Brick Raw Materials Research Articles

DESIGN OF UD BRICK RAW MATERIAL PREDICTION APPLICATION. INARA

Raw material data processing system is a very important thing in trading business. A computerized system is needed that can make predictions that are more effective, efficient and balanced with adequate human resources. UD.INARA does not yet have a system that can predict the need for brick raw materials. Because in the process of processing raw brick material data still uses manual predictions which are of course inaccurate, so that the process of ordering customers to calculating raw materials is not effective and efficient. The system design uses the SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) waterfall method which consists of five stages, namely 1) planning, 2) analysis, 3) design, 4) implementation, 5) maintenance. System modeling uses UML (Unified Modeling Language) to describe visually, which is then implemented using the Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) programming language with MySQL database as the database used. This design produces a data processing application for ud.inara brick raw materials that is effective and efficient in the process of predicting raw materials. This system can also generate accurate raw material reports. The design of a data processing application for brick raw materials is expected to improve UD.INARA's performance, to be more productive and efficient in providing services to customers.

COMPRESSIVE AND BENDING STRENGTH OF CHAMBO ARTISANAL BRICKS WITH ADDITION OF RECYCLED GLASS POWDER

This article describes the main findings obtained when implementing recycled glass powder as an ingredient in the production of artisanal bricks in the Chambo canton, with the aim of improving their mechanical properties. The characterization of the brick's raw material (soil and ash) was carried out, followed by the fabrication of bricks with the addition of glass powder (PV), using the artisanal procedure with only the modification of adding glass powder to the mixture. The results indicate that the soil used as the main raw material is classified, according to the SUCS methodology, as a well-graded sand with silt (SW-SM). Modified bricks with glass powder show up to 240% compressive strength and 220% flexural strength capability compared to traditional bricks when using 8% to 12% glass powder dosage in the mixture. Additionally, both traditional and modified bricks exhibit a water absorption percentage between 25% and 26%. The procedures, as well as the interpretation and contrast of the results, are based on the guidelines established by the Ecuadorian Institute of Standardization (INEN).

Experimental study on brick performance using quartz material and woods ash

Traditional building using clay bricks is a cornerstone of modern civilization. Traditional brickmaking hurts the environment via clay mining and power-hungry fires. This article describes the results of a quartz and wood ash brick experiment to address these issues and promote sustainable construction. We will test their mechanical properties, water absorption, and durability to determine whether they can replace clay bricks in terms of environmental impact and resource efficiency. Quartz and wood ash are being considered for brick manufacture owing to their cost-effectiveness and environmental advantages. The performance of bricks made with these materials is yet unknown. To fill this gap, this research will examine the structural and thermal characteristics of quartz-and-wood-ash bricks for building applications. This research helps the construction industry achieve or surpass performance standards while reducing brick manufacturing's environmental impact. This study examines utilising quartz and wood ash as brick raw materials to improve sustainability and performance. Quartz, wood ash, and ordinary clay are burned to make brick samples according to industry requirements. These materials are tested for brickmaking, utilising many performance characteristics. Brick conduct was identified during the investigation. Bricks using powdered quartz, wood ash, cement, and sand were evaluated for compressive strength and water absorption. They made bricks. Most bricks were made by mixing and casting these four elements. According to estimations, quartz, wood ash, cement, and sand made up 45 %, 15 %, and 15 % of each component, respectively. After the final brick was laid, the fresh bricks were tested. Water absorption and compressive strength vary greatly between 7- and 14-day-cured bricks. Compressive strength rose greater after 14 days than 7.

