Brick Block Research Articles

Effect of Intelligence Tutor Learning Software on Students’ Academic Achievement Brick/Block Laying and Concreting Programme in Technical Colleges in Delta State

The study focused on the effect of intelligence tutor learning software on students’ academic achievement in brick/block laying and concreting programmes in Technical Colleges in Delta State. Specifically, three objectives, research questions, and hypotheses guided the study. Quasi-experimental research design was used for this study. The population for the study comprised 160 NTC II brick block laying and concreting students in the six Technical Colleges in Delta State selected for the study. A purposive random sampling technique was used to select the two schools in Delta State. The instrument, lesson plans, and the Table of Specification/Test Blue Print were subjected to face and content validation by two experts. The instrument yielded a reliability index of .87. The instrument for data collection was brick block laying and concreting (BBLCT) which has five parts according to the topics outlined and was used for data collection. The finding of the study shows that the mean score for the experimental group is higher than the control group, indicating that those taught construction management with the intelligence tutor learning technique performed better than those who were taught using the lecture method in technical colleges in Delta State. The finding of the study shows that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of students taught building drawing and design using intelligent tutor technique and those who were taught with lecture method in Technical Colleges in Delta State. Based on the findings of the researcher, the following recommendations were made: The use of the intelligence tutor learning software should be encouraged as this would help students to study at their own pace in Technical Colleges in Delta State. Philanthropists and stakeholders in technical colleges should create good content of intelligence learning software for students in brick/block laying and concreting programmes in Technical Colleges in Delta State. This could train the students on the current skills required in the industry.

Production and Characterization of Bricks from Bottom Ash and Textile Sludge Using Plastic Waste as Binding Agent

The production of traditional clay bricks consumes a large amount of energy and resources and can lead to the depletion of natural resources like clay. On the contrary, the improper disposal of waste materials such as bottom ash, textile sludge, and plastic waste can lead to environmental pollution and health hazards. Bricks and concrete blocks have been widely used in construction, but the continuous exploitation of raw materials can negatively impact the environment. This study aimed to produce bricks made from municipal solid waste, incinerated bottom ash, and textile sludge, using plastic waste as a binder. It assessed the potential use of these bricks as an alternative material for brick block production. The physical and chemical characteristics of the raw materials were determined using standard test methods. The crushed plastic waste was melted and mixed with dried textile sludge and bottom ash in various ratios, including 1 : 1 : 1, 2 : 1 : 1, 1 : 2 : 1, 1 : 1 : 2, and 1 : 2 : 2 for plastic, municipal incinerated bottom ash, and textile sludge, respectively. The mixed sample was then placed into molds until it dried, and the resulting bricks were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence, and leachability. The results indicated that the bricks had suitable physical and chemical properties, with compressive strength ranging from 8.527 to 16.4 MPa and water absorption percentages ranging from 1.3 to 3.4%. Slight efflorescence was observed for the 1 : 2 : 2 ratios. The production of traditional clay bricks consumes a large amount of energy and resources and can lead to the depletion of natural resources like clay. On the other hand, the improper disposal of waste materials such as bottom ash, textile sludge, and plastic waste can lead to environmental pollution and health hazards.

A Numerical Study of Heat Performance of Multi-PCM Brick in a Heat Storage Building

Modern technologies of thermal power engineering make it possible to design and build systems using renewable energy sources. Often, energy accumulation and storage require the development and adaptation of appropriate systems, the simplest of which are passive systems based on phase-change materials. In this study, a numerical analysis of heat transfer in a brick wall containing several materials with different melting temperatures is carried out. The unsteady two-dimensional conjugate problem of phase transitions is considered, taking into account natural convection in the melt, which has been solved using the developed in-house finite difference technique. A numerical experiment has been carried out for a brick block with several rectangular inserts filled with PCMs under various external thermal conditions. As a result of the numerical analysis, it has been shown that the relative arrangement of materials with different melting points has a significant impact on the heat transfer and heat exchange between the environment and the room.

