Brick Mortar Research Articles

Functionalized cellulose nanocrystals-MoS2 nanosheets to tailor brick–mortar architecture of green composite for next-generation electronic packaging

Thermally conductive green composites are an attractive solution for addressing the escalating heat generation in miniaturized microelectronic devices. They offer simplicity in processing, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to potentially degrade, making them well-suited for overcoming heat-related challenges in next-generation electronics and 5G communication applications. Here, innovative work focuses on developing heat dissipation films by imitating artificial brick–mortar architecture. This approach incorporates cellulose nanocrystals-molybdenum disulfide (CNC-M) nanosheets as bifunctional fillers in polypropylene carbonate (PPC) via straightforward casting technology. This novel composite system leverages CNC-M nanosheets “brick” as oriented bonding and thermal linkers within the PPC “mortar,” significantly enhancing heat transfer across the film, enabling efficient heat propagation and overall thermal conductivity to 3.1 W·m−1·K−1, which is 4450.7 % higher than that of pure PPC. The superior heat dissipation capability enables these composite films to efficiently cool smartphone CPUs, shells, and high-power LED modules. When applying the composite film containing 8 wt% CNC-M to smartphone CPUs and cell phone shells, temperatures decrease by 17.9 °C and 8.3 °C, respectively. Notably, LED modules experience a significant temperature reduction of 22.6 °C. This distinctive “brick–mortar” architecture creates a homogeneous trapezoidal layered architecture that significantly enhances strong hydrogen bonding interactions within a composite film, resulting in exceptional mechanical properties, aging durability, and shape memory. The composite film with 5 wt% CNC-M exhibited impressive increases in tensile strength and Young’s modulus of 152.6 % and 1322.2 %, respectively. Furthermore, the composite film exhibited enhanced UV resistance and based materials. This study advances high-performance thermal conductive materials for electronics thermal management, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable solutions in electronics.

Wastewater reclamation for the production of construction bricks: technical, economic, and environmental feasibility

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the technical, economic, and environmental impacts of using treated wastewater as a substitute for potable water (PW) in mortar bricks production. The study experimentally compared the reuse of raw sewage, UASB reactor effluent, activated sludge effluent, and filtered effluent to produce mortar bricks which were tested for mixture workability and compressive strength over curing periods of 3, 7, and 28 days. Slump values of the mixtures were close to 110 mm for all samples, and 28-day compressive strengths varied between 31.2 and 34.8 MPa, higher than the 17.2 MPa required for Type M mortars. Mortar made with activated sludge and filtered effluent exhibited properties comparable to those made with PW. Economic analysis revealed a slight cost increase of 1.7% due to effluent disinfection, but significant environmental benefits, such as reduced eutrophication due to the wastewater reclamation and water conservation, were noted, primarily due to the avoidance of discharging treated effluent into surface water bodies. These findings underscore the feasibility of using treated wastewater in construction, highlighting its potential to enhance sustainability in this field, and suggesting the necessity for further studies on the long-term effect of using reclaimed wastewater cementitious products.

Methodology for Sustainability Assessment for the Use of Ground Olive Stones in Mortar Bricks for Facades

Methodology for Sustainability Assessment for the Use of Ground Olive Stones in Mortar Bricks for Facades

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МОДИФІКОВАНОГО В’ЯЖУЧОГО ДЛЯ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ ГАЗОБЕТОНУ

In the case of energy saving, the main direction in the technology of modern wall materials is to reduce the density in order to achieve better thermal performance while simultaneously increasing the strength characteristics, i.e. creation of effective wall materials. One of these materials is aerated concrete, which is successfully used all over the world. One of the ways to increase the physical and mechanical properties of the binder as the main component of aerated concrete and to expand the raw material base can be the use of waste from all kinds of production, as well as the secondary use of damaged building materials from destroyed buildings and structures as a result of hostilities (recycling). The purpose of the research is to obtain aerated concrete on a modified binder using recycling of destroyed building materials. At this stage, a modified binder is being studied. As a result of the research, the optimal ratio of the components of the modified binder (Portland cement, metakaolin, brick mortar) was determined. Mathematical models describing the dependence of the bending and compression strength of the binder on its composition were obtained. The results of X-ray phase and differential thermal analysis show that the introduction of methacoaline and brick mortar additives into the binder based on Portland cement, after 28 days of normal hardening, do not cause new phase and mineralogical formations compared to samples without additives, but only affect the quantitative mineralogical storage. More intensively expressed hydro-silicate phases and a decrease in crystallization calcium hydroxide are observed. The micrographs of the structure of the obtained binder clearly show the monolithic structure of the cement stone, the alkali-dispersed cement grains, sand and calcium hydro-silicate clusters are visible.

