Brewery Spent Research Articles

Evaluation of Proximate Composition, Physicochemical Properties, and Sensory Attributes of Instant Flour from Brewery Spent Grain, by Blending with Maize (Zea mays L.) and Germinated Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a nutritional-rich by-product of the brewing industry used in different food product development processes. "Corn Soya Blend" (CSB) is prepared from heat-treated maize and soybeans according to the specifications set by the World Food Program (WFP). Three instant formulations-IF20 (70% maize, 10% chickpea, and 20% BSG), IF15 (70% maize, 15% chickpea, and 15% BSG), and IF10 (70% maize, 20% chickpea, and 10% BSG)-were developed in this research. Proximate composition, functional properties, and antinutritional factors were analysed. The sensory quality of porridge samples developed from the instant flour was evaluated using a consumer-oriented panel (food science and technology students) at a five-point hedonic scale. Accordingly, moisture, crude fibre, crude protein, total ash, and crude fat contents increased significantly (p < 0.05) as a result of BSG ratio inclusion. Bulk density decreased significantly (p < 0.05) while the BSG proportion increased but water absorption capacity increased when the proportion of BSG increased. Phytate and tannin contents were also increased while the BSG proportion increased. However, an increase in germinated chickpea proportion significantly (p < 0.05) decreased phytate and tannin contents. While BSG increased, the overall acceptability of porridge samples decreased, with the exception of mouthfeel. According to this study, up to 15% of BSG, 70% maize, and 15% chickpea could be used for instant flour preparation which has a comparable sensory characteristic with the commercial CSB. Hence, it can be used as a substitute for corn-soya mix.

Effect of Metals on the Regulation of Acidogenic Metabolism Enhancing Carboxylic Acids and Biohydrogen Production from Brewery Spent Grains: Microbial Dynamics and Biochemical Analysis

Effect of Metals on the Regulation of Acidogenic Metabolism Enhancing Carboxylic Acids and Biohydrogen Production from Brewery Spent Grains: Microbial Dynamics and Biochemical Analysis

Methane Production Using Brewery Spent Grain: Optimal Hydrothermolysis, Fermentation of Waste and Role of Microbial Populations

Methane Production Using Brewery Spent Grain: Optimal Hydrothermolysis, Fermentation of Waste and Role of Microbial Populations

Enhancement of Biogas Production via Co-Digestion of Wastewater Treatment Sewage Sludge and Brewery Spent Grain: Physicochemical Characterization and Microbial Community

The present study intends to evaluate a synergy towards enhanced biogas production by co-digesting municipal sewage sludge (SS) with brewery spent grain (BSG). To execute this, physicochemical and metagenomics analysis was conducted on the sewage sludge substrate. The automatic methane potential test system II (AMPTS II) biochemical methane potential (BMP) batch setup was operated at 35 ± 5 °C, pH range of 6.5–7.5 for 30 days’ digestion time on AMPTS II and 150 days on semi-continuous setup, where the organic loading rate (OLR) was guided by pH and the volatile fatty acids to total alkalinity (VFA/TA) ratio. Metagenomics analysis revealed that Proteobacteria was the most abundant phyla, consisting of hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria. The archaea community of hydrogenotrophic methanogen genus was enriched by methanogens. The highest BMP was obtained with co-digestion of SS and BSG, and 9.65 g/kg of VS. This not only increased biogas production by 104% but also accelerated the biodegradation of organic matters. However, a significant reduction in the biogas yield, from 10.23 NL/day to 2.02 NL/day, was observed in a semi-continuous process. As such, it can be concluded that different species in different types of sludge can synergistically enhance the production of biogas. However, the operating conditions should be optimized and monitored at all times. The anaerobic co-digestion of SS and BSG might be considered as a cost-effective solution that could contribute to the energy self-efficiency of wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) and sustainable waste management. It is recommended to upscale co-digestion of the feed for the pilot biogas plant. This will also go a long way in curtailing and minimizing the impacts of sludge disposal in the environment.

