Breeder Seed Research Articles

Quality seed production scenario of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) in India: A 24-year retrospective analysis

Egyptian clover/Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is the most popular winter leguminous multi-cut fodder crop widely cultivated in the northwest and central parts of India. Quality seed significantly impacts farm productivity, farmers’ profitability, and socioeconomic welfare. Foundation and certified seeds enable high-quality seed production, making breeder seed (BS) the most important link in the seed supply chain. In India, berseem BS indent had increased from 1998 - 99 to 2012–13; afterwards, it followed a constant but decreasing trend. Of the 27 notified cultivars, 24 came into the seed supply chain between 1998–1999 and 2021–2022, indicating high varietal availability to stakeholders. The study examines the potential causes of the national decline in BS indent and production and the differences in these figures over time. The highest BS indent was received for the variety JB-1 (276.1 q), followed by BL-10 (205.1 q), Mescavi (165.6 q) and Wardan (153.7 q) from 1998 - 99 to 2021–22. The varietal replacement rate (VRR) is high, 43.30 %, for the varieties that have reached the age of five or less in the recent three years (2019–20 to 2021–22). Additionally, it has been calculated that if the seed chain operates at 100 % efficiency, the BS generated (48.1q) in 2021–22 can cover an area of almost 0.12 million hectares in 2024–25. The study offers an in-depth overview of berseem BS indent and production, an analysis of the difficulties encountered in BS production, and future directions for expanding variety and producing excess BS in the nation.

Сушилка для селекционных семян сои

As a result of the study of existing methods and devices for drying seeds, their poor adaptation for drying soybean breeder seeds was revealed, namely: the impossibility of effective drying of small batches of seeds (1–5 kg); increased injury during loading and unloading; unsuitable regime of specific moisture removal, which leads to loss of sowing qualities of valuable breeding seed samples. Analysis of the designs of previously developed dryers, as well as research carried out in the mechanization department at the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, made it possible to develop a new method for drying soybean breeder seeds and a device for its implementation – a chamber dryer for soybean breeder seeds in fabric bags. Drying seeds in fabric bags prevents direct contact of seeds with the structural elements of the dryer, which prevents damage from mechanical influences, as well as local overheating of the surface of the seeds. This saves the breeder seeds from mechanical trauma, leading to micro- and macrocracks in the seed shells and the surface tissues of the cotyledons located directly under the shell, and the axial organs of the embryos – the embryonic root, which leads to their death, which is extremely undesirable in breeding work. Blowing bags with seeds from two opposite sides provides the possibility of a softer drying mode – at a coolant temperature of 38 ºС, smoother removal of seed moisture, a more productive drying process, ensuring the absence of seeds cracking, which is very important in breeding. This is explained by the fact that when blowing bags with seeds from two opposite sides of the bags, the removal of moisture from the entire volume of seeds will be smoother and at the same time more productive than when blowing the same volume of seeds with a coolant. Analyzing the experimental data obtained, we can draw the following conclusion: a dryer design was created for soybean breeder seeds, which implements a soft drying mode, ensuring uniform drying with smooth moisture removal, preventing cracking of soybean seeds, as well as their mechanical damage.

Comparative Efficacy of the Different Power Sources in Light Trap during Rabi Season

The present investigation entitled, “Comparative efficacy of different power sources in light trap against major phototactic insect pest of rabi season” was carried out at the BSP (Breeder Seed Production) Farm, Adhartal, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP) during rabi (mid-November 2022 to mid-April 2023) season 2022-2023.Four light traps design were used in study via. T1 – Solar light trap (with 40 cm funnel diameter, T2 – Solar light trap (50 cm funnel diameter), T3 – Electrical light trap (with 40 cm funnel diameter), T4 – Electrical (with 50 cm funnel diameter). All four light traps were operated every evening and collection was collected every morning for the duration of the investigation for 12 species viz., Helicoverpa armigera, Agrotis ipsilon, Creatonotus gengis, Spodoptera litura, Gryllus bamaculatus, Gryllotalpa orientalis, Nezara viridula, Amata cyssea, Asota ficus Perina nuda, Thysanoplusia orichalcea and Theretra oldenlandiae analysis daily data were combined into weekly totals, this data was subjected to analysis in paired and two sample t-test. In conclusion, electrical light traps were superior in terms of trapping efficacy compared to solar light traps for most of the species collected. The advantage of electrical light traps is in their ability to provide continuous illumination while the power is on, which ensures a higher attraction and capture rate of insects. On the other hand, solar light traps have limitations in providing consistent and sustained light throughout the night, potentially leading to reduced trapping efficiency.

