20.81% for the brick-, cylinder- and platelet-shaped nanoparticles, respectively, for all values of the ratio of radii, [Formula: see text], and apex angle, [Formula: see text], in both thermal cases.

Effect of precipitate shape and distribution on mechanical behavior of shape memory metallic glass composites by molecular dynamics method

The deformation behaviors of metallic glass composites enhanced with brick and cylindrical shape B2-CuZr precipitates were investigated by molecular dynamics method. Both specimens experience a two-stage phase transformation and triple-yielding phenomenon. The brick-shaped precipitate enhanced bulk metallic glass composite (BMGC) exhibits significantly improved strength and mildly enhanced plasticity compared to cylindrical shape inclusion reinforced BMGC. The larger aspect ratio of brick-shaped precipitate enhanced BMGC strengthens the composite by improving elastic lattice deformation along loading direction, while the enhanced plasticity is ascribed to smaller free path for mature shear bands formation. The deformation mechanism for brick-shaped BMGCs is shear band cutting through precipitates, while that for cylindrical shape precipitate reinforced BMGCs is shear band wrapping around crystalline particles. Both specimens display high strain at crystalline/amorphous interface (CAI) region and might experience interfacial stability issue.

Eminence of ferrite particle shapes in stratified nanofluids concerning the melting phenomenon: Lie group and spectral analysis

The current study is being done to determine how the shape factors of NiZnFe2O4 (nickel zinc ferrite) nanosolid particles affect the free convective flow of engine oil (C8H18) based stratified nanofluid over a melting stretchable surface, which play a part in establishing flow patterns and thermal features. NiZn ferrite nanoparticles of needle, platelet, and brick shapes are used to assess the impact of shape factors in the presence of melting phenomena, heat generation/absorption, and viscous dissipation. Optimal solutions are obtained by the spectral local linearization method via Lie group analysis, with an emphasis on residual errors. According to the evaluation, this type of nanofluid is found to have a lower friction factor, entropy, and Bejan number when compared to conventional fluids. In the presence of viscous dissipation, brick-shaped particles are found to have a higher heat transport rate, whereas needle-shaped particles minimize entropy by 58.66%. Suspended ferrite nanoparticles with a melting effect reduce the entropy up to 62.4% and stratified nanofluid with a brick shape has a higher heat transfer rate as compared to ordinary nanofluid. It is also observed that heat absorption produces less heat transport compared to heat generation. This research is found to be useful in many sectors, such as tumor treatments, electromagnetic interfaces (EMI), microwave applications, bone plate surgeries, and aerodynamic extrusion processes.

Transformation of Physical Characteristics in Fired Clay Bricks by Adopting Waste-based Fluxing Agent

The current practices in the recent development of fired clay brick (FCB) by adopting waste materials have tremendously reduced the usage of the primary source of FCB, which is clay soil (CS). In this study, the main objective is to reduce the utilisation of CS as the main component in the FCB-making process. Other waste materials such as soda lime silica (SLS) glass bottles, and sea shells (SS) were also added into the precursor admixtures. The admixtures containing CS, SLS and SS were mixed according to the empirical formula of (1-x)[40SLS - 60CS]: x[SS] = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 wt.%. A batch of 40 g mixture was prepared, and 21% water was added. The admixtures were mixed, moulded into a rectangular brick shape, and dried before the sintering process at 850 °C. The physical properties of the FCB were investigated as a function of the SS content in the form of apparent density, linear shrinkage, loss of ignition and plasticity. As a result, the apparent density and loss of ignition of the FCB increased from 1.91 gcm-3 to 2.31 gcm-3 and 10.60 % to 20.81%, respectively. The linear shrinkage and plasticity percentage decreased from 2.50% to 2.27% and 11.01% to 8.70% with an increase of SS content. This study has uncovered the above findings, and has demonstrated a promising discovery of the SS as a possible substitute in FCB.

