Breeding Pairs Research Articles

Dispersal history and current breeding range of the Mute Swan (<i>Cygnus olor</i>, Anatidae, Aves) in northwestern Russia

Throughout the 20th century and the first decades of the current century, the Mute Swan, Cygnus olor, has been growing in numbers and expanding its range both northward and northeastward. The history of the species’ settlement to the Northwest of Russia and the main stages of its expansion, as well as the peculiarities of its spatial distribution in the region are discussed. The Mute Swan started breeding in northwestern Russia in the mid-1980s. The species settled in two landscapes: on shallow eutrophic lakes and on sea moraine and selga islands. To date, the species’ range covers the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, the west and southwest of the Leningrad Region, the whole Pskov Region, and the westernmost parts of the Novgorod and Tver regions. It is noteworthy noting that at the initial stages of expansion the first breeding pairs appeared throughout most of the above-mentioned territories at once. Subsequently, new nests were recorded mainly within the “occupied zone” delineated by the first newcomers. During more than 30 years of expansion, the range of the species moved eastwards by no more than 88–94 km at different localities, while during the previous 20 years (1960–1980) the Mute Swan’s range in Scandinavia moved up to 998 km. Decreasing rates of range expansion amid a continued development of a warm phase of the climate suggest the presence of some kind of climatic barriers for the species in the region.

Environmental DNA reveals a presence of Anser fabalis (Bean Goose) and an absence of A. erythropus (Lesser White-fronted Goose) in Finnish Northern Lapland

Abstract Detecting rare and elusive species from vast wilderness areas poses significant challenges. The Fennoscandian population of Anser erythropus (Lesser White-fronted Goose) is among the most endangered bird populations in Europe, with only 25–30 breeding pairs remaining in Northern Norway. Historically, its former breeding range extended across the mountainous regions of Fennoscandia. Thanks to targeted conservation efforts during the 21st century, A. erythropus has started to recolonize some of its former breeding areas in Norway and possibly also in Finland. Anser serrirostris rossicus (Tundra Bean Goose) is classified as Endangered (EN) in Finland, with just a few breeding pairs in northernmost Finnish Lapland with a poorly known breeding range. It breeds in higher numbers in Finnmark Norway and is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in Norway. Anser fabalis fabalis (Taiga Bean Goose), classified as Endangered in Norway, can also breed in the same area in low numbers. To locate individuals of these elusive goose species during breeding seasons, we used environmental DNA (eDNA) extracted from filtered lake water from selected lakes in northern Finland. We amplified and sequenced a short region of the mitochondrial control region to identify the species. Additionally, for positive controls, we sampled eDNA from the water of a Finnish spring staging site and known Norwegian breeding sites of the A. erythropus, from which eDNA of the A. erythropus was identified. eDNA of the A. erythropus was not detected within the former Finnish breeding range. Based on this, the A. erythropus has either not recolonized its former breeding habitats in Finland, the correct lakes were not sampled, the eDNA concentration was below detection limits, or due to other methodological issues. Anser serrirostris rossicus was detected in 3 lakes and A. fabalis fabalis in 10 lakes, providing new information about the breeding distribution of Bean Geese in Finnish Lapland.

From inbreeding to social behaviour: exploring female-biased sex allocation in the silk wasp Microstigmus rosae

In the Hymenoptera, female-biased sex ratios are often attributed to Local Mate Competition (LMC), which occurs when related males compete for access to the same mates, reducing fitness returns for male offspring relative to females. In social species, advantageous interactions between cooperating females can also promote female bias via Local Resource Enhancement (LRE). Despite recent theory suggesting potential interactions between these phenomena, studies of LMC in social species remain scarce. This study investigates female-biased sex ratio adjustment in the silk wasp Microstigmus rosae, a species exhibiting both incipient sociality and likely localised mating. Our analyses reveal several genetic indicators of local mating, including heterozygote deficiency and high inbreeding coefficients. Moreover, pairwise relatedness values between mothers and their inferred mates indicate that 35% of mating pairs were siblings or parent-offspring. In further support of the role of LMC, we find that our observed sex investment ratio of 0.35 is statistically equivalent to the theoretically expected evolutionary stable sex ratio, as predicted by partial LMC. We also find a clearly defined male-first sequential sex allocation strategy (M-F-F), a pattern typically attributed to extreme LMC. In contrast, we find no perceivable effect of cooperative behaviour (LRE) on the brood sex ratio. This rare demonstration of inbreeding and LMC in a social aculeate hymenopteran highlights the potential role of these factors in driving the evolution of social group formation in this species.

