Breathing Loss Research Articles

Experimental analysis and research on the effect of long-term vibration on the performance of vehicle carbon canisters

The long-term vibration of the carbon canister during vehicle operation can lead to changes in its performance, thereby affecting its performance on evaporation emissions. A vibration test bench simulating vehicle vibration characteristics is used to simulate the working state of the carbon canister under actual driving conditions, analyze the amount of carbon powder precipitation and flow resistance changes in the canister after long-term operation, and compare the adsorption and desorption performance of the canister before and after aging and their effect on the evaporative emissions. The results showed that the carbon canister will produce carbon powder precipitation after being continuously subjected to the forward and backward vibration of the vehicle. This leads to a decrease in the ultimate adsorption and desorption capacity of the aged carbon canister for fuel vapor, with a more significant decrease in adsorption capacity. However, in the 2-day Diurnal Breathing Loss(DBL) test, due to the increase in flow resistance of the aged carbon canister, it is more difficult for the adsorbed fuel vapor to diffuse outward. For the unsaturated carbon canister, fuel leakage and evaporative emissions can be reduced. In evaporative emission management, it is necessary to adjust the control strategy reasonably based on the working status of the carbon canister.

Modeling and Influence Factors Analysis of Refueling Emissions for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Abstract Vehicle fuel evaporative emissions are an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), causing serious pollution to the environment. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) often use high-pressure fuel tank to seal the fuel vapor generated by running loss (RL), hot soak loss (HSL), and diurnal breathing loss (DBL) in the fuel tank, resulting in increased refueling emissions. With the widespread use of PHEVs, the issue of refueling emissions cannot be ignored. In this study, according to the working characteristics of PHEV, the refueling process is divided into depressurization phase and refueling phase, and a mathematical model is established for the fuel vapor emission process. The mathematical model is solved and calculated by using matlab, and compared with the experimental results. The error between experimental and calculated results of refueling emissions is only 2.45%, indicating that the established mathematical model can accurately predict the refueling emissions of PHEVs. The refueling emission experiment activities are carried out, and the influencing factors of PHEV refueling emission are discussed, including initial pressure, ambient temperature, and refueling temperature. The effect of the temperature difference between ambient temperature and refueling temperature on refueling emissions is discussed for the first time, and it is found that refueling temperature has a more significant impact on refueling emissions compared with ambient temperature. When refueling temperature increases to 303 K and 313 K compared to 293 K, refueling emission mass increases by 31.97% and 69.88% respectively.

Failure to breathe persists without air hunger or alarm following amygdala seizures.

Postictal apnea is thought to be a major cause of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). However, the mechanisms underlying postictal apnea are unknown. To understand causes of postictal apnea, we used a multimodal approach to study brain mechanisms of breathing control in 20 patients (ranging from pediatric to adult) undergoing intracranial electroencephalography for intractable epilepsy. Our results indicate that amygdala seizures can cause postictal apnea. Moreover, we identified a distinct region within the amygdala where electrical stimulation was sufficient to reproduce prolonged breathing loss persisting well beyond the end of stimulation. The persistent apnea was resistant to rising CO2 levels, and air hunger failed to occur, suggesting impaired CO2 chemosensitivity. Using es-fMRI, a potentially novel approach combining electrical stimulation with functional MRI, we found that amygdala stimulation altered blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity in the pons/medulla and ventral insula. Together, these findings suggest that seizure activity in a focal subregion of the amygdala is sufficient to suppress breathing and air hunger for prolonged periods of time in the postictal period, likely via brainstem and insula sites involved in chemosensation and interoception. They further provide insights into SUDEP, may help identify those at greatest risk, and may lead to treatments to prevent SUDEP.