Determination of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Porous Blocks (Bricks) Produced with Brick Clay

Clay brick has recently become a very inevitable product for the construction industry due to the being a sustainable and relatively cheaper material especially with the parallel of developments on foam-forming agents. These bricks have two main problems. These are high unit volume weight and thermal conductivity. In this study, an expansion agent was added to the brick raw material to reduce the unit weight of the brick and to increase the thermal insulation. Samples were produced by adding a mixture of expanding at certain rates. The produced samples were fired at 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050 and 1100 oC to obtain 100×100×100 mm bricks. The unit volume weight, water absorption, void ratio, compressive strength, compressive strength after freezing-thawing and thermal conductivity properties of the produced bricks were investigated. According to the data obtained in the research, the optimum expansion chemical ratio is 15%. The most suitable firing temperature was determined as 1100 oC. The samples produced with 15% expander at 1100 °C, unit volume weight 744 kg/m3, water absorption 31.83%, void ratio 36.88 %, compressive strength 6.93 MPa, compressive strength after freezing-thawing 5.10 MPa and thermal conductivity λ=0.16 W/mK.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY (EOQ) METHOD WITH JUST IN TIME (JIT) METHOD AS PLANNING AND CONTROLLING OF BATAKO RAW MATERIAL SUPPLY AT UD. ULINNUHA

The purpose of this study is to compare the planning and controlling of the supply of brick raw materials between the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method and the Just In Time (JIT) method at UD Ulinnuha. In addition, this study also purposes to determine which methods should be applied to UD Ulinnuha from both methods. Interviews, observations, and documentation are used to get data on purchase costs, usage, storage, and ordering of raw materials. The type of research used in this study is applied research. The results of this study indicate that both methods, both EOQ and JIT can work appropriately and optimally at UD Ulinnuha. But the two methods are not suitable if applied to UD Ulinnuha because if using the JIT method, the storage warehouse is inadequate to accommodate the raw material inventory. If using the EOQ method the warehouse can accommodate raw material inventory, but in real terms, the warehouse can`t accommodate raw materials according to the maximum inventory calculation results. So that the two methods are not recommended by researchers and are recommended to continue using company policies because company policies have taken into account the conditions in the field.

Pemanfaatan Sedimen Sungai Untuk Bahan Baku Unfired Bricks (Bata Tanpa Bakar)

The land use change in a watershed cause erosion resulting in sedimentation in river channels. Physically treatment of sedimentation requires a considerable cost, hence it is necessary to find another alternative treatment, i.e. by utilizing river sediment for building materials. Brick is a building material that is widely produced and used by the society. To provide solutions for sediment reduction, it is necessary to do a research on the utilization of river sediment for brick raw materials. In this study, the utilization of sediment into bricks was proposed in the form of Unfired Bricks. Raw sediment material will be mixed with cement and sand with a certain composition to increase the compression strength of brick in order to meet one of the SNI requirements, i.e. 15-2094-2000 or SNI 03-0349-1989. Results found that the addition of cement and sand treatment can increase the compressive strength of the brick up to 44,176 kg/cm² at the age of 14 days. However, the compression strength test results are still below the compression strength of Red Brick requirements in accordance with SNI 15-2094-2000 where the minimum compression strength of brick is 50 kg /cm², but it qualify for the compression Strength Concrete Brick SNI 03-0349-1989 for the quality level of grade III with a minimum of 40 kg / cm² and grade IV with a minimum of 25 kg / cm²

PEMANFAATAN ABU LIMBAH KERTAS PADA PEMBUATAN BATU BATA

The increasing number of population each year makes the number of building needs for houses, buildings, schools, offices and other infrastructure will increase. In general, building consumption cannot be separated from the use of bricks as a form of wall construction in building construction. The size and compressive strength of bricks circulating in the market are of poor quality which comes from fabrication, local work or home industries. In the brick-making process, bricklayers only use certain types of soil to maintain the quality of brick production. As a result, the availability of soil as the main material in brick making will decrease. Another alternative to meet the shortcomings of the brick-forming material and make it stronger and more durable, can be used as a substitute for other materials such as waste paper. The use of paper waste is an effort to find new types of building materials and to reduce environmental pollution problems due to paper waste. This study aims to analyze the concentration of the addition of paper waste ash on the strength of the bricks. The benefit of this research is as an alternative study of meeting the needs of brick raw materials for environmentally friendly buildings by utilizing paper waste ash. The results showed the effect of a mixture of paper waste ash as a clay additive on the compressive strength of normal bricks (fc '2.9 MPa). The percentage value of compressive strength with a mixture of paper waste ash 3% obtained an average compressive strength of 40.10 kg / cm2, 5% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength of 61.48 kg / cm2 and 7% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength average 64.12 kg / cm2 against the compressive strength of normal bricks 37.28 kg / cm2. The conclusion of this research is that the variation of the mixture of paper waste ash with a variation of 7% paper waste ash mixture exceeding 60 kg / cm² (compressive strength class III) SNI 15-2094-2000a. This shows that paper waste ash can increase the compressive strength of bricks.