Fractional analysis of radiative blood transport through a porous channel containing multishaped cobalt nanoparticles: An application to hemodynamics

AbstractIn this work, impacts of dispersing nonspherical shaped cobalt nanoparticles in the blood are analyzed for magnetohydrodynamic radiative transport of blood inside a vertical porous channel. An Oldroyd‐B model is used to feature flow characteristics of blood along with Fourier's principle of heat transmission for the mathematical modeling of the problem. A fractional system is constructed by employing the idea of the Caputo–Fabrizio derivative on subsequent differential equations. The Laplace transform method is adopted to solve the fractional flow and energy equations subject to generalized boundary conditions, which involve time‐dependent functions and , respectively. Instead of promoting the analytic velocity and energy expressions, Zakian's numerical algorithm is operated to achieve the reverse transformation purpose of Laplace domain functions. To certify the obtained solutions, two additional numerical algorithms named Stehfest's algorithm and Durbin's algorithm are inculcated in this study, and comparative illustrations are drawn. For the extensive investigation of shear stress and heat transfer phenomenon, numerical simulations for the coefficient of skin friction and Nusselt number are performed, and outcomes are communicated through various tables. The impacts of shape‐dependent viscosity and other significant parameters on flow patterns are investigated through graphs for multiple motion types of the left channel wall. Meanwhile, the thermal performance of nanofluid is examined for platelet, brick, cylinder, and blade shape nanoparticles, along with other thermal parameters. In addition, some recently reported results and flow profiles for Maxwell, second‐grade, and viscous fluids are deduced graphically as special cases of the current study.

Analysis of heat transfer and thin film flow of Au−Np over an unsteady radial stretching sheet

The analysis of heat transfer and thin film flow over an unsteady radial stretching surface is the primary focus of this work. For the two-dimensional motion of the pair stress nanofluid made of gold nanoparticles, a mathematical model is put forth. Nonlinear governing partial differential equations for momentum and energy are converted into a set of ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations. By using the BVP4c method, the resulting nonlinear differential equations were calculated. The relationship between the Nusselt number, temperature, skin friction, and fluid motion velocity is examined and graphically analyzed. This study suggests that thin film thickness increases for rising values of volume fraction whereas it dropped for increasing values of the magnetic parameter and unsteadiness parameters Maximum heat transfer rate and skin friction coefficient has been observed for blade and cylinder shaped nanoparticles and minimum for brick shape.

Distribution of Brick- Versus Spherical-Shaped Wireless Sensors as a Function of Gravity-Filling a Storage Silo and their Recovery from the Corn Grain Mass during Unloading

Highlights Brick-shaped wireless sensors tended to settle about 1/3 of a silo diameter around the center of the peaked grain mass whereas spherical-shaped wireless sensors tended to settle about 3/4 of a silo diameter from the center of the peaked grain mass (and within ¼ diameter of the silo wall). A mix of both spherical- and brick-shaped sensors of different sizes and weights can be used to achieve targeted placement of wireless sensors within the stored grain mass as a function of gravity filling silos of different sizes. Abstract. The most utilized automated stored grain bulk monitoring technology relies on temperature sensors incorporated into steel cables that are suspended from the roof to the floor of silos. However, cable-based sensors are expensive and require reinforcing roofs to account for the frictional forces exerted by the grain mass on the cables during loading, settling and unloading. Two shapes of wireless sensors (brick and spherical) were studied as an alternative. In-silo experiments investigated the distribution of wireless sensors as a function of gravity filling a farm silo and recovering the sensors during unloading. In the first experiment, five of each sensor shape (brick and spherical) were placed one at a time in a grain stream flowing repeatedly at 28.6 and 39.6 metric tons per hour (MT/h). The drop-out height was 5.30 m in the first and 3.94 m in the second trial. The results indicate that the brick-shaped wireless sensors tended to settle about 1/3 of a silo diameter around the center of the peaked grain mass whereas the spherical-shaped wireless sensors tended to settle about 3/4 of a silo diameter from the center of the peaked grain mass (and within ¼ diameter of the silo wall). In the second experiment, 44, 15, 20, and 25 wireless sensors were randomly placed, respectively, in the grain mass to test their recapture rate during four unloading trials. The results indicated that all wireless sensors were recovered resulting in a 100% recapture rate. Key findings of this study point toward the need for a mix of both spherical- and brick-shaped sensors of different sizes and weights to achieve targeted placement and greater distribution of wireless sensors within the stored grain mass as a function of gravity filling silos of different sizes. Keywords: Brick shape sensor, Grain quality, Sensor distribution, Sensor recovery, Spherical shape sensor.