Evaluating Field Pea Genotypes for Resistance against Key Insect Pests

In the rabi season of 2020-21, a field trial was executed at the Breeder Seed Production Farm, JNKVV, Jabalpur, M.P., aimed at assessing the resistance of 71 field pea genotypes against Aphid, Leaf hopper, and Gram pod Borer. Through weekly observations and subsequent statistical analysis, genotypes were categorized into distinct resistance groups. Prominent findings revealed that JP-180, Matar Rangpur, and Aman 1-206 exhibited high resistance to aphids and pod borers. Additionally, Kashi Samriddhi, JP-180, and Matar Rangpur demonstrated resistance to leafhoppers. Conversely, B-22, DDR-39, and KPMR-485 displayed high susceptibility to Aphids, while Batri patiram, VL-3, and VL-3 were highly susceptible to Gram pod borer. KPMR-485, VL-3, and VL-1 were found to be susceptible to both Aphid and Gram pod borer. The study further revealed that the genotype KPMR-485 achieved the highest pea yield, closely followed by Jayanti and IPF-99-25. In contrast, Safed Batra Gudda, Matar Rangpur, and Aman 1-206 exhibited the minimum yield. These findings provide valuable insights into the resistance patterns of field pea genotypes, aiding in the selection of cultivars with enhanced resistance and productivity for sustainable agricultural practices.

Изменение основных хозяйственно ценных признаков сорта подсолнечника СПК плюс в процессе улучшающего семеноводства

The research was conducted in 2020– 2022 in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, Krasnodar. The purpose of the research was to establish regularities of the displaying of the main economically valuable traits in a confectionary variety SPK plus at the selection of promising families by results of their studying in a nursery of progeny estimation. As initial material, we used progenies of individual plants of seed growing elite of the variety SPK plus selected by seed weight per a head, oil content, and 1000 seed weight. During a vegetative period, phenological observatins and biometric measurements were done due to the method generally accepted (Pustovoit V.S., 1967). Oil content in seeds was determined on a NMR-analyzer AVM1006 due to the state standard R8.597-2010, 1000 seed weight – due to the state standard 12042- 80. To state a variability range of a trait we accounted 4 its average, minimal, and maximal meanings. Transforming of a population structure under impact of selection was established distributing the individual families into groups of a trait degree. Intensity of discard was revealed by a ratio of rejected families amount and total amount in the initial population. Increasing of families with enlarged 1000 seed weight was determined using an asymmetry coefficient. During the years of research, an average meaning of 1000 seed weight in a progenies of the selected plants was equal to 126.2 g, in a control – 119.5 g. a share of biotypes having 1000 seed weight more than 150 g of the promising families was 3.5%, and in a control – 1.6%. For three years of the research, the variety SPK plus was significantly improved by a trait of 1000 seed weight competing to the control – a progeny of breeder seeds. The estimation and selection of individual plants in a population caused accumulation of highly productive biotypes that led to the yield increase by 0.5 t/ha comparing to the control. A duration of a period seedlings – flowering, plant height, and oil content did not changed, keeping the level specific for this variety.

Twenty-four years lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) breeder seed production in India: a retrospective study.

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is the second most significant winter leguminous fodder crop after berseem in India. Breeder seed (BS) is the first stage of the seed production chain, as it is the base material for producing foundation and certified seeds. In India, lucerne BS demand has been reduced by 85.58% during the last 24 years (1998-1999 to 2021-2022), declining from 2150kg to 310kg. Out of 14 varieties released and notified so far, only nine varieties entered the seed chain since 1998-1999. It shows narrow varietal diversification and, hence, needs robust breeding programs towards enriching genetic variability and varietal development. The present study also highlights the disparity in BS demand and production over the years and puts forth the possible reasons behind the reduction in BS demand and production in the country. Out of the nine varieties, the BS demand of Anand-2 (53.11%) was highest, followed by Type-9 (19.44%) and RL-88 (13.60%). Varietal replacement rate (VRR) was found to be moderate, i.e., 23.67% for the varieties having <5 years old age in the last 3 years (2019-2020 to 2021-2022). It has also been estimated that BS produced (233kg) during 2021-2022 can cover the approximate area of 6,300 ha at farmers' fields in 2024-2025 if the seed chain functions 100%, effectively. The present study provides a holistic overview of lucerne BS demand and production, challenges in BS production, and the way forward to develop more varieties and surplus BS production in the country.