Utilization of Ash from Municiple Solid Waste to Improve Physical - Mechanical Properties and Reduce of Cost Material in Manufacture of Batako

Municipal solid waste processing is an important issue in every country, including Indonesia. The incineration treatment can minimize the volume of waste and produce heat and residue (ash). Ash produced can reach 10-20% of the initial volume of waste. This study was trying to reuse the ash resulted from the incineration of municiple solid waste to making of batako, which have an added value. The study of batako making used a mixture of ash from incinerators, sand and cement. Mixing composition of normal brick raw material is 25% by volume of cement and 75% by volume of sand. The addition of ash from the incinerator is done to substitute a portion of the volume of sand, which is varied as much as 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by volume of the amount of sand used. All the raw materials were homogenously mixed and added 20% water from the total volume of material, and added 20% water from the total volume of material, then formed by pressing and followed by drying at room temperature for 14 days. The samples of batako were characterized for its density, water absoption and compressive strength. Based on the test results show that the density value tends to decrease and conversely the value of water absorption tends to increase with the increasing number of ash compositions. The concrete compressive strength value tends to increase significantly from the composition of ash 10% to 40%, but at the addition of 50% ash, the compressive strength value tends to be the same as samples using 40% ash. From the results of this study an optimal composition was obtained in a sample with 40% ash which has the characteristics of density = 1.68 g / cm3, water absorption = 18.89% and compressive strength =85.88 kgf/cm2

KARAKTERISTIK SILIKA POWDER BERBASIS BATUAN TRAS DENGAN PROSES EKSTRAKSI DAN PRESIPITASI

Indonesia is a country rich in natural resources such as trass rocks where tras rock deposits in the Rembang area are 28.5 million m3 with a total area of ​​260 ha. Tras rock is only used for cement and brick raw materials where the economic value is low. Based on laboratory analysis, tras rock contained of SiO2 = 40-56%. Because of the high silica content, it was very possible to make a silica product that was widely used for industrial needs. The purpose of the research was to obtain optimum conditions in the extraction and precipitation process and also drying to obtain synthetic powder silica that met industry standards. The process carried out was refinement of 100 mesh size trass rock followed by an extraction process with variations in the concentration of NaOH (1; 1.5; 2; 2.5; 3M) and extraction time (60, 90,120, 150, and 180 minutes) in the reactor at a temperature 95°C then the solution was filtered and the precipitation process was carried out with 37% HCl through the neutral of pH, the resulting sludge was dried and the content and weight were calculated and the marfology was tested by SEM. The optimum conditions for of silica extraction proces of tras rock was the addition of 3M NaOH with a time of 150 minutes to produce 15.26 grams of silica.