Evaporative emission characteristics of VOCs from in-use light-duty gasoline vehicles

VOCs are an important precursor pollutant of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Vehicle evaporative emission is an essential source of VOCs in urban area, among which lack of localized tests of running loss process in China. This study tested all the evaporative emission processes of in-use light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs), including refueling, running loss, hot soak, and 48-h diurnal breathing loss (DBL) based on the variable temperature Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination (VT-SHED) of REU (China 4, China 5) vehicles and REC (China 6, with Onboard Refueling Vapor Recovery system) vehicles. The emission factors (EFs), species profiles, Ozone formation potential (OFP), and SOA formation potential (SOAP) of all evaporative emission processes of REU and REC vehicles were obtained. We found that the running loss emissions was less affected by the Onboard Refueling Vapor Recovery (ORVR) system, the average running loss EFs of REU and REC vehicles was 9.386 mg/km; refueling and DBL EFs of REC vehicles was 1.491 mg/L and 0.179 g/day, respectively, 99.8% and 56.0% lower than those of REU vehicles, the hot soak EFs was 0.087 g/h in average. The refueling emissions process was dominated by alkanes (REU: 77.8%; REC: 75.4%), and C4 and C5 species dominated (REU: 75.6%; REC: 67.6%). Among the running loss, hot soak and DBL emissions, alkanes, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and aromatics were the dominant VOCs groups, OVOCs account for a higher proportion in REC vehicles than in REU vehicles. REC vehicles had higher proportion of C1–C3 than REU vehicles, it may be that ORVR has a better adsorption effect on species with large carbon numbers. Running loss VOCs species had a strong correlation with hot soak VOCs species. The OFP of running loss in REU and REC vehicles were 0.9–1.3 and 0.3–0.7 times higher than those of refueling and 48-h DBL, while the SOAP were 10.7–12.9 and both 1.1 times higher, respectively. These findings can provide valuable basis for emission estimation and characteristic analysis for evaporative process of LDGVs and support the development of appropriate pollution-control policy.

Evaluating vehicular exhaust and evaporative emissions via VOC measurement in an underground parking garage

Vehicular emissions, including both tailpipe exhaust and evaporative emissions, are major anthropogenic sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban cities. Current knowledge on vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions was mainly obtained via laboratory tests on very few vehicles under experimental conditions. Information on fleet gasoline vehicles emission features under real-world conditions is lacking. Here, VOC measurement was conducted in a large residential underground parking garage in Tianjin, China, to reveal the feature of the exhaust and evaporative emissions from real-world gasoline vehicle fleets. The VOC concentration in the parking garage was on average 362.7 ± 87.7 μg m−3, significantly higher than that in the ambient atmosphere at the same period (63.2 μg m−3). Aromatics and alkanes were the mainly contributors on both weekdays and weekends. A positive correlation between VOCs and traffic flow was observed, especially in the daytime. Source apportionment through the positive matrix factorization model (PMF) revealed that the tailpipe and evaporative emissions accounted for 43.2% and 33.7% of VOCs, respectively. Evaporative emission contributed 69.3% to the VOCs at night due to diurnal breathing loss from numerous parked cars. In contrast, tailpipe emission was most remarkable during morning rush hours. Based on the PMF results, we reconstructed a vehicle-related VOCs profile representing the combination of the tailpipe exhaust and evaporative emission from fleet-average gasoline vehicles, which could benefit future source apportionment studies.

THE CALCULATION OF EVAPORATION LOSS IN TANK Y AND TANK Z AT PT X PRABUMULIH

Calculation Evaporation Loss (Fixed Roof Tank) on Tank Y and Tank Z in SA Field, PT X Prabumulih. The calculation of evaporation loss consists of breathing loss and working loss. By calculating breathing loss and working loss, it can be known the losses that occur in a tank. The most significant parameters in influencing breathing loss are temperature and ullage tanks, while parameters that greatly affect working loss are true vapor pressure and trhoughput. After calculating, the total losses that occurred in Tank Y and Tank Z were obtained as much as 3.46 Bbl / day or 1,261.41 Bbl / year, if assumed with the Indonesian Crude Price (ICP) price of crude oil per barrel is currently US $ 117.62 then the loss incurred in Tank Y and Tank Z is Rp. 2,209,762,045 / year.

