Brick Plants Research Articles

Behavior of Self-compacting Mortars Based on Waste Brick Powder

Aims: Study the performance of self-compacting mortar (SCM) using waste ground brick as cement replacement material. Background: Large amounts of brick waste are produced in brick manufacturing plants and construction and demolition sites. The use of these bricks as partial substitution to natural aggregates or after crushing as fines for partial cement substitution could contribute to reduce the problem of waste storage and environmental pollution as well as in the conservation of natural resources. Objective: The objective of this paper is to study the effect of adding waste ground brick on the performance of SCM at the fresh and hardened state. Methods: It is an experimental investigation where mortar specimens where cement was partially substituted by crushed recycled bricks fines recovered from a brick plant. The level of substitution was either 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% 20% and 25% by weight of cement. Workability was measured by slump flow and flow time by V-funnel test. Compressive strength and water absorption by capillary were measured on 40x40x160 mm3 prismatic specimens. Results: The experimental results show that self-compacting mortar can be obtained up to 25% of cement substitution by brick powders. The compressive strength was improved at long term for up to 15% cement substitution by brick powder. The sorptivity coefficient is increased by incorporation of brick waste powder. Conclusion: The substitution of cement by waste ground brick powder up to 15% of waste brick powder has little influence on the rheological parameters of self-compacting mortar and the compressive strength is increased at the long term. Further investigations are underway to study the shrinkage, the long term durability and the pore size distribution by mercury porosimetry.

Flue Gas Desulphurization in Circulating Fluidized Beds

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is mostly emitted from coal-fueled power plants, from waste incineration, from sulphuric acid manufacturing, from clay brick plants and from treating nonferrous metals. The emission of SO2 needs to be abated. Both wet scrubbing (absorption) and dry or semi-dry (reaction) systems are used. In the dry process, both bubbling and circulating fluidized beds (BFB, CFB) can be used as contactor. Experimental results demonstrate a SO2-removal efficiency in excess of 94% in a CFB application. A general model of the heterogeneous reaction is proposed, combining the external diffusion of SO2 across the gas film, the internal diffusion of SO2 in the porous particles and the reaction as such (irreversible, 1st order). For the reaction of SO2 with a fine particulate reactant, the reaction rate constant and the relevant contact time are the dominant parameters. Application of the model equations reveals that the circulating fluidized bed is the most appropriate technique, where the high solid to gas ratio guarantees a high conversion in a short reaction time. For the CFB operation, the required gas contact time in a CFB at given superficial gas velocities and solids circulation rates will determine the SO2 removal rate.

Environmental Impact Assessment for Brick Factory in Baghdad, Iraq

The environmental and social impacts of bricks factory based on the information's collected from old brick factories in Al-Nahrawan. This information includes water, air and soil sample analysis, community questionnaire, climate and topography of the region and standards to create model for modern brick factory. Practically the results of the analysis of soil pH, exceed the determinants of the WHO, while some cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Ni2+ , carbon content, and TDS were within the limit. High values for volatile organic compounds, PMs, TSP, NO2 and SO2 resulting from the combustion of the fuel used in the manufacturing process during the four months were the outside the Iraqi determinants. The results of the questionnaire analysis devolve toward the creation of bricks factories with a modern and environment friendly technology. The study presented numbers of recommendations for modern brick factories and showed the extent of the community's awareness contaminants posed by traditional brick plants. Alternatives and environmental monitoring plan for the project so as to ensure the protection of the surrounding environment.

LLC «Rzhevkirpich» impact on the environment and environmental management of the territory

A sharp increase of anthropogenic impact on the environment has created a real threat to the ecological crisis. A huge variety of natural resources use in human activities led to the use of a systematic approach to the environmental management analysis, as well as to environmental management. This paper considers Rzhev brick factory impact on such environmental components as air, hydrosphere, soil and lithosphere. Currently, the production of bricks is one of the leading sectors of the building materials industry, accounting for more than 50% of the total production of wall materials. From the environmental point of pollution occurs at all stages of production: raw materials preparation (crushing, grinding, sifting, etc.), mixing of starting components into a homogeneous good shape commodity (preparation of press-powder with the use of emaciated and burnable additives, hydration, heating and mixing) and production with the help of various methods of pressing. As a result of the analysis the authors suggest a complex of measures to minimize negative impacts on the environment and health of workers and the public. As brick plants are widely distributed on the territory of the Russian Federation and as they are quite often located in urban areas, the market for brick production develops, the authors think that the subject is very relevant and important from a practical point of view.