Mechanical Properties of Recycled Concrete with Brick Blocks Under Different Compression Conditions

Mechanical Properties of Recycled Concrete with Brick Blocks Under Different Compression Conditions

Utilization of Waste Plastic in the Way of Synthetic Bricks

Nowadays plastic waste is a hazardous problem for mortality. Plastic waste is non-biodegradable waste that cannot decompose and creates environmental pollution. There is a big question about circular economy and recycling after the usage of plastic and their sustainable management. Most of the research presented that plastic waste is double every decade. Usually, bricks are made of clay, and due to excessive use of the clay, it shows results in resource depletion and environmental degradation. The present study explores a critical review of valuable and eco-friendly ways to minimize the environmental impact of waste plastic. Therefore, plastic wastes are used to prepare the bricks. It is the most economical solution in the construction industry. For this work, masonry brick blocks with different batching proportion of traditional raw materials with plastic were casted. Sample A was prepared with different ratio of sand and plastic pulp while sample B was organized with different ratio of powdered sample A1) and cement. Then they were allowed to dehydrating to confirm free from moisture. This research was compared density, water absorption, compressive strength and flexural strength of the sample A, sample B, and locally available conventional brick. According to the analysis the sample A1 was exhibited the peak value of compressive strength and flexural strength of 280 kg-cm-2and 70 kg-cm-2 respectively which is three times higher than the commercially available product in Sri Lanka. In addition to this, water absorption was revealed 1.23% which is six times lower than the sample brick and it was displayed an acceptable value of density (1872.45 kg-3). So, sample A1 (1:1, plastic: sand) is highly recommended for construction purposes.

Technological capabilities of manufacturing heat insulating materials based on crushed cotton plant stems

Today’s priority in construction lies in three primary areas: ecology, energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It means that the most important task it to construct environmental, energy-efficient and cost-effective buildings and structures. To erect houses having such characteristics, primary elements of a structure (brick block, etc.) must be made subject to the conditions that provide for the above characteristics. The prevailing trend in construction is the production of environmental, energy-efficient and cost-effective construction materials. This research is intended to develop an energy efficient procedure to make heat-insulating materials based on crushed cotton plant stems. To achieve this goal, the authors have addressed the following issues: describing the process of making a heat-insulating material based on crush cotton plant stems; analysis of energy-efficient characteristics of manufacturing materials based on crushed cotton plant stems; and analysis of environmental friendliness of such a material. The research applies the deductive method based on mathematical modelling. The subject of the research is the procedure to make a material based on crushed cotton plant stems. The primary conclusion and outcome of this research is that papercrete based on crushed cotton plant stems has such advantages as cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, energy efficiency and low resource demand in manufacturing and operation. The resulting strength of papercrete allows using it as a heat insulating material to erect low-rise buildings.

Investigation of Compression Strength and Heat Absorption of Native Rice Straw Bricks for Environmentally Friendly Construction

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of native rice straw mixed bricks, prototype bricks and brick blocks that are sold in the market. The comparison looked at four aspects, as follows: (1) compression strength, (2) heat absorption, (3) weight of the brick and (4) price. In this study, the native rice straw species from the Pa Pae sub-district, Mae Sariang District, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand, were used to replace cement, sand and stone in 200, 300, 400 and 500 g amounts. The ingredients were then mixed and put into a hand-pounded mold. When the extrusion was finished, it was removed from the mold and cured for 7, 14 or 28 days. Brick block performance was then tested. The results showed that 200 g of native rice straw mixed with cement brick had the best performance in all four aspects. The 200 g native rice straw mixed with cement brick was able to bear the weight of 1.26 kg/cm2. It had the best heat transfer and was able to reduce the temperature inside the brick-block construction by 10 degrees Celsius. Its weight per brick was 7.59 kg and the price was only 3.17 baht ($0.09 USD) per brick. In conclusion, the native rice straw mixed bricks had low thermal conductivity, are attractive for energy saving when used as wall insulation and are suitable for environmentally friendly construction.

Study on preparation of brick blocks by using construction waste and sludge.