Measuring behavioral synchronization and spatial cohesion in the activity budgets of three adult white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) dyads in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand.

Individual behavior of primates living in small groups is often seen to represent behavior of all group members due to close spatial cohesion. However, given that females expend more energy on reproduction than males (including lactation and infant carrying), females and males may exhibit different behaviors even when maintaining spatial proximity, particularly in highly seasonal or resource-poor environments. We collected 187 hours of data from three dyads (n= 6 individuals) of white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) living in a fruit-poor environment in western Thailand during the period of fruit scarcity. We calculated activity budgets, dyad behavioral synchronization, and dyad spatial cohesion. We hypothesized that activity budgets would differ significantly between sexes or pairs would engage in behaviors independently to provide females with an opportunity to obtain more resources. We also hypothesized that pairs would remain in close proximity. Overall, activity budgets exhibited significant variation when analyzed by sex (X2= 27.693, P ⩽ 0.001) and group (X2= 119.584, P ⩽ 0.001). Females spent less time resting and vocalizing and more time traveling compared to males. Percentages of synchronized behavior were lower than expected with only 55% of records synchronized (group B: 58.6%; group D: 58.5%; group L: 49.7%). Spatial cohesion, however, was relatively high overall with adults in the same or adjacent trees in 67.1% of paired records but significantly variable across groups (B: 89.4%; D: 73.1%; L: 48.2%; X2= 190.111, P ⩽ 0.001). We suggest that behavioral synchronization and spatial cohesion may be indicators of pair bond strength, not just the result of pair living. Given differences in activity budgets, low behavioral synchronization, and variable amounts of time pair mates spent apart, we conclude that pair mates should be considered individual actors who engage in behaviors independently from one another, particularly when coping with challenging ecological conditions.

Daily and seasonal use of vocalizations by nesting black‐tailed godwits

Ground‐nesting shorebirds must balance the need for acoustic communication at the nest with the constant threat posed by predators. Although it may seem likely that their calls are adapted to minimize detection by predators, little is known about how these birds communicate at the nest or whether they employ cryptic strategies to avoid predation. Using passive acoustic devices and software to analyse extensive acoustic data, we quantified and categorised the calls of black‐tailed godwits Limosa limosa limosa recorded throughout the whole incubation at eight nests at a dairy farm in the Netherlands in March–June 2021. While incubating, godwits frequently use five main call types, with distinct diurnal patterns and high variation in the number of calls between breeding pairs. Birds used two quiet calls, one for communication at the nest and a second without an easily suggested meaning. Three loud calls were presumably used for predator alert, territory establishment, and long‐range communication. Interestingly, although nests were close to each other and exposed to the same aerial predators, the involvement of incubating birds in predator alert calling consistently differed. Furthermore, we described the relationship between the number of predator alert calls and the probability of a godwit flying off the nest. Our findings show that incubating godwits predominantly use loud vocalizations during the day, with only a few calls at night, which were more frequent on nights with a full moon. These descriptive findings for a single godwit community should now be expanded to other contexts, experimental situations, and shorebird species.

Retrospective comparison of the distribution and abundance of breeding Prairie Warbler (<i>Setophaga discolor</i>) along eastern Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada

Species inhabiting rare habitats or unique geographic regions may be underrepresented in standard surveys. More intensive, periodic surveys may be required to improve data quality, especially for species of conservation concern. Prairie Warbler (Setophaga discolor) has experienced range-wide declines of >50% in recent decades and is a species of conservation concern in Canada. The largest continually occupied breeding population of this species in Canada occurs along the shoreline of eastern Georgian Bay, Ontario, where annual Breeding Bird Survey and eBird coverage is generally poor. In 2015, we replicated a spatially intensive 1997 survey of this species along the eastern shore of Georgian Bay, visiting the same sites and using comparable methods. We detected more male birds at the survey sites in 2015 (estimated >350 breeding pairs) than in 1997 (estimated 265 breeding pairs). We also surveyed sites farther north than those covered in 1997, but the breeding range appears not to have moved substantially northward. We also conducted additional surveys and canoe transects in the core range in southern Georgian Bay to ensure that breeding birds were not being missed. Combining data from all our surveys in 2015, we estimated a total of 427 singing males in eastern Georgian Bay. Although overall numbers here appear to have increased in recent decades, localized declines in some areas warrant further investigation. The population appears to be stable or increasing in this region, but we recommend intensively re-surveying this population on at least a 20-year basis.