Energy Performance of High-Rise Residential Buildings Using Fly Ash Cenosphere as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Mortar

Energy consumption in residential buildings soared enormously during the pandemic. To construct highly efficient residence, materials are one of factors that need to be considered due to their impact of climate change, power consumption and operational cost. It was found that power plants produced various types of waste products that can be utilized in many applications. For instance, Cenosphere produced from power plants could promote thermal properties of mortar brick to a certain extent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Cenosphere as partial sand replacement on thermal properties of mortar and buildings’ energy efficiency at different percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Both thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity were detected by using Fox 50 instrumentation while energy efficiency was determined by using Autodesk Revit and Green Building Studio (GBS) software. The findings of thermal properties show that the replacement of sand with 20% Cenosphere as partial sand replacement have significantly reduces thermal conductivity while increasing the specific heat capacity of mortar. This study revealed that the k value of mortar bricks have reduced as low as 0.62 W/m.K and as high as 932 J/kg.K for specific heat capacity due to incorporation of Cenosphere and mixtures at 20%. On the other hand, the EUI of 5% Cenosphere has reduced 2.13 kWh/m2 or 1.4% lower than control mix. The energy saving measure largely influenced by the composition of Cenosphere as compared to the buildings’ orientations.

Alternative Use of the Waste from Ground Olive Stones in Doping Mortar Bricks for Sustainable Façades

The aim of achieving sustainability in construction is a reality. A useful strategy to achieve this is the use of waste from agricultural activities. This waste could reduce the environmental impacts associated with the production of raw materials such as natural aggregate, reducing energy consumption from fossil fuels and therefore CO2 emissions. This study examines the thermal conductivity of mortars doped with ground olive stones, a residual by-product of industrial processes. The objective is to evaluate the potential of ground olive stones to improve thermal insulation in construction. Ground olive stones are used as a partial replacement for the aggregates used in mortar bricks. The methodology followed herein to quantify the benefits of this product involves creating several types of mortar with a different percentage of ground olive stones in each sample (between 0% and 30%). Thermal conductivity was determined according to UNE-EN12939:2001. Finally, a case study is conducted performing an energy simulation of a residential building to determine the energy savings derived from reducing the combined thermal demands of heating and cooling and to analyse the feasibility of the alternative use of ground olive stone residue doped in mortar bricks for new sustainable façades. The results show a saving in energy demand (heating and cooling) of 0.938 kWh/m2·year when using 30% GOS-doped mortar bricks compared to the reference bricks. This is equivalent to a decrease in energy demand of 2.23% per square meter of façade. In addition, these annual energy savings are compared to the potential thermal energy created from the combustion of ground olive stones in a biomass boiler, which is the main traditional use of this waste today. It reveals that for a doping range of 5–15%, the recovery time ranges between 30 and 75 yeas, which is within the lifetime of a building. The results demonstrate the great viability of using ground olive stones as fine aggregates in mortars and their possible application in sustainable construction, in particular in more sustainable façades that allow energy savings in buildings and therefore a lower consumption of fossil, which will make it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the excessive consumption of resources.