Comparison of Enterprises Extracting Building Materials in the Czech Republic

The article deals with the comparison of mining companies extracting building materials in the Czech Republic. First, the legal form of all companies operating in the selected raw material segment is analysed. Subsequently, the actual comparison of the enterprises is carried out, which includes the most important enterprises of the different raw material groups (brick raw material, dimension stone, building stone, gravel, and sand). Selected companies are compared in the period 2011-2018 using six indicators: ROA, inventory turnover, total debt, immediate liquidity, DHM productivity, net working capital turnover time. The weighted sum method is used for self-evaluation. Indicator weights are determined using the Fuller triangle. The comparison shows that the following companies are the best in the raw material groups: (i) Heluz s.r.o. (Ltd.) (brick clays), (ii) Granit Lipnice s.r.o. (Ltd.) (dimension stone), (iii) EUROVIA Kamenolomy, a.s. (Plc.) (building stone), (iv) Ceskomoravský stěrk, a.s. (Plc.) (gravel and sand). When comparing the companies in the whole building material segment, EUROVIA Kamenolomy, a.s. (Plc.) is the best company, followed by Kamenolomy CR, s. r. o. (Ltd.) and KAMEN Zbraslav (Plc.). The analysis also found that 54.24% of mining companies in the Czech Republic use the legal form of s.r.o. (Ltd.) and 26.69% are public or private limited companies – a.s. (Plc.). It was also found that the mining company with the highest production volume was not in first place in the group based on the comparisons made. Keywords: Building materials; Comparison; Mining company; Ratio indicators. DOI 10.35180/gse-2020-0034

Performance in Thermal Conductivity of Bricks Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Expanded Polystyrene Beads

Sustainable development has encouraged us to sustain the balance between the development of the country and the biodiversity conservation. Productions of lightweight bricks with thermal conductivity and density that have acceptable compressive strength are accomplished. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) was used as partial cement replacement and an expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads was used as sand replacement to manufacture of bricks. In this study, the control sample with a Cement: POFA: Sand: EPS ratio of 1.0: 0: 3.0: 0 were produce. The cement in the sample is replace by 25% of POFA and 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% of EPS. In this study, the test conducted was a thermal conductivity test and density test of the POFA, EPS beads and brick raw material. This sample was cured under full air-dry curing conditions were applied in this experiment. The density of bricks containing 0% of EPS Beads with 25% of POFA are higher than that of brick containing 50% of EPS Beads with 25% of POFA which are 1850 kg/m3 and 1357.14 kg/m3, respectively. The higher the percentage of EPS beads, the lower the brick’s density. The thermal conductivity of bricks containing 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% EPS with 25% POFA show that brick containing 50% EPS with 25% POFA have a lower thermal conductivity with 0.09 W/m°C due to the density of the sample.

WASTE TO PRODUCT: BISOLUM-BRICKS, INCORPORATION OF WWTP SLUDGE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY INTO BRICKS FOR WALL PAIRS

The disposal of WWTP sludge is one of problems in textiles industry, which requires serious attention to find a way out. Utilization of sludge from the textile industry wastewater treatment, according to the Republic of Indonesia Goverment Regulation No.110 year 2014, can be used as a mixture of brick raw materials, must consider the availability of technology, meet environmental quality standards and meet technical requirements for use.Environmental feasibility refers to Goverment Regulation No.110 year 2014, carried out with TCLP toxicity tests on raw materials for soil, WWTP sludge and brick products. Acute toxicity test LD 50, carried out on brick products in which using a mixture of WWTP Sludge. Technical feasibility is carried out by testing the quality of brick products in accordance with solid brick Nasional Indonesian Standard (SNI) for wall pairs.Research results prove the toxicity test on raw materials and brick products with a mixture of up to 60% of waste, still meets the requirements of TCLP and LD.50 according to GR No.110 year 2014. Test the quality of bricks at the use of 40% and 60% mixture of sludge still meet Nasional Indonesian Standard (SNI 15-2094-2000) solid red brick for wall pairs.

The Evaluation of the Heavy Metal Leaching Behavior of MSWI-FA Added Alkali-Activated Materials Bricks by Using Different Leaching Test Methods.