Discovery of a novel Mediterranean Haemaphysalis (Ornithophysalis) doenitzi group tick species infesting Falco eleonorae on Antikythira Island, Greece.

Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae Géné, 1839) is a well-known long-distance migrant of the Afro-Palaearctic flyway, a summer breeder of the Mediterranean region and North-west Africa and a winter resident of Madagascar and surrounding areas, thus characterized as a double endemic. Within the context of a long-term monitoring and conservation programme on Antikythira Island, Greece, which accommodates one of the largest concentrations of breeding pairs of Eleonora's falcons globally, birds were subjected to regular inspections for the presence of ticks from 2017 to 2023. In total, 104 adults and 149 nymphs (all belonging to Haemaphysalis genus) were collected. All ticks, apart from 2 nymphs, exhibited broadly salient palpi and did not possess the pronounced palpal segment 2 spurs or spur-like angles that are characteristic of adults, nymphs and most larvae of Rhipistoma, thus placed them in the Ornithophysalis subgenus. Following comprehensive morphological assessment and genetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome by means of next-generation sequencing of both adult and nymphal stages of the ticks, our empirical findings substantiate the delineation of a previously unclassified species. This taxonomic assignment situates the newly described species within the Ornithophysalis subgenus and the Haemaphysalis doenitzi group, marking its presence for the first time within the Western Palaearctic region.

Adaptive isogeometric gear contact analysis: Geometry generation, truncated hierarchical B-Spline refinement and validation

Gears are one of the most widely used transmission components. Their operation relies on the contact between mating gear teeth flanks for the transmission of power. Accurate prediction of the contact stresses at these regions, is crucial for the design and dimensioning of these systems. Gear design is centered around highly smooth involute curves that greatly influence their contact behaviour. In this paper, a fully adaptive isogeometric contact modelling scheme, based on hierarchical splines, is presented and applied to the simulation of gear contact problems. In particular, isogeometric simulation is performed for the modelling of mating pair of gear teeth, regarded as linearly elastic bodies. A boundary fitted B-Spline representation of the teeth is automatically generated from engineering design parameters and is used to define the initial discretisation basis. The numerical integration over the contact region is addressed using the so called, Gauss-Point to Surface formulation and a closest point projection procedure. Truncated hierarchical B-Splines are used to capture the highly localised nature of contact, while effectively reducing the number of degrees of freedom. The adaptivity is driven by the strain energy density gradient, which allows to automatically localise the mesh without a priori knowledge of the contact region between the teeth flanks. In our experiments we justify the choices made in different steps of our algorithm and we assess the performance of our adaptive solver with respect to classical tensor product B-Splines.

Surface exclusion of IncC conjugative plasmids and their relatives.

The phenomenon of exclusion allows conjugative plasmids to selectively impede the entry of identical or related elements into their host cell to prevent the resulting instability. Entry exclusion blocks DNA translocation into the recipient cell, whereas surface exclusion destabilizes the mating pair. IncC conjugative plasmids largely contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes in Gammaproteobacteria. IncC plasmids are known to exert exclusion against their relatives, including IncC and IncA plasmids, yet the entry exclusion factor eexC alone does not account for the totality of the exclusion phenotype. In this study, a transposon-directed insertion sequencing approach identified sfx as necessary and sufficient for the remaining exclusion phenotype. Sfx is an exclusion factor unrelated to the ones described to date. A cell fractionation assay localized Sfx in the outer membrane. Reverse transcription PCR and beta-galactosidase experiments showed that sfx is expressed constitutively at a higher level than eexC. A search in Gammaproteobacteria genomes identified Sfx homologs encoded by IncC, IncA and related, untyped conjugative plasmids and an uncharacterized family of integrative and mobilizable elements that likely rely on IncC plasmids for their mobility. Mating assays demonstrated that sfx is not required in the donor for exclusion, ruling out Sfx as the exclusion target. Instead, complementation assays revealed that the putative adhesin TraN in the donor mediates the specificity of surface exclusion. Mating assays with TraN homologs from related untyped plasmids from Aeromonas spp. and Photobacterium damselae identified two surface exclusion groups, with each Sfx being specific of TraN homologs from the same group. Together, these results allow us to better understand the apparent incompatibility between IncA and IncC plasmids and to propose a mechanistic model for surface exclusion mediated by Sfx in IncC plasmids and related elements, with implications for the rampant dissemination of antibiotic resistance.