THE USE OF VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT (VRU) TO COVER EVAPORATON LOSS OH CONDENSATE TANK Y AND Z AT PT SHI PRABUMULIH

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbon and non hydrocarbon in liquidp phase on earth. crude oil is not ready to use fuel or any other engery source. it needs to be processed through refining unit to be fuel. In the prosess of receving stockpiling and distribution of oil quantity loss can occur called losses. One of them is evaporation loss caused by evaporation that triggers of product loss. Fluid tend to evaporate according to its vapor pressure. The amount of evaporation loss occurred in condensate tank of Y and Z at PPP of PT SHI was rather high. The evaporation loss on tank type fixed cone roof tank was divided into breathing loss and working loss. Breathing loss refersh depreciation at night because of the environment temperatur. Meanwhile, working loss refers to losses of condensate product from liquid level change caused by receiving and distribusting activities. In this research, the author analyzed a new innovation to avoid evaporation loss on crude oi tank of condensate type using an effective and economic method. The company could apply vapor recovery unit using activated carbon system on condensate tank Y and Z. The economic research indicated that the profit was IDR 2.3 Billion and the investment cost was IDR 720.7 Million.

Evolution and Characteristics of Full-process Vehicular VOCs Emissions in Tianjin from 2000 to 2020

Vehicle emissions are an important source of anthropogenic volatile organic compound (VOCs) emissions in urban areas and are commonly quantified using vehicle emission inventories. However, most previous studies on vehicle emission inventories have incomplete emission factors and emission processes or insufficient consideration of meteorological parameters. Based on the localized full-process emission factors attained from tested data and previous studies, a method to develop a monthly vehicular VOC emission inventory of full process for the long-term was established, which covered exhaust and evaporative emissions (including running loss, diurnal breathing loss, hot soak loss, and refueling emission). Then, the method was used to develop a full-process vehicular VOC emission inventory in Tianjin from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that the total vehicular VOC emissions in Tianjin rose slowly and then gradually decreased. In 2020, the total emissions were 21400 tons. The light-duty passenger vehicles were the dominant contributors and covered 75.00% of the total emissions. Unlike the continuous decline in exhaust emissions, evaporative emissions showed an inverted U-shaped trend with an increasing contribution to total emissions yearly, accounting for 31.69% in 2020. Monthly emissions were affected by both vehicle activity and emission factors. VOC emissions were high in autumn and winter and low in spring and summer. During the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020, vehicle activity was limited by closure and control, making VOC emissions significantly lower than those during the same period in previous years. The method and data in this study can provide technical reference and a decision-making basis for air pollution prevention and control.

Improvement of the Theoretical Model for Evaluating Evaporative Emissions in Parking and Refueling Events of Gasoline Fleets Based on Thermodynamics.

Evaporative emissions from gasoline vehicles are known as an emission source of volatile organic compounds that are the precursors of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. We formulated new estimation models based on thermodynamics for two main evaporation processes, namely diurnal breathing loss (DBL) and refueling loss (RFL) from gasoline vehicles. The models enable us to evaluate real-world evaporative emissions using the fuel composition and environmental temperature as input parameters. The proposed models well replicated the experimental results of the canister breakthrough emission from DBL (DBLb) and RFL obtained in previous experimental studies. The evaporative DBLb and RFL emissions in Japan in 2015 were then estimated using the new models. The evaporative emission from DBLb was approximately 8800 t/y, and that from RFL was 73,300 t/y. In addition, we estimated the variation in fuel evaporative emissions due to the market penetration of zero-emission vehicles. Even if the sale of gasoline vehicles is banned from 2035, the evaporative emissions of DBLb and RFL from gasoline vehicles will only be halved after 2040. The two models proposed for estimating the DBLb and RFL in this study are expected to be applied in the evaluation of the emission inventories of volatile organic compounds in future work.