Elaboration of compressed earth blocks based on phosphogypsum and phosphate mining by-products

The present paper aims to propose new recycling solutions to maximize the use of phosphogypsum (PG) in construction applications. The performance of several formulations for the manufacture of cement-stabilized compressed earth bricks (CEBs) made of raw PG mixed with phosphate mining waste rocks (Calcareous material (CM) and red clay (RC)) was investigated. The main roles of CM and RC are respectively to neutralize the acidity generated by the PG and improve the consistency of CEBs. This research work started at a laboratory scale to optimize and find the best formulation that will satisfy national and international standards. The optimized mixtures were scaled up through pilot experiments using two brick shapes (solid and hollowed). The impact of the brick shape elaborated in the pilot scale was also examined. The mineralogical, environmental, and geotechnical characteristics of the raw materials were also studied. The toxicity characteristic leaching test (TCLP) was performed on the raw PG and also on the ground bricks to investigate the risk of contamination. The most optimized laboratory mixture involved 40% PG and only 8% of ordinary Portland cement. This mixture allowed to reach an unconfined compressive strength after 28 days around 8.1 and 7.7 MPa at laboratory and pilot scale respectively. The thermal conductivity of the developed CEBs was interesting; between 0.484 and 0.506 W m−1 K−1. The values of bulk density and water absorption coefficient by capillarity are in accordance with the requirements indicated by the standards. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses highlighted the formation of tobermorite (5CaO·6SiO2,2H2O) and ettringite (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12,26H2O). The TCLP test of PG used and optimized bricks in this study showed no contaminant release. The obtained results are very promising; they showed that the elaborated CEBs can be adapted to compressed earth blocks applications.

Shape effects on the mixed convective hybrid nanoliquid flow over a rough slender cylinder with convective condition

This paper presents the nanoparticle's shape effects on heat and fluid flow characteristics over a slender cylinder with a rough surface. Despite this, the impacts of convective boundary constraints and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) are included in this analysis. The problem is formulated as a set of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations with boundary constraints. The non-similar transformations have been utilized to convert these dimensional equations into non-dimensional forms. Further, the implicit finite difference scheme and the technique of quasi-linearization are employed for mathematical simplification. In this work, Hamilton and Crosser's model is employed to define the effective viscosity and thermal conductivity of the hybrid nanoliquid. It is observed that heat transfer rate is pronounced to be more for the brick shape of copper and alumina nanoparticles followed by cylinder, platelet, and blade shape nanoparticles. The magnetic parameter is more favourable to the heat transfer rate than to the skin-friction coefficient for the positive values of the Eckert number, i.e. fluid heating case. The temperature of the fluid and heat transfer rate are enhanced for larger values of the Biot number. The skin-friction coefficient is higher for the platelet shape nanoparticles, followed by cylinder, brick, and blade shape nanoparticles.