Evaluating the collection of maize inbred lines originating from Primorsky Krai

Background. The modern breeding of maize hybrids for high heterosis pays considerable attention to the creation of new starting material, i. e. inbred lines. Their genetic potential depends primarily on the quality of forms used in self-pollination, on the selection and evaluation of progeny aimed at achieving the homozygosity of economically important traits.Methods. The study on maize inbred lines was carried out by the Laboratory of the Breeding and Breeder Seed Production of Maize in an experimental field plot at FSBSI «FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaika». A standard method was employed, which included the self-pollination and selection of lines for a complex of economically important traits over several years to achieve homozygosity.Results. The research resulted in the selection of genotypes that combined high yield with a low moisture content in grain at harvest maturity PK 160, PK 139, PK 65, and PK 155. We identified sources of such economically important traits as the height of plants and cobs (PK 26, PK 36, PK 39, PK 42, PK 55, PK 78, and PK 181), cob length (PK 55, PK 57, PK 58, PK 65, PK 69, PK 153, PK 155, PK 160, PK 164, and PK 175), cob weight (PK 160, PK 65, PK 155, PK 139, and PK 52), the number of grains per cob (PK 42, PK 52, and PK 65), grain weight per cob (PK 65, PK 155, and PK 160), the 1000 kernel weight (PK 160, PK 175, PK 181, PK 139, and PK 65), and a high general combining ability (PK 58, PK 124, PK 176, PK 1/3, and PK 3). The selected accessions will be involved in a breeding program to create highly heterotic maize hybrids.

The role of healthy citrus planting materials production as a major component in the development of national citrus industry

Certified citrus seed is one of vital component on the program of good agricultural practices for the development of healthy citrus plantation. Certified seed guarantee the free systemic disease and optimum vigor planting material, thus put an impact on maximum physiological response to the agriculture inputs that being applied. Production of healthy planting material is initially started from the acquisition of free diseases protocol of seeds from breeder seeds. However, there are still many issues regarding bud-stick in Indonesia which cause the spread of systemic diseases, one of which is CVPD/Huanglongbing (HLB). Therefore, this article presents a descriptive review of the important role of healthy citrus planting materials production that meets the requirements, so that it can become a reference for the citrus nurseries. There are several factors (limited availability of citrus planting materials, technology components to produce healthy seedlings that are not fully applied, as well as the partial application of certified citrus planting materials) that could inhibit the use of technology by the citrus nurseries. A number of recommendations from literatures to overcome these problems are the use of effective dissemination and extension methods, also the provision of understanding and supervision that is carried out on an ongoing basis.

Trait Association and their Contribution in Yield Improvement in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L)

The present investigation was conducted at the Breeder Seed Production Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, M.P., India during November to April, (Rabi season), 2021 to 2022 analyse grain yield and its attributing traits of wheat by correlation and path coefficient analysis. The twenty genotypes were in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that the biological yield per plant had highly significant correlation followed by harvest index with a moderate positive value and is significant with the grain yield per plant. Similarly the analysis of direct and indirect effects shows that the plant height, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, days to 50% flowering, grains per spike, biological yield per plant, and harvest index had positive direct effect on grain yield per plant. Hence it may be considered that traits namely, plant height, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, days to 50% flowering, grains per spike, biological yield per plant, and harvest index may be utilized for yield improvement breeding strategies in wheat. However, biological yield and harvest index will be given prime importance during selection of traits, due to their significant association and having a direct or indirect effect in crop yield improvement.