The demand for scarce raw material has been increased with rise of construction. An ideal raw material is clay, which is abundantly used in manufacturing bricks. The proposed study aims at making a brick blocks with clay-free materials. Therefore, instead of clay, waste additives such as sludge waste, construction and demolition waste, and fly-ash are used as a binding material. These additives would contribute a better performance and properties without altering the desired strength. Sewage sludge is an important component of sewage disposal, but it is also ruinous to the environment. Construction and demolition (C&D) debris are a rising source of waste utilization. The objective of the proposed work is to eliminate the natural resources like clay and utilization of waste additives effectively in making brick blocks. The mix proportions are maintained at 30% sludge with 3:2:2, 2:3:2, and 2:2:3 (fly ash: cement: C&D), similarly, 40% sludge with 1:3:2, 2:3:1, and 3:2:1 and 50% sludge with 2:1:2, 2:2:1, and 1.5:1.5:2. The physicochemical properties include density, water absorption, pH, shrinkage, plasticity index, and efflorescence, and leaching characteristics were analyzed. Mechanical properties include compressive strength and thermal conductivity; mineralogical and microstructural analysis and durability aspects were carried out. The presence of organic matter influences the overall property. The stress distribution was induced by porosity and attained a maximum strength of 14.5 N/mm2. Durability was influenced by compaction and temperature. At high temperature, the particles are well compacted. The concentrations of heavy metals are immobilized. Based on the above, it can be practically implemented in structures as well as in hidden masonry works.

ЧИННИКИ РУЙНАЦІЇ ФОРТЕЦЬ ПІВДНЯ УКРАЇНИ

ЧИННИКИ РУЙНАЦІЇ ФОРТЕЦЬ ПІВДНЯ УКРАЇНИ

Study on parameters on cutting AAC by wires

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a Lightweight, Load-bearing, High-insulating, Durable building product, which is produced in a wide range of sizes and strengths. AAC Blocks is lightweight and when compared to the red bricks, AAC blocks are three times lighter. AAC block is rapidly developing in Vietnam. The block has more advantages such as precast, and easy installation. AAC is produced from the common materials: lime, sand, cement and water, and a small amount of rising agent. After mixing and molding, it is then autoclaved under heat and pressure to create its unique properties. Then, the AAC block will be cut into block brick by steel wire. When cutting the ACC block, the block brick surface must be smooth so that it is unnecessary to mortar. Furthermore, the roughness of the surface must be smaller than 0.1mm to paint the wall easily. The block dimension also need high precision so that the wall will be straight when blocks are superposed. However, in this paper, the roughness of the block surface will be only researched because the roughness will decide the cost, and the dimension decide the estheticism of wall. The block is made by using steel wires to cut big AAC blocks into small blocks. Effects of processing parameters on the performance of the steel wire sawing processes are wire speed, feed rate and tension. Each parameter will affect surface quality with different effects. In addition, these parameters affect each other, which causes scratches on the AAC surface. Experiments will be made to measure the height of roughness with the change of wire speed, feed rate and tension. The best parameters will be found, which helps the AAC manufacturer to obtain the higher quality.

Design and construction of an electrical furnace chamber based on RERIH system for high temperature

One of the important parts of an electric furnace is the combustion chamber which is used to heat or melt materials. The chamber system which is based on the refractory, element, Rockwool, insulator, and Hebel (RERIH) has been successfully designed to reach high temperatures up to 1200°C. The refractory layer is designed from a mixture of trimortar cement and water. To obtain one side of the refractory, the composition of trimortar cement used is 2 kg mixed with 1 liter of water. The number of refractory sides needed for the electric furnace chamber is six sides, each of which is placed on the front, back, top, bottom, left side, and right side. To retain heat in the chamber, the refractory is covered with heat-resistant ceramic fibers (Rockwool). The Rockwool used has a density of 160 Kg / m3 and a thermal conductivity of 0.23 W / m.K. The maximum temperature that this Rockwool can withstand is 1260°C. The third layer as a heat barrier in the chamber is an insulator, which is a lightweight brick block made of a mixture of alumina. This refractory thermal insulation brick contains more than 48% alumina oxide so it has lower thermal conductivity and better heat insulation qualities. Meanwhile, the last layer is the placement of Hebel or light cement blocks made from lime which is usually used for building walls. This Hebel has dimensions (w x w x h) of 600 x 200 x 100 mm3.