Use of ultrafine marble and brick particles as raw materials in cement manufacturing

Ultrafine marble particles (UMP) and ultrafine brick particles (UBP) obtained from marble and brick plants can be reused in cement industry, instead of being stored in agricultural land. An attempt has been done to show the possibility of reusing the UMP and UBP for manufacturing of cements. UMP and UBP are mixed at three different ratios—79 %UMP + 21 %UBP + 30 %water, 77 %UMP + 23 %UBP + 30 %water, 81 %UMP + 19 %UBP + 30 %water—in order to obtain farina clusters. Farinas are burned at 1,450 °C at 30 min in laboratory kiln to manufacture new cements. The chemical properties, such as chemical compositions for UMP, UBP, farinas and new cements, and the physical properties, such as, fineness, specific surface, density, water absorption for UMP and UBP, and the pozzolanic activities, such as compressive strength and flexural strength for UMP and UBP, and the morphological observations for UMP and UBP, and the module properties, such as modulus of hydraulic, silica, alumina, lime standard, and lime saturation factor for farinas and new cements is examined. In this study, comparisons are carried out between the results and properties of conventional cement and the results show a potential that new cements can be made by UMP and UBP at 1,450 °C at 30 min.

Ceramic Materials from Low-Melting Clays Modified by Industrial Wastes from a Glass-Fiber Plant

The wastes from the production of glass fiber can be used not only to solve a serious ecological problem but also to increase the quality of construction ceramic articles produced at brick manufacturing plants.

Engineering properties of insulation material made with cotton waste and fly ash

Huge amounts of cotton and fly ash wastes are disposed in countries all over the world. The majority of cotton wastes and fly ash are abandoned. It is a big problem to propose utilization of these by-products from the aspects of disposal, environmental pollution, and health hazards. This paper presents a parametric experimental study which investigates the potential use of cotton waste and fly ash in combination for producing a new low-cost and lightweight composite as a building material. The physical and mechanical properties of concrete mixes containing cotton waste and fly ash are investigated. The compressive strength, flexural strength, unit weight, and water absorption properties of this proposed material conform to relevant standards. The thermal insulation test of the proposed material was also carried out. The cotton waste and fly ash block house has been found to be superior to the concrete block house for sustained comfortable indoor temperatures. The process undertaken can be easily applied in classic brick plants. It yields a lighter weight composite having potential to be used for walls as an economical alternative to concrete blocks, ceiling panels, sound barrier panels, etc.