HIV-related lung cancer in Uganda: a cohort study

BackgroundThere are few reports on lung cancer among people with HIV (PWH) in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this report, we describe a cohort of PWH and lung cancer at the Uganda Cancer Institute.MethodsThis retrospective cohort of PWH and lung cancer was managed at the Uganda Cancer Institute between 2008 and 2018. Sociodemographic and clinical data were abstracted from the patient charts. The median survival from diagnosis to death, loss-to-follow up or 31st December 2018, was estimated.ResultsThere were 18 people with HIV and lung cancer. The median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 49.5 (38.8–56.0) years, 11 (61.1%) were women and 5 (27.8%) were smokers. Of the 18 PWH, 13 (72.2%) were on antiretroviral therapy and the median (IQR) CD4 count (n = 13) was 380 (243.5–595) cells per mm3. Difficulty in breathing (88.9%), chest pain (78.6%, n = 11), cough (76.5%, n = 17) and weight loss (72.2%) were the commonest symptoms while pleural effusions were observed in 12 (66.7%). In this cohort, 8 (44.4%) were presumptively treated for tuberculosis before the diagnosis of lung cancer. Seven (38.9%) had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 3. Non-small cell lung cancer was the predominant histological type observed in 17 (94.4%) of whom 14 (82.4%) had adenocarcinoma. Majority of PWH had stage IV disease (88.9%). The median (IQR) survival was 3.3 (1.1–13.2) months and all were either dead (72.2%) or lost-to-follow up (27.8%) at five years from diagnosis.ConclusionPeople with HIV and lung cancer in Uganda report low rates of smoking, present with advanced disease and post very poor survival rates. There is need for biomarkers for early detection of lung cancer in HIV.

Rapid Maxillary Expansion, Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Conductive Hearing Loss in Children: A Correlation

Rapid Maxillary Expansion, Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Conductive Hearing Loss in Children: A Correlation

Evaporative emission from China 5 and China 6 gasoline vehicles: Emission factors, profiles and future perspective

Vehicular evaporative emission is a major source of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs), while quantification and characterization of the evaporative emission in China, particularly for the vehicles meeting the latest emission standards, are rarely reported. In this study, we performed evaporative emission experiments in a sealed housing evaporative determination (SHED) using eleven new and in-use light-duty gasoline vehicles to investigate the evaporative VOCs emission from the China 5 and China 6 vehicles and unravel the deterioration of evaporation control system of in-use ones. The total hydrocarbon (THC) emission factors (EFs) of 24-h diurnal breathing loss from the new China 6, new China 5 and in-use China 5 vehicles are 0.25, 0.81 and 5.27 g/d respectively. Compared with headspace vapor, the emission profiles of both hot soak loss (HSL) and diurnal breathing loss (DBL) from all new tested vehicles contain more C7–C9 aromatics, particularly for the China 6 vehicles. C4–C5 alkanes and C7–C9 aromatics account for most of total VOCs mass for all China 5 vehicles, while emissions from the China 6 vehicles exhibit no strongly prevailing species for both HSL and DBL emission. Typical ratios like normalized ratios of benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene can be used to distinguish evaporative emission from vehicular exhaust. Ozone formation potentials (OFPs) of the in-use China 5 vehicles are 5.35 and 7.16 times higher than that of China 5 new ones in DBL and HSL experiments respectively. Secondary organic aerosol formation potential of all tests ranged from 17.30 to 29.76, with aromatics contributing the largest proportion (over 90.0%). With the implementation of China 6's standard, the evaporative THC emission in China may peak in 2022 and will be cut down by 76% until 2030. Also, the underestimation of evaporative emission was estimated when neglecting the difference of EFs between new and in-use vehicles.

Planting practices and mulching materials improve maize net ecosystem C budget, global warming potential and production in semi-arid regions

Planting and mulching practices have long been used to change soil water storage, which may increase crop yields in dry-land farming systems. But, few research works have focused on mulching practices on the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI), global warming potential (GWP), and net ecosystem C budget (NECB). Therefore, a two years field study was carried out in 2017–2018 to evaluate NECB, GWP, GHGI, biomass and maize production under six treatments: RPS: ridge tillage with film mulch on ridges and straw on furrows; RP: ridge tillage with film mulch on ridges; RT: ridge tillage without film mulch; FM: film mulching; SM: straw mulching; CT: conventional tillage. Finding of our results showed that both plastic film and straw mulching under two planting methods considerable reduced (41.3 %) GHGI, and improving the maize production and soil water status. The RPS treatment improved the soil environment, thus significantly increased corn productivity, C breathing loss, NECB, GWP, N2O, and CH4 emissions. The improve in NPP through RPS treatment is higher than the C loss in respiration, but seasonal NECB shows larger negative values because more NPP is removed as grain and straw. In the RPS treatment increased (22.3 %) the net GWP over flat planting without mulched, but decreased GHGI, due to increased (42.1 %) biomass productivity. The RPS treatment results in higher N2O, CO2 emissions and GWP, and therefore, has an adverse impact on the environment compared to CT treatment. However, the higher WUEg (72.1 %), WUEb (34.4 %), biomass and (83.1 %) grain yields obtained through RPS treatment may balance the negative ecological impacts associated with climate change. Thus, under dry farming systems, RPS treatment may be an effective water-saving management strategy that can increase WUE, biomass, corn yield and reduce the impact of global warming by increasing crop yields.