Distortion of overlapping memories relates to arousal and anxiety.

Everyday experiences often overlap, challenging our ability to maintain distinct episodic memories. One way to resolve such interference is by exaggerating subtle differences between remembered events, a phenomenon known as memory repulsion. Here, we tested whether repulsion is influenced by emotional arousal, when resolving memory interference is perhaps most needed. We adapted an existing paradigm in which participants repeatedly studied object-face associations. Participants studied two different-colored versions of each object: a to-be-tested "target" and its not-to-be-tested "competitor" pair mate. The level of interference between target and competitor pair mates was manipulated by making the object colors either highly similar or less similar, depending on the participant group. To manipulate arousal, the competitor object-face associations were preceded by either a neutral tone or an aversive and arousing burst of white noise. Memory distortion for the color of the target objects was tested after each study round to examine whether memory distortions emerge after learning. We found that participants with greater sound-induced pupil dilations, an index of physiological arousal, showed greater memory attraction of target colors towards highly similar competitor colors. Greater memory attraction was also correlated with greater memory interference in the last round of learning. Additionally, individuals who self-reported higher trait anxiety showed greater memory attraction when one of the overlapping memories was associated with something aversive. Our findings suggest that memories of similar neutral and arousing events may blur together after repeated exposures, especially in individuals who show higher arousal responses and symptoms of anxiety.

The effect of experimental warming on reproductive performance and parental care in the burying beetle Nicrophorus nepalensis.

Rising temperatures can adversely affect parental care and reproductive performance across a range of taxa. However, the warming impact is contingent upon understanding how temperature affects the spectrum of parental behaviours and their interplay. Here, we assessed how temperature affects parental care and reproductive success in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus nepalensis, which exhibits complex parental care behaviours. We exposed breeding pairs of N. nepalensis, to three temperature regimes (18°C, 20°C and 22°C) and assessed changes in parental care, and the subsequent development and growth of their offspring. Our findings show that 22°C disrupts carcass nest building by the parents and results in smaller clutches. Moreover, no eggs successfully hatched in the 22°C treatment. A milder increase to 20°C did not affect the hatching rate but resulted in smaller broods and lighter offspring, even when considering brood size, suggesting a change in post-hatching care quality. Our research suggests that warming may weakly affect parental care but has strong detrimental effects on offspring performance. These findings highlight the necessity of investigating the effect of ambient temperature across a diversity of traits and behaviours and across a range of life-history stages to fully assess species vulnerability in the face of future climate change.

Morphometric variation and deteriorating food availability both explain seasonally declining reproductive success of Dicrurus hottentottus (Hair-crested Drongo)

Abstract Seasonally declining reproductive performance in avian populations may be attributed to high-quality individuals breeding earlier than low-quality individuals (the quality hypothesis), to deteriorating environmental conditions (the date hypothesis), or both. By comparing the reproductive performance among different perennial pairs, and the same perennial pairs across different years, we tested the influence of timing of breeding on reproductive performance in Dicrurus hottentottus (Hair-crested Drongo) from 2010 to 2022. Breeding pairs that typically laid earlier relative to the population mean (i.e., early-breeding pairs) exhibited a significantly higher fledging rate compared to breeding pairs that often bred later relative to the population mean (i.e., late-breeding pairs). For a given pair, the fledging rate of early-breeding pairs increased when they bred later compared to other years, while the fledging rates of late-breeding pairs were significantly lower in years when they bred later than usual. We found that male morphological traits were associated with both the timing of breeding and the feeding rate. Pairs with long-billed (indicator of high quality) males bred earlier than pairs with short-billed males, and pairs with larger males (indicator of high quality) had a higher feeding rate than pairs with smaller males. Female age had reversed effects on the timing of breeding and fledging rate: older females tended to breed earlier than younger females; but there was a sharp decline in fledging rate after 7 years of age in late-breeding pairs. Finally, our results showed that the feeding rate and the amount of invertebrate biomass decreased with laying date, indicating deteriorating feeding conditions later in the breeding season. Overall, our findings support both the quality hypothesis and the date hypothesis. Low-quality D. hottentottus are likely to be most adversely affected by the phenological mismatches induced by climate change, which, in turn, may affect population dynamics through reduced fecundity.

