Success Rate Of Breastfeeding Research Articles

Exclusive Breastfeeding Support to Increase Exclusive Breastfeeding at Muhammadiyah Gresik Hospital

The first 1000 days of life is a critical period, exclusive breastfeeding and infant stimulation are important. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of Communication, Information and Education (CIE) on: (1) the mother's knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding, (2) breast care, (3) how to breastfeed correctly, (4) mother's attitude in exclusive breastfeeding. The research design was quasi experimental with pre-post test group intervention. The research time was 8 months, from August 2022 to March 2023. The dependent variable was the provision of CIE by Aisyiyah cadres and the independent variables were 1) mother's knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding, (2) breast care, (3) the correct way of breastfeeding, and (4) mother's attitude. The sample was quota sampling, totaling 100 subjects. The data collection technique used a pre questionnaire given directly during the first or second post partum day and a post questionnaire given after 6 months through visits and MCH books. Data analysis found that mothers' knowledge about breast milk and breastfeeding before and after CIE showed an average value increased from 56.68 to 90.12. The mean value of breast care skills before and after the CIE was 41.24 and 88.48. The mean value of breastfeeding skills before and after the CIE was 43.64 and 88.46. The mean scores of maternal attitudes before and after the CIE were 63.61 and 90.27. Breastfeeding success rate was 91%. The effectiveness of CIE using the Wilcoxon analysis test, shows; there is effectiveness of CIE on knowledge of breast milk and breastfeeding (p<0.05), the value of negative ranks (decrease) is 0. The value of positive ranks (increase) is 50.50. Likewise, the effectiveness of CIE on breast care skills, the effectiveness of CIE on correct breastfeeding skills, and the effectiveness of CIE on maternal attitudes showed the same value (p<0.05), the value of negative ranks (decrease) was 0. The value of positive ranks (increase) was 50.50. The value of ties (equal) is 0.

S95 Improving the Success Rates of Breastfeeding Amongst Newborns Born to Mothers With Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Background: It has been shown that breastfeeding not only provides protection against Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis but is safe and protective for mothers and their newborns. It is a common misconception that mothers with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) should not breastfeed due to medication safety in mothers breast milk and concern for increased risk of relapse while breastfeeding. When in fact, literature has shown that the vast majority of medications prescribed for IBD are either undetectable in breast milk or present in concentrations that would not be expected to harm the breastfeeding infant. The aim of this study was 2-fold; to investigate the awareness of providers education on the safety and benefits of breastfeeding in mothers with IBD. In addition, to determining whether mothers with IBD have concerns with breastfeeding and it’s impact on their disease. Methods: We conducted a survey on our pediatric providers; of which included physicians, residents, and lactation specialists. The survey specifically inquired on whether they felt comfortable recommending and supporting breastfeeding in patients with IBD. Our second assessment looked retrospectively at mothers who delivered in the past 6 months with IBD and whether they showed interest in breastfeeding following their delivery. Results: Thirty providers were randomly surveyed using a questionnaire on whether they felt comfortable recommending breastfeeding to mothers with IBD. Of the 30 that were surveyed, only 26% of providers felt confident in their ability to recommend breastfeeding to mothers with IBD.Of the 20 mothers born that were randomly surveyed within the past 6 months , 60% were interested in breastfeeding but were unsure of the medical benefits, 10% preferred bottle feeding due to fear of a flare or relapse of their disease while breastfeeding, and 30% preferred bottle feeding regardless of their disease status. Conclusion(s): It is important that we address this area of clinical fundamental knowledge to improve our breastfeeding success rates, specifically in mothers with IBD. It is well known that breastfeeding has many beneficial properties and some studies even suggest that it may have a protective effect against IBD. If we enhance our providers knowledge and awareness of the medical benefits of breastfeeding in patients with IBD, mothers can then be properly informed and educated. Mothers may feel motivated and more at ease in their decision to breastfeed knowing they have the support and encouragement of their medical team. Furthermore, with proper education during their hospitalization and following their delivery, mothers may have less fear and anxiety regarding misconceptions and concerns for relapse of their disease. Providing mothers with reassurance in regard to the safety of their medication and ability to breastfeed, we can ensure appropriate medication compliance. As we have seen in prior studies, optimal disease control and adherence to medical therapy will ensure good outcomes for women during their postpartum period.