Spongstan with Nasopharyngeal Pack: New Ordinary Procedure Manage the Adenoidectomy Bleeding

Objective: To find out the frequency, prevalence, and epidemiological aspects of the adenoidectomy bleeding and share the new ordinary procedure to manage it by spongstan with the nasopharyngeal pack. Study Design: Cohort retrospective study. Setting: Academic tertiary care hospitals. Subject and Methods: A total of 23 adenoidectomy children’s demographic data collection and analyzed who suffered from complications of bleeding in the department of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Comilla Medical College Hospital, and Comilla Medical Centre, concerned Clinic of Central Medical College from 01 July 2016 to 31 June 2019. Results: Incidence of adenoidectomy bleeding among total operative patients was 0.32%, adenoidectomy-Tonsillectomy patients 2.66%, and the yearly prevalence of 33.35%. Off them, the male was 09 (39.17%), and the female 14 (60.87%), 11-15 years children have highest bleeding complications was 17 (73.91%), commonest presenting features was nasal obstruction (91.30%), mouth breathing (82.61%), and hearing loss (78.26%).

Nutrient management and cultivation techniques affect maize production through regulating greenhouse gas intensity and carbon budget under semi-arid climate

Plastic film mulching can deplete soil organic carbon (SOC) stock but increase GHG emissions. But, few research works have focused on combined effect of cultivation techniques and nitrogen applications on the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI), net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) and corn production. Therefore, a two years field study was conducted in 2017–2018, using the following six treatments: RP0: plastic film mulching on ridges with 0 kg N ha−1; RP120: plastic film mulching on ridges with 120 kg N ha−1; RP240: plastic film mulching on ridges with 240 kg N ha−1; CT0: conventional flat planting with 0 kg N ha−1; CT120: conventional flat planting with 120 kg N ha−1; CT240: conventional flat planting with 240 kg N ha−1. Finding of our results showed that plastic film mulching considerable reduced (41.3%) GHGI and improved the maize production. The RP240 treatment improved the soil water storage, thus significantly increased carbon breathing loss, NECB, GWP, N2O, and CH4 emissions. In the RP240 treatment increased (21.9%) the net GWP over CT0 treatment, but decreased GHGI, due to increased (40.8%) biomass production. However, under the RP240 treatment the higher WUE (69.5%), biomass and grain yields obtained which may balance the negative ecological impacts associated with climate change. Therefore, the RP240 treatment may be an efficient water-saving agricultural strategy to improve WUE, maize production and reduce the impact of global warming.

Emissions from Air Vents of Coke-Plant Tanks

In view of the unsteady venting of tanks at coke plants over time, measurements of air-vent emissions are difficult. Accordingly, calculation is more expedient. Methods are reviewed for calculation the main types of tank emissions: minor breathing losses, major breathing losses, air admission, convection, and evaporation from a free surface.

Analysis of Influence of Floating-Deck Height on Oil-Vapor Migration and Emission of Internal Floating-Roof Tank Based on Numerical Simulation and Wind-Tunnel Experiment

Internal floating-roof tanks (IFRTs) are widely used to store light oil and chemical products. However, if the annular-rim gap around the floating deck becomes wider due to abrasion and aging of the sealing arrangement, the static breathing loss from the rim gap will be correspondingly aggravated. To investigate the oil-vapor migration and emissions from an IFRT, the effects of varying both the floating-deck height and wind speed on the oil-vapor diffusion were analyzed by performing numerical simulations and wind-tunnel experiments. The results demonstrate that the gas space volume and the wind speed of an IFRT greatly influence the vapor-loss rate of the IFRT. The larger the gas space volume, the weaker the airflow exchange between the inside and outside of the tank, thereby facilitating oil-vapor accumulation in the gas space of the tank. Furthermore, the loss rate of the IFRT is positively correlated with wind speed. Meanwhile, negative pressures and the vortexes formed on the leeward side of the tank. In addition, the higher concentration areas were mainly on the three vents on the downwind side of the IFRT. The results can provide important theoretical support for the design, management, and improvement of IFRTs.