Surfactants in Brick Production

The main directions of technical progress in the ceramic construction materials industry are the development of new and improvement of existing technological processes ensuring minimum consumption of energy, materials and labor resources, wide adoption of lowand no-waste technologies and the use of production byproducts. In ceramic brick production the molding properties of clay are the most important properties. The rheological properties of clay pastes can be regulated by introducing organic-mineral process additives of the Litoplast M and Poliplast TD series, manufactured by the Polyplast Company. The additive and the amount added are determined individually for each production process, since the mineralogical composition and the dispersity of the raw material can differ significantly from one to another. The structural-mechanical properties of ceramic brick largely depend on ion exchange, characteristic for clay minerals. The addition of additives based on sodium polymethylene-bis-naphthalenesulfonate and complexes of inorganic modifiers to clayey raw material gives the maximum increase of the electrokinetic potential of the particles and the wetting effect, and the electrostatic repulsion between particles, owing to a large extent to the modifiers and the action of structural forces, predominantly due to the chemical structure of the additive containing bulk aromatic rings with well solvated functional groups, manifests most fully. This gives aggregative stability to the system at high concentrations of the disperse phase. Thus, the use of process additives from the series Lopast M and Poliplast TD in the production of ceramic articles, including brick, gives the following: 1) improved rheological properties of the batch; 2) higher strength characteristics, greater freeze resistance and improved exterior appearance of the finished product; 3) lower wear of the main process equipment; 4) improved performance of the process equipment; 5) lower energy consumption in the production process. The effectiveness of the process additives largely depends on the type and granulometric composition of the raw material used and other factors. It is known that clay deposits differ from one another with respect to the chemical and mineralogical composition. In brick plants, aside from clays, additional raw materials are used in order to improve the physical-mechanical properties of the finished articles. In this connection the Poliplast Company has created a division for technical tracing of production, where trained specialists will provide assistance in choosing the required additives as well as perform laboratory and commercial tests under the customer’s production conditions. The scientific-technical center at the Poliplast Company includes accredited chemical and construction laboratories equipped with the required equipment, which makes it possible to perform tests to determine the required recipes and amounts of the corresponding additives. This makes it possible to develop additives for each batch individually. At the present time the products of the Poliplast Company are used in brick plants in Sverdlovsk Oblast’, the Republic of Kazakhstan and Perm’skii Krai. Series Litoplast M and Poliplast TD additives are being actively adopted in the production of brick in the Republic of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtiya, Chelyabinsk Oblast’ and elsewhere. The company’s service policy makes it possible to continually improve the quality of the ready product and to develop innovative materials for the ceramic articles market and for other industries. As a result the Poliplast Company leads the market for specialized complex additives throughout the Russian Federation. Glass and Ceramics, Vol. 70, Nos. 3 – 4, July, 2013 (Russian Original, Nos. 3 – 4, March – April, 2013)

UTILIZATION OF LIMESTONE DUST IN BRICK MAKING

In Egypt, Large amounts of limestone dust are accumulated annually during running limestone quarries. Disposal of these wastes is a rapidly growing problem, and causes certain serious environmental problems and heath hazards. Therefore, research for utilizing these disposals is urgently needed. The main aim of this study is to investigate both physical and mechanical properties of brick specimens containing combinations of limestone dust and small amount of Portland cement as a binder for producing building brick material. Limestone dust and cement were mixed, humidified and molded by two methods, hand-making method and mechanical molding method applying small compaction action. After demoulding, the produced specimens were left to dry in air at room temperature for 28 days. The obtained values of water absorption, bulk density, slake durability index, and compressive strength satisfy the Egyptian standard of fired clay building units for non-load bearing walls. The test results indicate that brick specimens contain 13% cement satisfy the requirements of building of non-load bearing walls in Egypt. The process undertaken can easily be applied in the working Egyptian brick plants using semi mechanization system. The positive use of these wastes converts them into useful products that can alleviate the disposal and environmental problems.

Insulation properties of bricks made with cotton and textile ash wastes

Abstract Huge amounts of cotton and textile ash waste are disposed of by countries all over the world. The majority of cotton wastes and textile ash wastes is expelled in such a way as to cause serious environmental problems. The present study involves experimental research investigating the potential use of cotton and textile ash wastes combination for producing a new and lightweight composite building material with good insulation properties. The results showed that the cotton and textile ash waste bricks fulfill the compressive strength and heat conductivity requirements of the ASTM and Turkish Standards. A cotton and textile ash waste brick house has been found to be superior to a concrete brick house for regulating indoor temperatures. The production process can be easily applied in conventional brick plants. The product is a light weight composite which can be used for making bricks and wall and ceiling panels with good insulation properties.

Have We Made Any Progress in the Struggle to Make First Nation Poverty History? A 40-Year Perspective

The late 1700s and the early 1800s were marked by displacement, starvation and the continuing ravages of disease, sharply reducing First Nation population numbers and setting the stage for widespread incursions on First Nation lands as well as exclusion from access to natural resources.6 Yet, regionally specific histories suggest a gradual regrouping in the late 1800s and early 1900s as the Indigenous population carved out a place on the margins of the White economy, working as guides to hunters, domestics in homes, workers in canning factories and labourers in brick plants.7 Others managed to continue their traditional subsistence life style. The intergenerational effects of the residential schools require investments in individual, family and community healing and represent a significant challenge for community development * The continuing loss of access to lands and resources through the incursion of immigrant populations, the treaty process and the nonfulfilment of treaty provisions, and through the process of regulation (e.g., migratory birds, hunting and fishing, logging) * The relocation and displacement of communities from their traditional lands as a result of centralization policies or the construction of hydro electric dams The Great Depression seemed to knock the pins out from under the meagre employment gains that had been made in earlier decades. While necessary on humanitarian grounds in the short term and a welcome change from the rejection of appeals in earlier decades, it proved to be a short-sighted and limited approach to the challenge of First Nation poverty in the longer term. [...]order, there were many responses to the document, among the most thoughtful the 1971 statement issued by the Indian Tribes of Manitoba, titled Wahbung: Our Tomorrows.