Effect of angled layers on failure regimes in brick-and-mortar structures

Brick-and-Mortar structures can exhibit exceptional combinations of properties, such as high strength and toughness. The properties are highly dependent on the failure regime, namely the ability to distribute damage prior to failure. In our recent work on rectangular Brick-and-Mortar structures, we have identified a transition from localised damaged (called ‘two-peak’ failure) to distributed damage (called ‘peak-plateau-peak’ failure), depending on the brick aspect ratio and the relative normal and shear layer material properties. However, the effect of non-rectangular brick shapes on these failure regimes has not yet been explored. In this work we predict with semi-analytical modelling, and validate with experiments, that introducing an angle into the ‘shear’ layers of the Brick-and-Mortar structure to create ‘diamond’ and ‘inverse diamond’ brick shapes results in a transition from ‘two-peak’ to ‘peak-plateau-peak’ failure for low aspect ratios. It is further shown that the angle required to transition to ‘peak-plateau-peak’ failure decreases with increasing aspect ratio, and that introducing an out of-plane angled layer in the form of an osteomorphic brick shape can further decrease the angle required for the transition. Our work demonstrates that the transition from ‘two-peak’ to ‘peak-plateau-peak’ failure significantly increases the toughness of the structure, without compromising strength or stiffness, highlighting the importance of understanding and controlling the parameters that affect the failure regimes.

Numerical analysis of the brick shape and bond pattern effects on the masonry cyclic behavior: a new brick shape to improve the masonry seismic performance

Numerical analysis of the brick shape and bond pattern effects on the masonry cyclic behavior: a new brick shape to improve the masonry seismic performance

Senses of Place: An Architectural Historian Before and During COVID-19

Senses of Place: An Architectural Historian Before and During COVID-19

An Experiential Education Approach to Teaching the Mind-Body Problem

This article shows how the mind-body problem can be taught effectively via an experiential learning activity involving a couple of classroom props: a brick and a jar of ground coffee. By experiencing the physical properties of the brick (shape, weight, length, width) and contrasting them with the olfactory experience of coffee (seemingly dimensionless, weightless, etc.), students are introduced in a vivid way to the well-known difficulty of explaining the mental in physical terms. A brief overview of experiential learning theory and its connection to philosophy is also provided.

Utilization of Cockle Shell (Anadara granosa) Powder as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates in Cement Brick

Waste from fishery sector such as seashells are widely used in construction and building materials in order to reduce waste quantity. This study investigates the utilization of cockle shell powder (CSP) as partial replacement for fine aggregates in producing cement brick (CB). Bricks specimen are designed with three different percentages of 5% (CSP5CB), 10% (CSP10CB) and 15% (CSP15CB) replacements including control cement brick (CCB). An analysis conduct in this study are included sieve and specific gravity for materials testing while compressive strength, density and water absorption are for harden specimens. A rectangular brick shape specimen with 200mm × 100mm × 100mm in volume were used then cured using tap water for 7 and 28 days. The result revealed that compressive strength for specimens containing CSP are higher compared to CCB specimens. Besides that, CSP brick given a higher density with 2381.25 kg/m3 and lower water absorption 0.31% contrast from control specimens. According to overall data collected, the optimum composition for CSP in cement brick was 5% which indicated higher compressive and lower water absorption. Thus, the incorporation of CSP as sand replacement in bricks could improve and enhance physical and mechanical developments of bricks with the increment of curing time.

The Role of Tape Measure Protein in Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Virus Capsid Assembly.

Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) are a group of large viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, from animals to protists. These viruses are grouped together in NCLDV based on genomic sequence analyses. They share a set of essential genes for virion morphogenesis and replication. Most NCLDVs generally have large physical sizes while their morphologies vary in different families, such as icosahedral, brick, or oval shape, raising the question of the possible regulatory factor on their morphogenesis. The capsids of icosahedral NCLDVs are assembled from small building blocks, named capsomers, which are the trimeric form of the major capsid proteins. Note that the capsids of immature poxvirus are spherical even though they are assembled from capsomers that share high structural conservation with those icosahedral NCLDVs. The recently published high resolution structure of NCLDVs, Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 and African swine fever virus, described the intensive network of minor capsid proteins that are located underneath the capsomers. Among these minor proteins is the elongated tape measure protein (TmP) that spans from one icosahedral fivefold vertex to another. In this study, we focused on the critical roles that TmP plays in the assembly of icosahedral NCLDV capsids, answering a question raised in a previously proposed spiral mechanism. Interestingly, basic local alignment search on the TmPs showed no significant hits in poxviruses, which might be the factor that differentiates poxviruses and icosahedral NCLDVs in their morphogenesis.