A calculation method for simulation and evaluation of oil vapor diffusion and breathing loss in a dome roof tank subjected to the solar radiation

The dome roof tank (DRT) is always a main equipment for oil products storage. However, the mechanism of the heat and mass transfer for the oil vapor-air in the tank gas space remains unclear when the DRT is subjected to the solar radiation. Therefore, by considering storage conditions (e.g., the solar radiation intensity and liquid height) and taking n-hexane as a representative of light oils, and based on the Fluent software and user-defined functions (UDFs) programming, a two-dimensional calculation method and the relevant theoretical model were numerically developed to simulate and reveal the transfer mechanism under the complex storage process. Meanwhile, the feasibility of the model was verified by a self-built experimental platform for the DRT evaporation loss investigation. Under the solar radiation to a 1000 m3 DRT, the simulation results show: (1) The gas space temperature distribution can be accurately calculated, and the average temperature decreases with increasing liquid level; (2) There is a distinct counterclockwise eddy and an evident velocity boundary layer close to the wall and roof of the gas space, and the maximal gas velocity is within 0.08–0.49 m s−1, which is closely related with the storage liquid height and time; (3) The vapor concentration in the gas space increases from top to bottom with an obvious high-concentration layer near the liquid surface, and the average concentration increases with increasing liquid level and storage time; (4) The static breathing losses increase positively with the liquid level. The mean daily loss rates for n-hexane are approximately 7.37 g t−1, 20.9 g t−1, and 6.36 g t−1 for the spring equinox, summer solstice, and winter solstice, respectively. Further, the year-mean daily loss rates are about 11.5 g t−1, and 20.1 g t−1 for n-hexane and gasoline, respectively, and the correspondingly the total loss rates for a year are about 4.2 kg t−1 and 7.35 kg t−1. The research results can provide important theoretical support and design reference for reducing the breathing loss and improving the enterprise management level.

Bronchioalveolar carcinoma in an adult alpaca (Vicugna pacos)

BackgroundThis report describes a case of a bronchiolar adenocarcinoma in a 6-year old alpaca mare. For the first time in an alpaca, neoplasia was classified by histopathology as a lepidic-predominant bronchiolar adenocarcinoma.Case presentationThe mare was referred to the Clinic for Ruminants after a 6-week period of forced breathing and weight loss. The clinical examination included complete blood count, blood chemistry, ultrasound, radiographs and a CT-scan of the thorax. A bilateral pneumothorax and several, structures within the lung parenchyma were diagnosed. Differential diagnosis included neoplasia, tuberculosis and fungal granulomas. The owner requested euthanasia due to the mare’s ongoing deterioration. At postmortem examination, the granulomatous changes in the lungs were histopathologically classified as lepidic dominant bronchiolar adenocarcinoma.ConclusionsNeoplastic diseases are more often seen in South American camelids compared to other farm animal species. The use of a CT scan was helpful in classifying the lung lesions and give a clear prognosis.

Modeling evaporative emissions from parked gasoline cars based on vehicle carbon canister experiments

A time-step model was constructed to estimate the amount of evaporative emissions from vehicular diurnal breathing loss (DBL) on the basis of fuel adsorption–desorption experiments for several carbon canisters attached to seven gasoline vehicles using a chassis dynamometer. Experimental results showed that the canister's total volatile organic compound (VOC) storage ability is proportional to the canister volume, and a canister's desorption ability strongly depends on the amount of VOC trapped in the canister and the air purge flow rate of each vehicle. These properties were formulated into equations by regression analysis and used with the material balance inside the canister to propose a model for estimating emissions after carbon canister breakthrough, which are a function of a vehicle's driving and parking frequency. The model was applied to DBL experimental results derived from our previous studies to confirm its validity. Better agreement between the model and the previous experimental results was obtained when appropriate parameters were set. The proposed model is expected to contribute to estimating the VOC emission inventory for gasoline vehicles.