Determining the role of microstructural topology on the mechanical performance of nacre-inspired composites using a phase-field model

Bio-inspired composites are celebrated for their remarkable strength and fracture toughness, often surpassing the properties of their constituent materials. A prime example of this inspiration is the nacre which is approximately three thousand times tougher than its components and showcases not only high toughness but also high strength. This extraordinary performance is largely attributed to its intricate microstructure. However, engineered composites have faced challenges in achieving similar levels of toughness. Attempts to replicate the “brick–mortar” microstructure of nacre revealed that mere imitation falls short. Recent studies emphasize the critical influence of specific parameters, such as volume fraction, aspect ratio, and tablet waviness angle, on the microstructure effectiveness. Prior investigations, whether experimental, numerical, or analytical, underlined the importance of these parameters in shaping composite mechanical properties. However, many of these studies relied on commercial software with some inbuilt fracture criteria, often overlooking the potential benefits of incorporating a phase-field model for a more comprehensive parametric analysis. Our research delves into the impact of these parameters on the mechanical performance of nacre-inspired composites, utilizing a phase-field model based on Griffith’s fracture criteria for complex crack propagation modeling. We notably reveal the superior performance of geometrically interlocking architecture compared to non-interlocking and rectangular architecture, marking a pioneering parametric exploration of this microstructure using a phase-field model. We validate our findings through experimental and numerical data. In summary, our work demonstrates that by strategically adjusting microstructural parameters, one can achieve optimal performance enhancements in nacre-inspired engineered composites. For instance, even a slight alteration of the waviness angle while maintaining constant volume fraction and aspect ratio can yield a remarkable 16.23% increase in fracture energy. Our open-source finite element codes, implemented using the Julia-based Gridap package, offer a “virtual” experimental tool for designing bio-inspired composites with high toughness and reasonable strength. This approach also provides valuable insights into creating exceptionally tough multilayered composites with diverse constituent combinations, holding significant promise for applications in automotive, aerospace, armor, and beyond.

An investigation of the bio-medical waste ash on cement mortar bricks

Personal protective equipment (PPE), and particularly face masks, have become widespread during the COVID-19 epidemic. One of the most pressing ecological, monetary, and social problems facing the world today is the proper disposal and management of solid waste. There may be incinerators in different parts of the globe, but biomedical waste (BMW) has always been a problem. The effect of using biomedical waste ash in lieu of fine aggregate on the compressive strength of cement mortar is discussed. Cement mortar mixes were created with ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:2:4, as well as 5:15:5, 25%, and 35%. Results for 15% and 25% replacement of Bio-Medical Waste ash in concrete were favourable, but those for 35% replacement resulted in a decrease in compressive strength. The 15% replacement level is chosen as the optimal proportion after comparing all the experimental test findings.

Reinforcing and toughening bacterial cellulose/MXene films assisted by interfacial multiple cross-linking for electromagnetic interference shielding and photothermal response

Ultrathin MXene composite films, with their flexibility, metal-level conductivity, and multifunction compatibility, are an ideal choice for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials in future developments. Nonetheless, the dilemma between electrical conductivity and robustness in these composite films remains a challenge. Herein, an ammonium polyphosphate (APP) assisted interfacial multiple cross-linking strategy, achieved via simple solution blending and filtration, was employed to reinforce and toughen the “brick–mortar” layered MXene/bacterial cellulose (MBCA) films without compromising their conductivity and EMI shielding ability. The introduction of a small amount of APP leads to multiple interfacial interactions between MXene and bacterial cellulose, resulting in significant enhancements in mechanical strength (360.8 MPa), Young's modulus (2.8 GPa), fracture strain (17.3%), and toughness (34.1 MJ/m3). Concurrently, the MBCA film displayed satisfactory conductivity values of 306.7 S/cm and an EMI SE value of 41 dB upon optimizing the MXene content. Additionally, the MBCA film demonstrated a consistent, rapid-response photothermal conversion capability, achieving a photothermal conversion temperature of 97 °C under a light intensity of 200 mW/m2. Consequently, this tough and multifunctional EMI shielding film holds substantial promise for protecting electronic equipment.