Effect of brewery spent grain on the growth and yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (l.) Moench)

A field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma to investigate the effect of brewery spent grain on the growth and yield of sorghum. Treatment consisted of five rates of brewery spent grain (BSG) (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 t/ha). The experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Sorghum variety (ABS 4540 AMZU) was used as a test crop. The parameters measured included: plant height, leaf area, number of leaves/plant at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after planting (WAP). Whole plant dry matter yield and grain weight were also determined. The results obtained showed that BSG treatments had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher plant height, leaf area and number of leaves than the control in all the weeks after planting, except for number of leaves at 3 WAP. At 3 and 6 WAP, the tallest plants (21.33 cm and 33.05 cm) were obtained from crops treated with 8 t/ha BSG while those treated with 6 t/ha BSG had the tallest plant (95.04 cm) at 9 WAP. 6 t/ha BSG recorded the highest leaf area at 3, 6 and 9 WAP. At 6 WAP, the highest number of leaves (9.00) was observed from plants which received the application of 6 t/ha BSG. However, control had the highest number of leaves (10.00) than BSG treatments. The highest grain yield (2.54 t/ha) and dry matter yield (3.80 g) were obtained from crops which received the application of 6 and 8 t/ha BSG, respectively. Keywords: Brewery Spent Grain, Growth, Sorghum, Yield.

Ascorbic Acid Production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus tamarii; Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study.

This study investigated the fermentation kinetics and thermodynamics of ascorbic acid production from Brewery Spent Grain (BSG) using Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus tamarii. Ascorbic acid fermentation of A. flavus and A. tamarii was performed at a temperature of 30°C, agitation speed of 100rpm and pH 5.0 at 96h of fermentation. The thermodynamics, kinetics of the growth parameters and ascorbic acid production were studied using Monod, Contois and Teisser models. Teisser model gave the best fit as it obtained the highest maximum specific growth rate (µmax) and correlation coefficient of 0.184h-1 and 0.997, respectively, at 40°C, pH 5.0 and 0.6g of BSG. The result showed that Teisser model gave a better description of each growth parameter. Hence, the production of ascorbic acid by A. flavus and A. tamarii is growth-associated.

Thermophilic Co-Digestion of Sewage Sludge and Brewery Spent Grain

Thermophilic Co-Digestion of Sewage Sludge and Brewery Spent Grain

Strain improvement of &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus flavus&lt;/i&gt; for enhanced ascorbic acid production by physical and chemical mutagenesis

The demand for ascorbic acid in the food and pharmaceutical industry led to the search for hyper ascorbic acid producing strains by physical and chemical mutagenesis. Spores of Aspergillus flavus were subjected to Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (240 nm) and Ethidium Bromide (EB) (25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/ml) to develop hyper-producing mutants. The selected mutants were cultured in a liquid fermentation medium containing Brewery Spent Grain (0.6 % w/v) at pH range 4 - 8, temperature range 30 - 45 °C, agitation speed range 60 - 160 rpm for 96 h. Ascorbic acid produced was quantified by titration techniques and with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The UV and EB mutant strains of A. flavus gave increased ascorbic acid yields of 6.99 g/L and 7.28 g/L respectively when compared to the parental strain with ascorbic acid yield of 3.92 g/L. Optimum ascorbic acid yields were produced at 40 °C, pH 5.0 and 100 rpm at 96 h of fermentation. This study shows the potential of strain improvement for enhanced ascorbic acid production. Keywords: Ascorbic acid; Ethidium bromide; Ultraviolet radiation; Aspergillus flavus; Mutagenesis

Comparative Studies on the Bioremediation of Used Engine Oil Contaminated Soil using Urea Fertilizer (UF), Goat Manure (GM), Pig Manure (PM) and Brewery Spent Grain (BSG)