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) not only have the potential to replace cement applications in architecture and civil engineering, but also have an excellent effect on the stabilization solidification of hazardous industrial wastes. This study used two types of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA)—grate firing fly ash (GFFA) and fluidized bed fly ash (FBFA)—as AAMs brick raw materials. It is discovered from this study that AAMs bricks with different weight ratios of GFFA and FBFA can both meet the required standard of GB21144-2007 (Solid concrete brick). From the results obtained from the four leaching tests, the equilibrium pH of the leachate varies, resulting in significant differences in the leaching of heavy metals in Raw GFFA, Raw FBFA, and AAMs bricks with GFFA and FBFA. The AAMs brick with the addition of GFFA and FBFA has an alkali activation system to encapsulate heavy metals. By comparing the results obtained from the CEN/TS 14429 leaching behavior test and the four batch leaching tests, it was found that the most influential factors for the heavy metal leaching concentration are whether the heavy metal has been solidified/stabilized in the samples. GFFA and FBFA tend to have consistent characteristics after being activated by alkali to form AAMs bricks. This can be confirmed by the acid neutralization ability concentrated on a specific pH range. The results obtained from CEN/TS14429 verified that the AAMs bricks with the addition of GFFA and FBFA have excellent environmental compatibility and that it provides a comprehensive evaluation on the environmental compatibility of the test materials and products. This demonstrated that the MSWI-FA is suitable for used as alkali-activated materials and its products have the potential to be commercially used in the future.

Microstructure and Strength of Alkali-Activated Bricks Containing Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Fly Ash Developed as Construction Materials

Alkali-activated materials (AAM) are widely applied in the field of building materials and civil engineering to substitute cement materials. This study used two types of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA): grate-firing fly ash (GFFA) and fluidized bed fly ash (FBFA) as brick raw materials. Various weight ratio of 20%, 30%, and 40% GFFA and FBFA were added to coal fly ash (CFA), GGBFs (Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag), and an alkali-activating reagent to produce alkali-activated bricks. Microstructure and crystalline phase composition were observed to analyze their compressive strength, and a leaching test was used to prove the material’s safety for the environment. It can be seen from the results of this study that the alkali-activated bricks containing FBFA had higher compressive strength than those containing GFFA in the same amount. Considering the engineering properties, the alkali-activated bricks containing FBFA are more suitable to be used as building materials. The difference in the compressive strength resulted from the large amount of calcium compounds and chloride salts present in the GFFA. From SEM analysis, it was observed that there was a large number of pores in the microstructure. It was also found from the results of XRD that the bricks containing GFFA contained a large amount of chloride salt. From the results of the two leaching tests, it was found that the amounts of six heavy metals detected in the leachates of the bricks in this study met the corresponding regulation standards. This described MSWI-FA is suitable for use as alkali-activated material, and its products have potential to be commercially used in the future.

Pemanfaatan Lumpur Hasil Samping IPAL Pabrik Pasta Gigi Sebagai Bahan Baku Batako Dalam Upaya Reduksi Limbah

This research were aimed to know the best variation as brick raw materials according to SNI 03-0349-1989 about Concrete Brick for Wall Pairs and to know Pb concentration in leachate from raw material mixture and from stabilization-solidification product. Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant’s Toothpaste Factory was used as a substitution of Portland cement which was varied to 10%, 30% and 50% of Portland cement. Batako were tested by external views and physical requirements according to SNI 03-0349-1989. Raw material and product of brick were analyzed by TCLP for Pb metal using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric method. The selected sample variation as a large hollow brick material based on SNI 03-0349-1989 is 30% of sludge substituting Portland cement with grade II quality. The concentration of Pb in leachate of brick raw material for each variation was 0.84 mg / L; 0.95 mg / L; and 1.02 mg / L. While the concentration of Pb in the leachate of brick for each variation was 0.40 mg / L; 0.45 mg / L; and 0.49 mg / L.