Bulking Behaviour of Promising Potato Varieties in Northern Region of Bangladesh

The experiment was conducted at Breeder Seed Production Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Debiganj, Panchagarh during November to February of 2014-2015 to learn about the bulking behavior of promising potato varieties in Bangladesh with the suitable time of harvest for getting desirable yield. The experiment was employed with randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six harvesting time at 10 days interval started from 40 days after planting (DAP) and continued up to 90 DAP. Six promising potato varieties such as Bari Alu 40 (4.45w), Bari Alu 41 (5.183), Bari Alu42 (Agila), Bari Alu 43 (Atlas), Bari Alu 44 (Elgar) and Bari Alu 45 (Steffi) were included in the study. Tuber yield was increased up to 90 DAP for all the varieties. The highest tuber yield (55.86ton/ha) was recorded in Bari Alu 45 (Steffi) and the lowest yield of tuber was observed in Bari Alu 43 (Atlas) at 90 DAP. The tuber yield increase rate of Bari Alu 45 (Steffi), Bari Alu 41 (5.183), Bari Alu 42 (Agila) and Bari Alu 40 (4.45w) were reasonable up to 90 DAP, while the increase rate of Bari Alu 43 (Atlas) was reasonable up to 80 DAP and Bari Alu 44 (Elgar) was up to 70 DAP. Bari Alu 44 (Elgar) may be harvested as early variety among the varieties. The percent dry matter was increased up to 90 DAP for all the varieties. The growth rate of tuber was higher at 60–70 DAP for all the varieties except Bari Alu 41 (5.183). In case of Bari Alu 41 (5.183) tuber growth rate was higher at 70-80 DAP. Finally, our study demonstrated that, the optimal period to harvest potatoes is 90 days after planting (DAP), when the tubers are at their largest size, have the most yield, and have accumulated the maximum dry matter.

Tailoring Variability for Yield and Quality Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present research was carried out at the Breeder Seed Production Unit, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh using twenty-one sets of bread wheat genotypes. These were sown and evaluated under the timely sown condition in a randomized complete block design with three replication during post-rainy season 2021- In the present investigation thirteen morphological and one biochemical trait were analyzed. The analysis of variance indicated the occurrence of significant variation among the genotypes for all the traits. The present results indicate that the estimates of PCV were in general slightly elevated than their corresponding GCV for most of the traits studies which indicated that the variability for these traits in the genotypes was not much affected by the environments for the expression of these traits. High heritability with high genetic advance was observed for flag leaf length, grains yield per plant, biological yield per plant, and tiller per plant, and high heritability (narrow sense) coupled with the moderate genetic advance in percent of mean was observed for flag leaf width, grains per spike, plant height, and spikelet per spike. It can be summarized that constructive variability in parents and progenies was developed through hybridization which can be appropriately utilized for the selection of suitable genotypes to obtain high protein and high yield potential in bread wheat.

Effect of Foliar Application of Boron on the Yield And Quality of Potato

Foliar application of boron on the yield and storability of potato was evaluated at Breeder Seed Production Centre, Debiganj during two consecutive years 2013-14 and 2014-15. Six different concentration of boron such as: 0 ppm B (T1), 70 ppm B (T2), 140 ppm B (T3), 210 ppm B (T4), 280 ppm B (T5) and 350 ppm B (T6) were tested. The maximum yield 35.9 and 35.3 t ha-1 in 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively was found when plants treated with 210 ppm B as foliar application (T4). The highest dry matter content of tuber was obtained from T4. T4 (210 ppm B) also showed the minimum rottage loss of tuber. The highest gross margin and marginal benefit cost ratio were recorded in the same treatment. Foliar application of 210 ppm B can be recommended for economically potato production in Tista Meander Floodplain Soil.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 45(2): 125-135, June 2020

Impact of breeder seed multiplication and certified quality seed distribution on rice production in India

BackgroundThe All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) organizes multi-location tests (METs) with new genotypes from breeding programs. The best performing genotypes in METs for 3–4 years are identified and notified as commercial cultivars by the Government of India (GOI) to authorize breeder seed (BS) production.MethodsWe created a database and analyzed data on BS production for 24 years (1995–96 to 2018–19) in 475 inbred and 22 F1 hybrid cultivars. Estimates were made to rank cultivars on the proportional contribution of a cultivar, quantity produced and a new BS index. Correlation and regression analyses were used to find the relationships between BS, certified quality seed distributed (CQSD), and milled rice production. We compared cultivars in BS production chain with those grown in farmers’ fields across the country as identified in the production-oriented surveys.ResultsThe top ten inbred cultivars identified are Jaya (notified by GOI in 1969), Swarna, Kranthi, IR 36, Sarjoo 52, Samba Mahsuri and Pusa Basmati 1 (notified in 1980–1989), and IR 64, Vijetha and Cottondora Sannalu (notified in 1991–2000). BS production in hybrid F1 was insignificant. We detected a Pearson correlation (r = 0.806, P < 0.01) between the BS production and CQSD, and a linear relationship between the annual rice production in India and the CQSD (R2 = 0.850, P < 0.01). The rice area coverage in 2018–19 with CQSD estimated was 41%. A total of 1877 cultivars (528 notified and 1349 not notified) were found at farms in rice growing districts in India.ConclusionsFrom 1995–2019, BS and CQSD together increased the annual milled rice production in step with increases in population. Diverse rice genotypes have enabled rice to endure crop constraints in fragmented landholdings spread over 43 m ha. AICRIP’s efforts have sustained availability of > 73 kg rice per capita per year (~ 40% of food grains). The process of notification, receipt of indent for BS from states, allotment and BS production, and de-notification of a cultivar by GOI need a review to ensure profits to farmers. As the 1000-seed weight varies in cultivars, it must be notified by GOI to adjust seed rate and maintain the recommended plant population at the farms. There is scope to increase the priceless BS production in cultivars to raise the country’s production further, facilitate export and ensure profits to all stakeholders.