Study on the friction loss behavior of a wire rope and liner mating pair interface under vibration conditions

PurposeThis study aims to study the influence of friction influencing factors between the wire rope and the liner on the safe use of the wire rope, which can provide guidance for the reliability design of the lifting system with strong dynamic response such as high speed, heavy load, etc., and improve the friction-driven stability of the system.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the friction mechanism of wire rope and liner under the condition of excitation is investigated by means of wire rope-liner friction-vibration experimental platform and dynamic viscoelastic test of liner.FindingsThe results show that: With increasing excitation frequency, the friction between the three liner materials (G30, K25, PU) and the wire rope decreased, and the wear of the surface shape of the liners was greater. The dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA) test results showed that the viscoelasticity of the three liner materials increased when the frequency was increased.Research limitations/implicationsWire ropes are widely used in deep shaft hoisting and building elevators. Its operational reliability depends on whether there is sufficient friction between the wire rope and the friction liner, and whether the friction liner has good wear resistance. The study of the friction between the wire rope and the liner influencing factors is of great significance for the safe service of the wire rope.Practical implicationsThe related results can provide guidance for the reliability design of lifting systems with strong dynamic response, such as high speed and heavy load, to improve the friction drive stability of the system.Originality/valueWith the increase of mining depth, to improve the transportation efficiency of the hoist used in deep and ultra-deep mines, as well as to ensure the safety and reliability of its operation, it is crucial that the large friction hoisting equipment has sufficient friction between the wire rope and the friction lining, as well as whether the friction lining has a good abrasion resistance.

Neighbors affect vocal behavior of tropical wrens: a multispeaker density-manipulation experiment.

For territorial animals, the behavior of conspecific neighbors sets the social context of communication. Despite numerous investigations of vocalizations related to territory defense and mate attraction, the effect of neighbor density on animal vocal behavior has received little attention, particularly in tropical animals and animals where both sexes produce complex acoustic signals. In this study, we used an innovative multispeaker playback experiment to manipulate the apparent density of neighbors in rufous-and-white wrens, Thryophilus rufalbus, living in Costa Rica's tropical dry forest. In this tropical songbird, both males and females defend year-round territories and sing complex, learned songs for territory defense. We recorded the singing behavior of 24 subjects (12 pairs), and then we used an array of 6 loudspeakers to simulate the presence of 6 new territorial neighbors (3 simulated pairs) outside each subject pair's breeding territory. The stimuli persisted for 3 consecutive days, with both male and female songs broadcast at a natural rate from dawn to dusk. We found that the mean male song rate increased by almost 50% in response to the simulated increase in local density. Females showed less frequent song-type switching rates following the simulated increase in local density, although it was a marginal increase. These findings reveal that male and female songbirds' vocal behavior varies with the local density of territorial neighbors. We conclude that birds are sensitive to acoustic signals of conspecific density arising from sounds beyond their territory boundaries, and that they use this public information to guide their vocal behavior.

PSLBII-27 Investigating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma bovis from feedlot cattle

Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most significant disease affecting feedlot cattle in North America. Mycoplasma bovis is among the main BRD pathogenic bacteria. Infection control of M. bovis is hampered by a lack of effective vaccines and increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) have been documented as a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma ICEs (MICE) do not carry AMR genes but have been associated with the HGT of genes that confer AMR through point mutations. Hence, there is a need to gain a better understanding of the role of MICE in M. bovis AMR. Randomly selected M. bovis isolates (n = 54) collected from Western Canadian feedlot cattle (AB and SK) underwent whole-genome sequencing by short-reads (Illumina), with a subset (n = 6) selected based on AMR and ICE profiles for Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing. Sequences were screened for the presence of MICE. MICE circularization (cMICE) is the first step of conjugation, and an in-house collection of 472 M. bovis field isolates (feedlot cattle just from AB) was screened by PCR for the presence of cMICE as a proxy for conjugation capabilities. Environmental conditions that could impact cMICE quantity, including growth phase, temperature, cell density, pH, starvation, UV light, CO2 concentration, and sub-inhibitory concentrations of mitomycin C were investigated by qPCR, followed by growth of M. bovis isolates under the most favorable conditions identified for cMICE-detection and screening by a high throughput qPCR method that eliminated the need for DNA extraction. Nineteen different mating pairs were carried out and 4 different environmental factors were tested for their possible impact on conjugation occurrence (incubation time, incubation volume, conjugation parent proportions, atmosphere). All isolates carried MICEs with 23/54 having a structure/sequence comparable to previously described functional MICE in mycoplasma, 43/54 possessing non-functional ICE, and 23 having >1 ICE. The presence of more than one MICE/genome suggests a lack of MICE (entry) exclusion systems in M. bovis, a trait that may promote the flow of genetic information among M. bovis isolates including AMR. Even though some factors including growth phase (early stationary phase) and pH (9.0) generated greater levels (≥1.5 fold) of cMICE, none of the examined parameters were statistically significant. However, as early stationary growth phase generated the greatest cMICE quantity (2.3 fold), M. bovis isolates were cMICE-screened at this growth stage for the expeditious identification of M. bovis conjugation candidates. A total of 25.7% M. bovis were cMICE-positive. Of 19 mating pairs tested, transconjugants were recovered from only 2 different mating pairs, possibly reflective of the need for further optimization of conjugation conditions.