The focus of the study was to evaluate and compare the performance of urea fertilizer, goat manure, pig manure and brewery spent grain for the bioremediation of used engine oil contaminated soil. Soil with no pollution history was collected and subjected to detailed laboratory analysis to determine the total heterotrophic bacterial population, pH, moisture content, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and total hydrocarbon content. Used engine oil contaminated soil was prepared by adding 250g of used engine oil into a clean dry plastic bucket containing 1kg of unpolluted soil. The mixture was properly mixed and covered with aluminium foil paper before use. The used engine oil contaminated soil was left for a period of four (4) days for stabilization before the commencement of treatment. The entire setup and its content was open throughout the period of experimentation to allow for the influence of atmospheric oxidation. The setup was monitored for twelve (12) weeks and sampling/analysis of the samples was done on a weekly basis to ascertain the progress of treatment. The residual hydrocarbon content after each treatment was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results obtained shows that pig manure is the best substrate for the clean-up of used engine oil contaminated soil with calculated removal efficiency of 64.4% followed by BSG with 51.4% removal efficiency, Goat Manure with removal efficiency of 39.9% and Urea Fertilizer with 33.7% efficiency. The kinetic modelling shows that experimental data fitted well with pseudo-first order kinetic model with calculated error sum of square (SSE) values of (0.0002, 0.0005, 0.0012 and 0.0072) and root mean square errors (RMSE) of (0.0028, 0.0073, 0.0082 and 0.0481). On the accurate prediction of the optimum remediation time, it was observed that the non-linear regression model gave higher coefficient of determination of 0.9824, 0.9812, 0.9886 and 0.9899 compared to linear regression.

Effect of Inoculum Type on Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Brewery Spent Grain for Biogas Production

Effect of Inoculum Type on Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Brewery Spent Grain for Biogas Production

Brewery Spent Grain: Chemical Characteristics and utilization as an Enzyme Substrate

Grains in a brewery that have been removed of their sugar content is classified as a byproduct known as spent grain. It is a low-cost material and is available year-round. In Malaysia, approximately 15% of brewery spent grain (BSG) that is produced is salvaged and sold as feedstock supplement, while the remainder is discarded in landfills. This is a waste of a potentially useful resource. The chemical composition of fresh BSG was studied. Nine species of fungi were individually inoculated onto sterile BSG and solid state fermentation occurred without chemical adjustment or supplementation. Activity of laccase, lignin peroxidase, xylanase, amylase, carboxymethyl cellulase, protease and tannase was assayed. BSG consists of lignin and cellulose. High enzyme activity of laccase was shown by Pleurotus sajor-caju, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Aspergillus niger. This study is possibly the first to report laccase activity by solid state fermentation of spent grain.

Amylolytic potentiality of fungi isolated from some Nigerian agricultural wastes

Five common Nigerian agricultural wastes: cassava peels, yam peels, banana peels, plantain peels, and Brewery Spent Grains (BSG) were formulated into media on which amylolytic fungal strains were isolated. These isolates were subsequently identified, characterized using standard mycological keys and were thereafter employed in production of α-amylase using submerged and solid-state cultivation regimens. Amount of α-amylase in enzyme unit (E.U.) liberated by each mould was quantified by estimating the amount of reducing sugars produced when specified quantity of starch was hydrolyzed after incubation at 40°C with known concentration of enzyme solution. Results showed the amylolytic isolates to be Helminthosporium oxysporium, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, andPenicillium frequestans. The mould Helminthosporium oxysporium liberated 10.77 and 10.42 E.U of α-amylase on cassava and yam peels media respectively using submerged cultivation method while A. flavus produced 11.94 E.U. of the enzyme on cassava peels with submerged cultivation method. Production of α-amylase on cassava, yam and plantain peels was facilitated by submerged cultivation method. With exception of banana peels substrate, other investigated Nigerian agricultural wastes favoured α-amylase production at different rates. Key words: Agricultural wastes, submerged cultivation, solid-state cultivation, α-amylase, fungal isolates.