Application of the maximum threshold distances to reduce gene flow frequency in the coexistence between genetically modified (GM) and non-GM maize.

On the coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non‐GM maize, the isolation distance plays an important role in controlling the transgenic flow. In this study, maize gene flow model was used to quantify the MTD0.1% and MTD1% in the main maize‐planting regions of China; those were the maximum threshold distance for the gene flow frequency equal to or lower than 1% and 0.1%. The model showed that the extreme MTD1% and MTD0.1% were 187 and 548 m, respectively. The regions of northern China and the coastal plain, including Hainan crop winter‐season multiplication base, showed a significantly high risk for maize gene flow, while the west‐south of China was the largest low‐risk areas. Except for a few sites, the isolation distance of 500 m could yield a seed purity of better than 0.1% and meet the production needs of breeder seeds. The parameters of genetic competitiveness (cp) were introduced to assess the effects of hybrid compatibility between the donor and recipient. The results showed that hybrid incompatibility could minimize the risk. When cp = 0.05, MTD1% and MTD0.1% could be greatly reduced within 19 m and 75 m. These data were helpful to provide scientific data to set the isolation distance between GM and non‐GM maize and select the right place to produce the hybrid maize seeds.

Seed management using NGS technology to rapidly eliminate a deleterious allele from rice breeder seeds.

Spontaneous mutations are stochastic phenomena that occur in every population. However, deleterious mutated allele present in seeds distributed to farmers must be detected and removed. Here, we eliminated undesirable mutations from the parent population in one generation through a strategy based on next-generation sequencing (NGS). This study dealt with a spontaneous albino mutant in the 'Hinohikari' rice variety grown at the Miyazaki Comprehensive Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan. The incidence of albinism in the population was 1.36%. NGS analysis revealed the genomic basis for differences between green and albino phenotypes. Every albino plant had a C insertion in the Snow-White Leaf1 (SWL1) gene on chromosome 4 causing a frameshift mutation. Selfing plants heterozygous for the mutant allele, swl1-R332P, resulted in a 3:1 green/albino ratio, confirming that a single recessive gene controls albinism. Ultrastructural leaf features in the swl1-R332P mutants displayed deformed chlorophyll-associated organelles in albino plants that were similar to those of previously described swl1 mutants. Detection of the causative gene and its confirmation using heterozygous progenies were completed within a year. The NGS technique outlined here facilitates rapid identification of spontaneous mutations that can occur in breeder seeds.

Risk Management of Granola Potato Seeds Production: A Study in Kertasari, West Java, Indonesia

The quality of potato seeds is important to support increased production. The majority of farmers do not certify potato seeds, which can result in various risks for potato seed production activities. This research aims to identify the risks of potato seed production and formulate risk control strategies for potato seeds production. The research uses house of risk method. The results of this study show thirty-nine identified risk events. The most impactful risk event was rotten potato. Thirty-two identified risk agents with two priorities must be handled first. The most effective ways in handling strategy are training, the certification of potato seed breeder farmers, potato seed certification, as well as purchasing breeder seeds from vegetable crop research center and from other seed breeders. This research suggests the needs to produce quality potato seeds by certifying potato seed and to update the competency certification of potato seed breeders.