Long-term effect of inbreeding in the yellow steppe lemming, Eolagurus luteus, captive colony

Abstract In the current research, we investigated the impact of gradually increasing inbreeding on the life span and reproductive rate of yellow steppe lemmings, Eolagurus luteus, that reproduced in the Moscow Zoo. The focal captive colony existed from 2017 to 2021. The studied animals belonged to the second to tenth generations. The founders of the colony were 5 females and 5 males originating from 3 females and 4 males livetrapped in the Zaisan basin (Kazakhstan). The degree of their descendant relatedness progressively increased. The animals intended to be used for reproduction were distributed to pairs with unfamiliar partners. We constructed the pedigree of 177 individuals and calculated their inbreeding coefficients. This parameter varied from 0 to 0.29, and the maximum values were registered in the lemmings of the seventh to tenth generations. We measured the life span of 61 individuals and used information about the reproduction or its absence in 45 pairs. A substantial decline in individual life span and reproductive parameters in the breeding pairs, along with a progressive increase in the inbreeding coefficients, was registered. The number of delivered litters, born pups, and young lived up to the age of puberty significantly depended on the level of mother inbreeding. The noticeable traits of inbreeding depression in the colony appeared in 2019–2020 when the offspring inbreeding coefficients reached approximately 0.2. Therefore, we assume that if the E. luteus population originates from a relatively small number of noninbred and unfamiliar individuals, then successful reproduction without significant inbreeding depression will continue for several generations of offspring.

Developing a Microsatellite Polymerase Chain Reaction System for Small Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) and Its Application in Parentage Assignment.

(1) Background: The small yellow croaker, an economically important fish in East Asia, has been subjected to population declines due to overfishing and environmental pressures. The development of effective breeding programs is considered crucial for the species, and accurate parentage assignment is deemed essential for such programs. (2) Methods: The assembled reference genome of the small yellow croaker was utilized to select highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. A multiplex PCR system was optimized for the simultaneous amplification of these markers. The system's accuracy was validated using controlled mating pairs and subsequently applied to a group mating scenario. (3) Results: The developed multiplex PCR system demonstrated high accuracy in assigning offspring to their parents in both the controlled and group mating scenarios. (4) Conclusions: The system is presented as a valuable tool for pedigree management, selective breeding, and conservation efforts for the small yellow croaker, facilitating sustainable aquaculture practices and genetic improvement.

Development of oriented microbial consortium-based compound enzyme strengthens food waste hydrolysis and antibiotic resistance genes removal: Deciphering of performance, metabolic pathways and microbial communities