PEMANFAATAN ABU BONGGOL JAGUNG SEBAGAI BAHAN TAMBAH SEMEN PADA PEMBUATAN BATA RINGAN JENIS CLC

This study aims to determine the use of corn cob ash as an additive to cement in the production of CLC lightweight bricks according to SNI 03-2156-1991 concerning air flow light brick blocks by autoclaving process. The method used is an experiment in accordance with SNI 03-2156-1991 regarding light brick blocks of air flow with autoclaving process. The test object measures 59 × 19 ×10 cm and uses 45 specimens. The results obtained for dimensional testing exceed the required limits of SNI 03-2156-1991. The compressive strength of lightweight bricks is obtained at variations of 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% respectively 3.07 N/mm², 3.68 N/mm², 4.54 N/mm², 4.29 N/mm², and 4 N/mm² with the optimum compressive strength value obtained at 6% variation and non-passing variation at 0% variation with a minimum requirement of 3.6 N/mm². The flexural strength of lightweight bricks is obtained at variations of 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% respectively 0.27 N/mm², 0.63 N/mm², 0.81 N/mm², 0.65 N/mm², and 0.76 N/mm with optimum flexural strength values obtained at 6% variation and non-qualifying variations at 0% and 4% variations with a minimum requirement of 0.65 N/mm².

Os poemobjetos de Roberta Camila Salgado: criação e materialidade

This article aims to analyze the poetic production of Roberta Camila Salgado. Between 1964-1965 she created the poemobjetos [poemobjects], that would become part of Tropicália, an environmental installation created by Hélio Oiticica in 1967 and launched in the seminal exhibition “Nova Objetividade Brasileira”. Camila Salgado’s poetic writing uses materials such as roofing ceramics, brick blocks, Styrofoam and wooden boards. It appropriates the unusual aspect of those industrialized materials and makes them intrinsic to the poem. In this sense, the poemobjeto presents itself directly connected to the environment. Poetry becomes a sort of materiality that does not intend to control the attention of the observer/reader, who experiences it as an unexpected discovery. In short, this article intends to examine how Roberta Camila Salgado’s poemobjetos and their materiality situate themselves within the Brazilian poetic milieu

Comparative study of engineering aspects of fire brick and borosilicate glass block linings in design of reinforced concrete chimneys

Comparative study of engineering aspects of fire brick and borosilicate glass block linings in design of reinforced concrete chimneys

Evaluation of the Environmental Sustainability of Hemp as a Building Material, through Life Cycle Assessment

Abstract Environmental issues, especially those related to the over-exploitation of natural resources, are leading towards considering alternative solutions and new approaches, such as the circular economy. Currently, some key elements of the circular economy approach are sustainable procurement of raw materials, improvement of production processes and ecological design, adoption of more sustainable distribution and consumption models, development of secondary raw material markets. This work aims to analyse the use of hemp as a building material, replacing traditional construction materials, but respecting at the same time the thermal, insulating and acoustic characteristics required in the construction of a building. The methodology used was Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which considered the hemp cultivation phase and the production phase of hemp-lime (“hempcrete”) walls. The hempcrete product was compared with two different solutions: a hemp and lime block, and a traditional perforated brick block with external insulation in polystyrene. In particular, the differences among the products in terms of embodied energy and net CO2 emissions were analysed. Results showed that the hempcrete wall had better environmental performances than the other two solutions.

Combination of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Multi Media Layer Coir Filter to Treat Water in Mendalo Darat, Jambi

The Multi Media Layer Coir Filter is a method of treating liquid waste by utilizing soil as the main medium which is shaped like a brick block and arranged alternately between zeolites. Multi Media Layer System made of acrylic (33x33x36) cm filled with brick blocks (12x7x4) cm mix of volcanic soil, charcoal, palm husk (7.5: 1: 1: 0.5), a permeable layer is used zeolite (1-3 mm). Samples came from the wells of the residents of housing Mendalo mas, Mendalo land in Jambi. The research was conducted with variations in flow rates of 10, 20, 30, 60 mL/minute, and two ways, namely aeration and non-aeration, the best efficiency of the aeration process was 10 ml/minute to reduce pH, odor, color, TDS, turbidity. Hardness, Nitrite, Nitrate, Mn, Fe, Cd, Sulfate, Cl, E. Coli at aeration 7,7, Odorless, 29,90%, 72,30%, 50,70%, 52,62%, 59, 70%, 57.30%, 66.40%, 83.22%, 21.70%, 37.53%, 28.88%, 100% and non-aerated 7,2, Odorless, 25.80%, 63.30%, 35.90%, 58.45%, 49.60%., 45.49%, 46.25,% 78.59%, 18.75%, 37.21%, 28.18%, 100%. From all values, the reduction efficiency of all parameters is fulfilled for potable water.