Amylolytic potentiality of fungi isolated from some Nigerian agricultural wastes

Five common Nigerian agricultural wastes: cassava peels, yam peels, banana peels, plantain peels, and Brewery Spent Grains (BSG) were formulated into media on which amylolytic fungal strains were isolated. These isolates were subsequently identified, characterized using standard mycological keys and were thereafter employed in production of
-amylase using submerged and solid-state cultivation regimens. Amount of
-amylase in enzyme unit (E.U.) liberated by each mould was quantified by estimating the amount of reducing sugars produced when specified quantity of starch was hydrolyzed after incubation at 40°C with known concentration of enzyme solution. Results showed the amylolytic isolates to be Helminthosporium oxysporium, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium frequestans. The mould Helminthosporium oxysporium liberated 10.77 and 10.42 E.U of
-amylase on cassava and yam peels media respectively using submerged cultivation method while A. flavus produced 11.94 E.U. of the enzyme on cassava peels with submerged cultivation method. Production of
-amylase on cassava, yam and plantain peels was facilitated by submerged cultivation method. With exception of banana peels substrate, other investigated Nigerian agricultural wastes favoured
-amylase production at different rates.

Optimization of Brewery's spent grain dilute-acid hydrolysis for the production of pentose-rich culture media.

Dilute-acid hydrolysis of brewery's spent grain to obtain a pentose-rich fermentable hydrolysate was investigated. The influence of operational conditions on polysaccharide hydrolysis was assessed by the combined severity parameter (CS) in the range of 1.39-3.06. When the CS increased, the pentose sugars concentration increased to a maximum at a CS of 1.94, whereas the maximum glucose concentration was obtained for a CS of 2.65. The concentrations of furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), as well as formic and levulinic acids and total phenolic compounds increased with severity. Optimum hydrolysis conditions were found at a CS of 1.94 with >95% of feedstock pentose sugars recovered in the monomeric form, together with a low content of furfural, HMF, acetic and formic acids, and total phenolic compounds. This hydrolysate containing glucose, xylose, and arabinose (ratio 10:67:32) was further supplemented with inorganic salts and vitamins and readily fermented by the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii CCMI 941 without any previous detoxification stage. The yeast was able to consume all sugars, furfural, HMF, and acetic acid with high biomass yield, 0.68 C-mol/C-mol, and productivity, 0.92 g/(L.h). Detoxification with activated charcoal resulted in a similar biomass yield and a slight increase in the volumetric productivity (11%).

Comparison of two posthydrolysis processes of Brewery's spent grain autohydrolysis liquor to produce a pentose-containing culture medium.

A readily fermentable pentose-containing hydrolysate was obtained from Brewery's spent grain by a two-step process consisting of an auto-hydrolysis (converting the hemicelluloses into oligosaccharides) followed by an enzymatic or sulfuric acid-catalyzed posthydrolysis (converting the oligosaccharides into monosaccharides). Enzymatic hydrolyses were performed with several commercial enzymes with xylanolytic and cellulolytic activities. Acid-catalyzed hydrolyses were carried out at 121 degrees C under various sulfuric acid concentrations and reaction times, and the effects of treatments were interpreted by means of a corrected combined severity factor (CS*), which varied in the range of 0.80-2.01. Under the tested conditions, chemical hydrolysis allowed higher pentose yields than enzymatic hydrolysis. Optimized conditions (defined by CS* = 1.10) allowed both complete monosaccharide recovery and low content of inhibitors. Liquors subjected to posthydrolysis under optimal conditions were easily fermented by Debaryomyces hansenii CCMI 941 in semiaerobic shake-flask experiments, leading to xylitol and arabitol as major fermentation products. The bioconversion process was improved by hydrolysate concentration and supplementation of fermentation media with casamino acids.