Capacity rationalization and exit strategies

AbstractA case study of the response to chronic excess capacity in a small competitive industry (the manufacturing of clay bricks) permits a generalization of Bower's concentration hypothesis. Barriers to exit produced a free rider problem where only smaller and lower quality brick plants were shut when the efficient solution demanded major closures. The exit logjam was resolved by the strategic actions of growth‐maximizing managers. They used major acquisitions as the basis for substantial reductions in firm and industry capacity while growing their own market share. The fall in industry capacity enabled other firms to follow suit while maintaining their market share as predicted by prospect theory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Limestone dust and glass powder wastes as new brick material

Large amounts of glass and limestone wastes are accumulating all over the world. Disposal of Limestone Powder Waste (LPW) and Waste Glass Powder (WGP) is a rapidly growing problem for some municipalities, so research for alternative utilization of these disposals is needed. In this respect, the objectives of this study are to investigate both physical and mechanical properties of samples containing LPW–WGP combinations for producing as new building brick material. An experimental approach to develop a new brick material including mainly LPW, a small quantity of Portland cement and WGP is presented. The LPW, WGP and cement are mixed, humidified and compacted under high pressure in the moulds. The values of compressive strength, flexural strength, unit weight, water absorption, abrasion resistance, freezing–thawing (F-T) resistance and thermal conductivity satisfy the relevant international standards and introduces smoother surface compared to the current concrete bricks in the market. The process undertaken can easily be applied within the current brick plants. The WGP used in LPW remarkably improves the compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, abrasion resistance, F-T resistance, and thermal conductivity of LPW brick samples produced in this study. The test results indicate that the samples containing LPW–WGP combinations provide better results for a potential of producing economical new brick materials.

Cotton and limestone powder wastes as brick material

Large amounts of cotton and limestone wastes are accumulated from the countries all over the world. The majority of cotton wastes (CW) and limestone powder wastes (LPW) is abandoned, and causes certain serious environmental problems and health hazards. This paper presents a parametric experimental study, which investigates the potential use of CW–LPW combination for producing new low cost and lightweight composite as a building material. The physical and mechanical properties of concrete mixes having high level of CW and LPW are investigated. The obtained compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), unit weight and water absorption values satisfy the relevant international standards. The results show that the effect of high level replacement of CW with LPW does not exhibit a sudden brittle fracture even beyond the failure loads, indicates high energy absorption capacity, reduces the unit weight dramatically and introduces smother surface compared to the current concrete bricks in the market. The process undertaken can easily be applied in the current brick plants. It results a sturdy lighter weight composite having potential to be used for walls, wooden board substitute, economically alternative to the concrete blocks, ceiling panels, sound barrier panels, etc. Paper presents the results and draws conclusions.

Peasant Capitalist Industry: Piecework and Enterprise in Southern Mexican Brickyards.

Peasant Capitalist Industry examines the handmade brick industry that originated and is concentrated in a handful of communities near Oaxaca City including Santa Lucia del Camino and Santa Cruz Amilpas. Scott Cook provides a comprehensive analysis of the brick plants (ladrilleras) which are privately owned and operated by individuals in the manufacturing communities who also are engaged in agriculture, either directly or with hired workers. Brick plant owners may or may not actually work as brick makers but all of them are engaged in the business as employers of pieceworkers (destajistas or mileros), and also as sellers of brick. Peasant Capitalist Industry contains detailed information about all aspects of brick manufacturing and marketing in the Oaxaca Valley industry. It also includes case studies of pieceworker and owner-worker household enterprises.

Dust conditions in brick plants of Ontario.