Эффективность отбора самофертильных биотипов в звеньях первичного семеноводства сортов подсолнечника

The researches were conducted on fields of OOO NPO “Triumph”, the Matveevo-Kurgansky district of Rostov region and V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, Krasnodar in 2017–2020. The purpose of the research was to develop methodology of selection of self-fertile sunflower genotypes in foundation and breeder seed production. Our work resulted in development of improved population Dobrynya plus. Middle self-fertility of this population at self-pollination was 13.7% vs. 5.2% of the initial variety (increased by 2.6 times), a ratio of the most valuable genotypes with amount of fully formed seeds more than 150 seeds per a plant increased from 13.5 to 26.4% (by 1.9 times). At the open flowering and free insect pollination, population Dobrynya plus does not differ by its economically valuable traits from the initial variety. But at the close flowering, without insects pollination, yield of the population Dobrynya plus was 0.93 t per ha vs. 0.52 t per ha of the initial variety (increase by 1.8 times). At selection of elite seeds from sunflower varietal populations for seed growing, the most perspective are the biotypes with high level of self-fertility which traits are held stable in the different environments. Improvement of sunflower variety by 11 self-fertility does not lead to decreasing of its yield qualities by the main economically valuable traits. The obtained experimental data prove a prospectivity of researches directed on improvement of sunflower variety populations by self-fertility at production of foundation and breeder seeds and possibility to reach successful results.

Assesment of typical characteristics and revival selection of the special nep Rong rice cultivar in Yen Thanh District, Nghe An Province.

Nep Rong is a special sticky rice cultivar cultivated in the Nghe Tinh region where Yen Thanh district has been considered as the native land of this cultivar. This study aims to select and restore Nep Rong to serve the requirement of production. The process of evaluating and revival selecting was carried out from 2017 to 2020 according to the standard 10TCN 395: 1999, and then replaced by the National Standard TCVN 12181: 2018 on the process of seed producing in self-pollinated crop. As a result, the “Table of characteristic traits of the Nep Rong rice cultivar” was established as a basis for revival selecting. In the first crop, 150 lines of G0 have been selected with the characteristic traits of the dragon sticky rice cultivar. In the second crop, 30 lines G1 were selected out of a total of 150 G0 lines that have the typical characteristics and have scent of aromatic from 4.38 points (scented) to 6.42 points (typical scented). These 30 lines G2 were grown and characterized for uniformity and 11 of them were selected. The seeds of these 4 of 11 selected lines were mixed and 55 kg of breeder seeds was obtained and certified

Governments and Farmers' Preference toward True Shallot Seed Institution Model in Indonesia

Management of True Seed of Shallot (TSS) production is an important part of supporting Indonesia shallot seed availability. It should involve various parties such as governments, privates, and shallot farmers to guarantee TSS quality and quantity of TSS. The study aims to identify governments' and farmers' preferences toward TSS institutional model in Indonesia. The study was undertaken in East Java from March to August 2016. Twenty-eight respondents from around East Java were purposively selected. Four options of the institution model of shallot seed were offered. The data was analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. The result showed that the preferred institution model for TSS by the respondents was the first option. In the model, Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute provided the high quality of shallot bulb seed and produced TSS for Breeder Seed. Meanwhile, other Indonesian government seed bodies/private generated bulb seed for Breeder Seed. Then, the University/Assessment Institute of Agricultural Technology/private produced TSS and bulb seed for Foundation Seed.Furthermore, selected shallot breeders produced TSS and bulb seed for Stock Seed and Extension Seed. The model could solve shallot seed quality and quantity problems' as it engaged the competent institutions. Therefore, the model could be recommended for TSS production nationally.

POLA DISTRJBUSI BENIH PADI BERSUBSIDIDI KABUPATEN PURBALINGGA

This research aim to propose an alternative distribution pattern of government- subsidized paddy seeds to effictively reach the farmers. The research was conducted in Purbalingga District, Central Java, by using the descriptive analysis method. The primary and secondary data were obtained by indepth interview and documentation. The data were further analysed descriptively to lonw the mechanism of subsidize paddy seeds distribution. Result of the research indicated that the paddy seed varieties (breeder seeds) were first yielded by the Ministry of Agriculture's Reseqrch and Development Center, then further distributed b Seed Directorate to be channelled to Balai Benih Induk, the institution responsible for yielding the foundation seeds. The seeds w-ere then propagated by producers and middlemen to yield stock seeds or extension seeds and became available to the farmers through agriculture kiosks. Keywords : paddy seeds, subsidized, distribution pattern