Gallium-doped MXene/cellulose nanofiber composite membranes with electro/photo thermal conversion property for high performance electromagnetic interference shielding

With the rapid development of science and technology, information security and multiscenario applications of electronic equipment have received increasing attention in recent years. Therefore, the design and development of multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding materials are key to solving the current development needs of electronic equipment. Based on the above topics, multifunctional liquid metal gallium (Ga)-doped transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF/MXene@Ga, CMG) composite membranes with a nacre-like “brick–mortar” layered structure were synthesized using an ultrasonic probe and vacuum-assisted filtration. By optimizing the design, the CMG composite membranes could achieve a tensile strength of 36.12 MPa with good flexibility and could achieve a maximum thermal conductivity of approximately 9.11 W/m·K. The heterogeneous interface between MXenes and Ga nanoparticles and the intercalation of Ga nanoparticles significantly influenced the composite membranes for the absorption of electromagnetic waves, which yielded a specific shielding effectiveness per unit volume (SSE/t) of 6444.1 dB·cm2·g−1; this value is over the vast majority reported in the current literature. Further studies confirmed that the CMG composite membranes possessed excellent electrothermal and photothermal conversion functions. The electrothermal conversion agreed with Joule's law. Moreover, the phase transition behavior of Ga also imparts the membranes with the ability to store heat. The photothermal conversion ability was attributed to the surface plasmon resonance effect of Ga. Therefore, this work provides material support for the information security and multi-scenario applications of electronic equipment.

Influence of Seashell on the Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Brick Mortar Mixtures

Background: In this work, the effect of crushed cockle shell (CCS) and mixed seashell (MS) as shell sand in cement hydraulic lime brick mortar was investigated. The seashells aggregates came from the shell middens of Mauritania. Objective: This study aims to valorize seashell waste in mortar brick mixes, to design a light insulating brick Methods: The seashells were heat treated at 105°C for 6h, then crushed and sieved into shell sand. Then, they were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and specific tests for mortar aggregates. Afterward, several mortar bricks were fabricated by replacing the natural sand with shell sand. The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the produced bricks were compared with two types of natural mortar bricks. In total Six types of masonry bricks were produced. The properties analyzed were the compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, bulk density and bulk porosity, thermal conductivity, and thermal resistance of the bricks. Results: It was observed that the use of seashell waste increased the porosity and water absorption of the bricks and decreased the bulk density and mechanical strength. Conclusion: It is concluded that the seashell shape promotes the porosity of the mortar bricks making them more insulating and lighter. The characterization of crushed cockle shells (CCS) and mixed seashell (MS) bricks helps to clarify the field and limits of application of these bricks.

A Multifunctional Flexible Composite Film with Excellent Multi‐Source Driven Thermal Management, Electromagnetic Interference Shielding, and Fire Safety Performance, Inspired by a “Brick–Mortar” Sandwich Structure

AbstractThe rapid development of portable flexible electronic devices means a multifunctional composite film with excellent thermal management capability, high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and a strong fire safety performance is urgently required. In this paper, inspired by a “brick–mortar” sandwich structure, phase change capsules (PCCs) and MXene nanosheets are prepared. Subsequently, a one‐step vacuum‐assisted filtration method is used to fabricate a multifunctional flexible PCC/MXene/polyvinyl alcohol (PMP) phase change composite film with high light‐to‐thermal conversion efficiency, Joule heating generation, fire safety, and EMI shielding effects. The superior preparation technology endows the film with multi‐source driven thermal management capabilities and excellent EMI shielding effectiveness values (43.13 dB). In addition, the PMP film exhibits good flexibility and high enthalpy (136.8 J g−1). Surprisingly, the PMP film's excellent fire safety properties improve its reliability and safety. In summary, the simple preparation technique and outstanding overall performance of the PMP films provide broad application prospects in advanced thermal management and EMI shielding in wearable products.

Experimental Investigation on Cement Mortar Bricks Manufactured with Fennel Wastes

Current practices supporting sustainable building design aim at reducing the expenditure of natural resources, such as raw materials, energy and water, in the production of construction supplies. In the current paper water is replaced by fennel centrifugate (FC) for the realization of cement mortar bricks. After having identified the most suitable cementitious pre-mixed over three potential candidates, the mechanical and physical characteristics of the FC bricks are compared to cement mortar bricks, prepared with regular water, by means of bending, compression at ordinary and high temperatures, imbibition and acoustic tests. From compared results, it is noticed that FC bricks have the same imbibition property, but tensile and compression (ordinary and high temperatures) resistances have about 20% less than the control specimen ones. The acoustic tests revealed a better response of FC bricks to the high frequencies greater than 1600 Hz. However, fennel fibres do not provide a manifest advantage, likely due to the small size of the centrifuged fragments that are not able to enhance the product tensile resistance.