Investigations have been carried out into the dust conditions in brick plants of Ontario. Shales and clays used in manufacturing bricks have been analyzed and found to contain free silica as high as 28%. However, to date, no silicotics have been found in the brick industry. The high-volume sampler, midget impinger, and Hexhlet size-selective sampler were used to evaluate the total and respirable dust concentrations in the air. An attempt was made to correlate the dust conditions and occupational histories of workers with the medical findings. This paper emphasizes that all aspects of production and all operations in brick plants must be carefully evaluated in order to design an adequate dust control system. Examples are used to illustrate the difficulties that can occur and how they can be eliminated.

Factors Controlling Gas Supply and Demand

If the gas industry were permitted to operate under the economic laws of supply and demand, the wellhead price per Mcf of gas could conceivably jump by as much as 15 cents. This would be an intolerable and inadmissible increase until John Q. finds himself without heat and services in the middle of a good, hard winter. Can his discomfort be avoided? Will it be avoided? Introduction Any attempt to forecast trends in the supply-and-demand aspects of natural gas in the U. S. must take into consideration all of the up-and-down cycles in the development of the natural gas industry. Each step must be analyzed, from the early days when the fielding of gas was an unwelcome occurrence that often accompanied the search for oil, through the discovery of the giant Mid-Continent and Gulf Coast gas fields and the post-World War II expansion years, to the current period of restrictive regulation, uneasy supply, and industry cost squeeze. Each step has resulted in a definite action or reaction that has left its imprint on the supply-and-demand relationship of the Industry, a relationship whose development is etched in the memories of the decision-makers in the Industry and that undoubtedly will be of considerable influence in all their future plans and decisions. Many long-time observers and experts in the Industry are amazed at, or even bewildered by, the rapid changes in concepts of supply and demand that are taking place almost daily, not to mention the rapidly changing concepts in gas processing and transportation. Certainly, the proven engineering techniques of extrapolation and proven engineering techniques of extrapolation and probability projection of data must be used with probability projection of data must be used with considerable qualification and caution in predicting future trends of the Industry on the basis of past trends. Past Supply-and-Demand Relationships Past Supply-and-Demand Relationships and Regulation Early gas discoveries resulted from the exploration for oil, and except for the small quantities used in the oil fields for fuel and lighting, gas was an unwanted commodity. Vast amounts of gas were flared from the early oil fields, and gas wells that were drilled were capped. Discovery wells were shut in because there were no gas markets, and many large gas fields were to remain undeveloped for a number of years. The first commercial outlet for this early-day gas was for domestic heating and lighting in nearby cities and towns. Generally, the gas fields were located far from any large population centers; and the gas supply was of how low than the local demand, with the result that gas was cheap. In the early days any price, regardless of how low, was considered better than losing it all by flaring the gas from the oil fields, or leaving the gas fields shut in. State regulatory agencies were being formed in the producing states, and they began issuing orders to prevent the flaring of gas in the oil fields. It was truly a lucky town that had a large supply of almost free natural gas nearby. Carbon black plants, ore smelters, brick plants, and other such gas-burning industries began moving in to take advantage of the cheap gas. (Many of the industrial cities of the Southwest and the Gulf Coast based their beginnings on this situation.) Rubber plants, ammonia plants, and other chemical and plastic plants were to follow. The early isolated gas fields in the U. S. can be compared in many ways with some of the newly discovered, remote foreign gas fields. JPT P. 41

Cutting Tables for Brick Plants

Four main types of cutting tables used in the brick plants making wire-cut bricks are described. Their main features, principles of operation and relative advantages and disadvantages of each type are discussed. The necessity of developing an automatic cutter for indigenous brick plants is emphasised.

MINERALOGY AND PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL TEXAS CLAYS*

AbstractPowder diffraction, chemical, and thermal studies were made of four kaolins, two volcanic ashes, and eleven clays and, in addition, particle size, plastograph, electrodialysis, and soluble salt studies were made on five of the clays. The impurities present in the kaolins were quartz, calcite, and montmorillonite. The preponderate mineral in nine clays was either kaolinite or halloysite and that in two clays was illite: A correlation of all the studies made on the five clays which were used in Texas brick plants indicated that the gelatinous nature of the clays which caused increased power consumption during the extruding operation and large loss in the drier was due to organic matter, soluble salts, and montmorillonite.