Potential Utilization of Sewage Sludge from Water Treatment Plant as Brick Material

One of the results of the water treatment process is the sludge. Generally, the processed sludge from the water treatment is collected and delivered to a landfil. With the delivery of sludge waste, it requires additional cost as a levy in handling sludge waste. Therefore, it is needed to innovate on the recycling of sludge. The waste recycling process is expected to minimize the residual impact of the Water Treatment Plant. The process of waste recycling can be done by utilizing sludge from water treatment, which is brick making process. The benefits can eliminate environmental problems and also some economic problems. This study aims to determine the potential of sludge from water treatment plant to be added for brick making by investigating the physical and characteristics of sludge. The research findings show that sludge waste has the potential to become a brick raw material depending on the nature and clay microstructure

Innovative Directions for Utilization of Ferrous Metallurgy Waste in Ceramic Brick Production

The expediency is demonstrated of using ferrous metallurgy calcium-containing waste as a diluent and flux, and as a clay component, i.e., inter-shale clay (shale oil recovery waste) for reducing brick raw material drying time. The use of this waste in ceramic brick production makes it possible to conserve natural raw material, to reduce the amount of industrial waste, and to reduce environmental contamination. In addition, this usage leads to a reduction in final product cost, provides an alternative raw material for ceramic brick production, conserves unrecoverable resources, and reduces energy requirements.

Characteristics of fired clay bricks with pumice additive

Production of porous and lightweight clay bricks with enhanced thermal conductivity is studied. Pumice was used as an additive to an earthenware brick to produce the pores. SEM-EDS, XRD, XRF and TG-DTA analysis of the raw materials was initially performed. Mixtures containing brick raw materials and pumice were prepared at different proportions (up to 40wt.%). The semi-dry mixtures were compressed by a hydraulic press under 20MPa pressure into the mold, and the green bodies were dried, and then fired at 900°C and 1000°C for 2h. The loss on ignition values of fired samples was investigated, as well as, the bulk density, apparent porosity and water absorption measurements by Archimedes method. Thermal conductivities and mechanical strengths of the fired samples were also measured. Results showed that the use of pumice decreased the fired density of the bricks. Thermal conductivity of the brick with added 40% pumice produced (<0.65W/mK) showed more than 30% reduction compared to the reference brick without additive (0.96W/mK). Their compressive strengths were highly higher than that required by the standard.

Influence of expanded vermiculite on physical properties and thermal conductivity of clay bricks

Porous clay bricks lightened by adding 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10wt.% expanded vermiculite have been fabricated by semi-dry pressing process. The expanded vermiculite (in Yildizeli, Sivas, Turkey) was used as an additive into a brick raw material to produce the porosity. Chemical composition, phase identification, thermal behavior and microstructure of the raw materials were analyzed by XRF, XRD, TGA and SEM, respectively. The brick mixtures containing vermiculite at different proportions were formed, dried and then fired at 900 and 1000°C for two hours. Properties such as drying and firing shrinkages, loss on ignition, bulk density, porosity, water absorption, compressive strength, thermal conductivity and microstructure of the samples were determined. It is found that the use of expanded vermiculite addition reduced the bulk density of the samples containing 10wt.% additive down from 1.76 to 1.34g/cm3. It was observed that their porosity ratios up to 45% improved with increasing of vermiculite addition, whereas their compressive strengths (min. 14MPa) decreased. However, their strengths were still quite higher than that of required by the standards. Thermal conductivity of the porous samples with vermiculite of 10% decreased from 0.96 to 0.65W/mK by raising porosity, which corresponds to a reduction of 32% compared to the reference sample. Increasing of the firing temperature also affected their mechanical and physical properties. In consequence, this study revealed that the brick samples produced with vermiculite addition could be used as an insulating material in construction applications.

The Development and Experience in Using a Series of Celsius Sensors for Monitoring the Temperature of the Working Body in a System for Controlling the Drying of Ceramic Articles

Various instruments for measuring the temperature in brick raw materials are analyzed and a method of setting up optimal control of the process of drying a ceramic brick to reduce the energy costs of an industrial enterprise by means of new Celsius heat sensors is proposed. It is shown that the device is universal and will be effective for the needs of enterprises for which monitoring of the thermodynamic parameters is the basis of the technological process.