Enzymatic hydrolysis has been considered as an eco-friendly pretreatment method for enhancing bioconversion process of food waste (FW). However, existing commercial enzymes and microbial monomer-based compound enzymes (MME) have the issues of uneven distribution of enzymatic activity and low matching degree with the components of FW, leading to low efficiency with enzymatic hydrolysis and removal of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study used FW as the substrate, under the co-culture system, produced a microbial consortium-based compound enzymes (MCE) with oriented and well-matching degree for FW hydrolysis and ARGs removal, of which the performance, metabolic pathways and microbial communities were also investigated in depth. Results showed that the best performance for ARGs was achieved by the MCE prepared by mixing 1:5 of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger after 12 days fermentation. The highest soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration and ARGs removal could respectively reach 83.90 ± 1.67 g/L and 45.95% after MCE pretreatment. The analysis of metabolic pathways revealed that 1:5 MCE pretreatment strengthened the catalytic activity of carbohydrate-active enzymes, increased the abundances of genes involved in cellulose and starch degradation, polysaccharide synthesis, ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters and global regulation, while decreased the abundances of genes involved in mating pair formation system, two-component regulatory systems and quorum sensing, thereby enhanced FW hydrolysis and restrained ARGs dissemination. Microbial community analysis further indicated that the 1:5 MCE pretreatment promoted growth, metabolism and richness of functional microbes, while inhibited the host microbes of ARGs. It is expected that this study can provide useful insights into understanding the fate of ARGs in food waste during MCE pretreatment process.

Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) has been replacing Anas rubripes (American Black Duck) in human-altered landscapes in Ontario, 1996 to 2019

Abstract Anas rubripes (American Black Duck) has received much attention over the years as a popular game bird species that experienced historical declines on its wintering grounds. Declines may be due to changes in the quality and quantity of breeding habitat, competition with A. platyrhynchos (Mallard), or both. Although the A. rubripes population has stabilized, spatial variation in regional population trends of A. rubripes on their breeding grounds can provide insight into the relative importance of these alternative hypotheses at provincial and local scales. We analyzed indicated breeding pairs count data collected in Ontario between 1996 and 2019 through the Eastern Waterfowl Survey to evaluate the correlation in breeding densities and trends of the 5 most abundant waterfowl species. We also tested whether habitat and anthropogenic disturbance variables could explain the distribution of those species. Overall, A. platyrhynchos breeding pair densities increased across the survey area, whereas A. rubripes breeding pair densities decreased in the southern and northern part of the survey area but remained stable in the central part. Densities of breeding pairs of A. rubripes and A. platyrhynchos were negatively correlated across survey plots but the trends in breeding densities were not correlated. Densities of A. platyrhynchos breeding pairs increased in human altered landscapes, whereas the density of A. rubripes breeding pairs was negatively correlated with agriculture. Our results suggest that A. platyrhynchos did not competitively exclude A. rubripes on the breeding grounds, but instead, A. rubripes were replaced by A. platyrhynchos following encroachment of agriculture into A. rubripes breeding habitat. Habitat management plans focused on breeding A. rubripes should emphasize reduction in the expansion of anthropogenic perturbations and increases in habitat conservation efforts in the central area of the breeding range in Ontario.

CORRECTING MODEL MISSPECIFICATION IN RELATIONSHIP ESTIMATES.

The datasets of large genotyping biobanks and direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies contain many related individuals. Until now, it has been widely accepted that the most distant relationships that can be detected are around fifteen degrees (approximately 8 th cousins) and that practical relationship estimates have a ceiling around ten degrees (approximately 5 th cousins). However, we show that these assumptions are incorrect and that they are due to a misapplication of relationship estimators. In particular, relationship estimators are applied almost exclusively to putative relatives who have been identified because they share detectable tracts of DNA identically by descent (IBD). However, no existing relationship estimator conditions on the event that two individuals share at least one detectable segment of IBD anywhere in the genome. As a result, the relationship estimates obtained using existing estimators are dramatically biased for distant relationships, inferring all sufficiently distant relationships to be around ten degrees regardless of the depth of the true relationship. Existing relationship estimators are derived under a model that assumes that each pair of related individuals shares a single common ancestor (or mating pair of ancestors). This model breaks down for relationships beyond 10 generations in the past because individuals share many thousands of cryptic common ancestors due to pedigree collapse. We first derive a corrected likelihood that conditions on the event that at least one segment is observed between a pair of putative relatives and we demonstrate that the corrected likelihood largely eliminates the bias in estimates of pairwise relationships and provides a more accurate characterization of the uncertainty in these estimates. We then reformulate the relationship inference problem to account for the fact that individuals share many common ancestors, not just one. We demonstrate that the most distant relationship that can be inferred using IBD may be 200 degrees or more, rather than ten, extending the time-to-common ancestor from approximately 300 years in the past to approximately 3,000 years in the past or more. This dramatic increase in the range of relationship estimators makes it possible to infer relationships whose common ancestors lived before historical events such as European settlement of the Americas, the Transatlantic Slave Trade, and the rise and fall of the Roman Empire.