ANALISIS UJI KUAT TEKAN BATAKO DENGAN CAMPURAN DEDAK PADI

Brick is one of the building materials in the form of rock whose hardening is not burned and in the form of a mixture of sand, cement, water, and in its manufacture can be added with other materials (additive). Printed in such a way as to meet the requirements that can be used as material for wall cladding. One alternative that will be used to overcome the above problems is to make bricks with rice bran added material. By utilizing agricultural waste in the form of rice bran, it is expected to reduce environmental pollution and reduce damage to agricultural land. then the formulation of the problem can be taken, namely how is the effect of the compressive strength of brick with the addition of rice bran. knowing the strength of ordinary bricks with bricks that have been mixed with additive materials in the form of rice bran with a composition of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. In this study the author uses the experimental method which is a type of quantitative research. This study is intended to examine the effect of a treatment on the object of research. In this study, the test object was made by adding rice bran as a mixture of brick mortar. Then the compressive strength of the bricks was tested at the age of 28 days which made it possible for the bricks to have reached the maximum compressive strength value. From the results of the brick testing, it can be concluded that the composition of rice bran as much as 5% is the most idealmixture because the average compressive strength reaches 112.38 Kg/cm2. with the addition of 10% rice bran, the average compressive strength was 75.55 Kg/ cm2, compared to normal brick which was only 62.33 Kg/ cm2, but after the addition of 15% rice bran the compressive strength decreased to 28.33 Kg/ cm2. With the addition of rice bran to the composition of the concrete block mixture, the average weight of the specimens decreased, because the cavities in the bricks were filled with fine grained rice bran. This shows a high value in the composition of 5% to 10%, because it meets the quality requirements for compressive strength in terms of the established standards, namely SNI 3-0349-1989. The values obtained meet the quality level categories I and II, namely > 100 Kg/ cm2and 70 Kg/ cm2based on the SNI 3-0349-1989 standard.Keywords: Brick, Rice Bran, Compressive Strength.

Characterization of Tenth century seenakesavaperumal temple building materials

This paper presents the analytical characterization study on 10tofcentury seenakesavaperumal temple, Yelagiri, Tamilnadu. The samples from the temple were extracted from walls from, the inner sanctum, brick masonry mortar, and cement mortar at the specific spots on avoiding structural damages under the Hindu religious and charitable endowment governance, Tamilnadu, temple authorities, and conservators. From the external visual observation and present state, the ancient structure has prone been to a few degrees of inclination from its original state due to weakened soil structure interaction and catastrophic environmental conditions for more than centuries. The analytical method, such as X-Ray diffraction, was used to investigate the mineralogical interaction and its crystalline growth to establish the computable construction materials. The XRD results on the extracted samples have affirmed the stone samples have better performances with quartz and feldspar at high ranges. Further the brick mortar from the exterior walls revealed the complete transformation of CSH and CAH peaks into carbonate polymorphs. High range portlandite peaks in cement mortar sample affirmed the incomplete transformation of calcite due to the absence of external exposure conditions to the atmosphere. This study also worked as a base for the state archaeology and modern conservators to restore ancient wisdom and national integrity.

모르타르 블록에 있는 탄소섬유의 특이 배열

탄소섬유 체적 비율이 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 % 그리고 2.0 %인 모르타르 블록 샘플의 휨강도 시험에서 비율이 1 %인 샘플이 최대 휨강도를 보여주는 것은 벽돌의 균열 단면에 나타나는 탄소섬유의 배열 중에서 뽑힘과 모르타르 부분의 자체 분할수에 가장 큰 영향을 받음을 보였다. 균열 단면에서 탄소 섬유의 배열을 대략 뽑힘, 뜯김, 분리 및 분할의 네가지 행태로 분류할 수 있으며, 뽑힘의 수는 탄소 섬유의 함량이 1 % 이상이면 줄어드나, 그 외 배열의 수는 함량과 함께 증가한다. 탄소 섬유 함량 증가는 균열 단면의 윤곽을 더 주름지게 하여, 탄소 섬유 뭉침의 크기와 수를 증가시켜 뜯김, 분리 및 분할의 수를 증가시키고, 주위 모르타르의 결합력 약화 유도 및 기포로서의 역할 수행에 의해, 벽돌의 휨강도 약화에 직접적인 역할을 한다.