Comparative Cost Analysis Between Hydraform Interlocking Brick and Sandcrete Block as Walling Materials for Low-Cost Housing Development in Nigeria

This study analyzed the cost of production and construction of 225mm hollow sandcrete blocks and hydraform interlocking bricks and walls to compare the findings of the results. The study was conducted in Auchi, Estako West Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. The study compared the construction of two models of 225mm hollow sandcrete blocks and hydraform interlocking bricks, materials employed for wall construction for the study are; clay, cement, sand, water and mould. The result of the study indicates that unit cost of 225mm hollow sandcrete block and hydraform interlocking bricks are ₦168.57 and ₦57.85 respectively. While the cost per square metre of 225mm hollow sandcrete block wall and hydraform interlocking brick wall are ₦3,199.40 and ₦3,079.52 respectively. The study also revealed that it is more costly to apply finishes to sandcrete block wall when compared with hydraform interlocking brick wall. Sandcrete block wall requires rendering or plastering to both faces of the walls, while hyraform interlocking wall requires rendering of not more than 300mm girth to vertical external corners of the brick wall. The study, therefore, recommends the use of hydraform interlocking bricks for low-cost housing to reduce the housing deficit in Nigeria. Keywords : Sandcrete block; hydraform interlocking brick; walling; cost analysis; Auchi; DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/11-22-07 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

Calculation of Buildings from Brick and Small Block Stone Walls to Seismic Loads

Calculation of Buildings from Brick and Small Block Stone Walls to Seismic Loads

EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOR OF BUILDING MATERIALS BY MEANS OF ACCELEROMETERIC MEASUREMENTS

In Central Europe, brick blocks with incorporated system of voids ensuring good thermal properties are widely used in the building industry. In the present, increasingly higher acoustic load gains on importance especially in the surroundings of places with high traffic load, places close to the airports or in urban areas. This fact should be taken into consideration in the design of constructions in order to ensure their good acoustic performance. The very first step of such design lies in the experimental determination of acoustic properties of the reference construction elements which are, if necessary, subsequently optimized by adjustment of the voids volume and geometry or filling of the voids by various bulk fillers ensuring a higher level of scattering of the propagating acoustic signal. In this paper, steel prism and brick block were subjected to measurements by accelerometers in the frequency range 1 – 10 kHz in order to compare acoustic behavior of materials with a significantly different structure. Finally, frequency-dependent displacements in accelerometers position,

Application of ceramic waste in brick blocks with enhanced acoustic properties

High environmental noise level is currently affecting an increasing amount of people in urban areas, industrial areas, or places with heavy traffic. Therefore, there is a righteous demand for design of building materials and construction elements with improved acoustic properties that ensure a sufficient protection of people affected by noise. Ceramic brick blocks with a system of incorporated voids, which are widely used in the region of Central Europe, can present a prospective solution in that respect. The well-organized manufacturing process, good mechanical and thermal properties and durability of these ceramic products can be considered as supporting arguments for their utilization. The optimization of acoustic properties of brick blocks can be achieved by using waste bulk fillers originating directly in the brick production. This approach generally brings environmental benefits, together with the economic benefits for the producers. In this study, two waste materials of brick-production origin, namely brick rubble and brick microparticles, were characterized in terms of chemical and mineralogical composition at first, along with the characterization of the brick body itself. Then, they were utilized at different dosages as bulk fillers for modified brick blocks. The acoustic properties of the blocks represented by the sound pressure level were determined in the designed small-sized reverberation chambers. It was observed that the utilization of tested waste fillers led to a 10.6–11.7 dB decrease of the average sound pressure level in the frequency range of 50 Hz–5 kHz while the mass increase of the studied brick blocks was 40–47%. The obtained results indicate a successful design of environmental-friendly brick-based materials with enhanced acoustic insulation ability, which was achieved without any significant additional costs.