Incorporation of copper slag in cement brick production as a radiation shielding material

This study explored the influence of using copper slag as an alternative sand for producing cement mortar bricks and its effect on γ-ray attenuation property, strength, and consistency of mortar. The linear attenuation coefficients and mass attenuation coefficients were experimentally determined for mortar mixtures using the 60Co and 137Cs gamma-ray source, and, using the Phy-X program, attenuation parameters were theoretically calculated in 1 keV–100 GeV. Sample bricks with added copper slag were produced and tested. In the results, the added copper slag was greatly beneficial for increasing the flowability and strength of mortar, and, given all the results of attenuation parameters, the use of copper slag as aggregates was notably advantageous compared to silica sands for gamma-ray attenuation mainly due to the high Fe quantity in copper slag. The trial brick specimens using 100 wt% copper slag replacement for sand not only satisfied all requirements of cement brick in the Korean standard (KS) F 4004, but also the TCLP regulation.

The analysis of strength for lightweight concrete brick with adding solid crude palm oil

The use of lightweight brick as a wall of a building is one alternative to be able to reduce the weight of a building. The lightweight brick used is a combination of cement, sand, water, and other materials that can make the brick lighter. Along with the development of the era of light brick making, it was developed by combining with the material in the form of waste. One waste that can be used is solid for oil palm. Solid is silt from the rest of the process of making palm oil. This solid existence if not utilized properly will become an environmental problem and also affect the health conditions of people around them. The texture of the solid is like the ground when it is dried in an oven and can be fused with mortar and water in a lightweight brick. The use of solid as additional stirring material in lightweight bricks is with variations of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% by weight of cement. The use of solids on a lightweight brick mortar can give a compressive strength of 0.545 MPa for a variation of 0%; 0.415 MPa for variations of 0.5%; 0.915 MPa for variations of 1%; 1.985 MPa for variations of 1.5%; 0.879 MPa for 2% variation and 0.813 MPa for 2.5% variation, and the optimal variation is 1% variation with compressive strength of 1.985 MPa.

Effect of Treated Sago Pith Waste Ash and Silica Fume to the Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Brick

This paper investigates the effect of partial replacement of fly ash with sago pith waste ash and silica fume in fabricating the geopolymer mortar concrete. The mixtures of geopolymer mortar concrete were prepared by replacing sago pith waste ash and silica fume at 5% of total weight of fly ash. There were six specimens of geopolymer mortar cubes and bricks fabricated in this study. The specimens are tested with compressive strength test, rebound hammer test and ultrasonic pulse velocity test. The results from the tests are compared with some existing published works as to clarify the effect of replacing the fly ash with sago waste and silica fume on the strength of concrete. Comparisons had been made and concluded that the molarity of alkaline solution, Al3O2 and CaO influenced the development of compressive strength along the curing time of fly ash based geopolymer concrete.

Vulcanization of Ti3C2Tx MXene/natural rubber composite films for enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding

The high performance Ti3C2Tx MXene/natural rubber (NR) composite films with brick–mortar and honeycomb structure are successfully fabricated by a facile pressured-extrusion filtration process and the subsequent curing treatment. The microstructure of the Ti3C2Tx MXene/NR composite films with heterogeneous architectures changed from brick-mortar to honeycomb structures after vulcanization reaction. The brick–mortar structure Ti3C2Tx/NR composite film possesses superior EMI shielding performance with the shielding effectiveness (SE) of 57.1 dB and excellent mechanical properties of a tensile strength of 28.5 MPa. It’s interesting to note that both EMI shielding and mechanical properties of the composite films with honeycomb structure showed significant improvement after curing process compared with those of brick–mortar counterparts, which exhibit the ultrahigh EMI SE of 63.5 dB and optimal mechanical tensile strength of 39.5 MPa. We believe that this work will provides a new idea for the production of high-performance rubber-based EMI shielding materials.