Exact Gestational Age, Term Versus Early Term, Is Associated with Different Breastfeeding Success Rates in Mothers Delivered by Elective Cesarean Section.

Objectives: The study was intended to verify the association between the gestational age of newborns classified as term and the success of breastfeeding in babies born by elective cesarean section. Also, to analyze how the variability of gestational age within the term influences breastfeeding. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study of a cohort, which included full-term newborns and their mothers, whose deliveries occurred by elective cesarean section. Among the inclusion criteria are delivery due to elective cesarean section and minimum gestational age of 37 weeks. The database consisted of medical birth information and interviews with mothers. Results: This study included 954 full-term newborns born by elective cesarean section. Exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months and being breastfed at 6 months showed a statistically significant association in the correlation with the variability of gestational age. There was a statistically significant association between exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months and breastfeeding at 6 months in the correlation between early term and full term. The trend test showed a significant progressive in the breastfeeding curve versus gestational age. Conclusion: Full-term newborns show better results of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months and continued breastfeeding at 6 months, compared with those born at early term. Gestational age, even in term, has an influence on the success of breastfeeding in newborns undergoing elective cesarean delivery.

The Effect of Skin-to-Skin Contact on Postoperative Depression and Physical Recovery of Parturients after Cesarean Section in Obstetrics and Gynecology Department.

The effect of skin-to-skin contact (SSC) on postpartum depression and physical rehabilitation of cesarean section women was explored. 280 parturients undergoing cesarean section were selected and were rolled into two groups randomly. The parturients in the control group (Con group, 140 cases) received routine care, and those in the experimental group (Exp group, 140 cases) received SSC on the basis of routine care. The postpartum depression and physical recovery of parturients in two groups were compared. It was found that, in the Exp group, the number of pregnant women with no or with very mild depression was much more 85% vs. 55%), the number of women with adequate lactation was more (53 cases vs. 27 cases), the first lactation time (FLT) was dramatically shorter (41.25 ± 4.81 h vs. 58.43 ± 5.43 h), the breastfeeding success rate (BFSR) and breastfeeding rate (BFR) were obvious higher, the days for uterine involution was much shorter (6.96 ± 1.13 days vs. 9.47 ± 1.75 days), the descent of uterine fundus 24 hours after delivery (24 h-DUF) was obviously larger (3.17 ± 0.26 mm vs. 1.56 ± 0.43 mm), the duration of lochia (DOL) was remarkably shorter (33.21 ± 5.32 days vs. 25.32 ± 3.54 days), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score was lower (4.88 ± 0.32 points vs. 3.41 ± 0.53 points), showing statistical differences for all above indicators (P < 0.05). It suggested that SSC could effectively relieve the postpartum depression of uterine parturients, promote the lactation, increase the BFR, facilitate uterine involution, and alleviate chronic uterine inflammation and postpartum pain, showing high clinical application and promotion value.

Effect Evaluation of Maternal and Infant Bedside Care on Obstetric Care Satisfaction and Success Rate of Breastfeeding

Effect Evaluation of Maternal and Infant Bedside Care on Obstetric Care Satisfaction and Success Rate of Breastfeeding

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREAST CARE IMPLEMENTATION AND POST PARTUM MOTHER'S MILK PRODUCTION AT PMB VERONIKA SINAGA BATAM CITY

Breast care is one of the most important efforts for post partum mothers with the aim of facilitating the production of breast milk.In order to reduce child morbidity and mortality, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 recommended that infants be breastfed for at least six months.The success rate of breastfeeding in Indonesia in 2013 was 54.3%,(Kemenkes RI, 2014). The success rate of breastfeeding in the Riau Islands in 2013 was 52.6%,(Kemenkes RI, 2014).Exclusive Breast Milk Coverage in Batam City 47% in 2017. The low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding may be due to the low awareness of the importance of breast care to support the production of breast milk,(Dinas Kesehatan Kota Batam, 2018).The purpose of this study was to explain the relationship between the implementation of breast care and the expenditure of breast milk in post partum mothers.The method used by the author is a descriptive type, in the form of research with a case study method or approach, with visits during the postpartum period to respondents aged 25 years P2A1 at PMB Veronika Sinaga Batam City and carried out 3 times.From the results of the study, it was shown that the breast care provided to the respondents went smoothly and there was an increase in the expenditure of breast milk after breast care was carried out.The conclusion in this study based on the results of the assessment and examination it was found that breast care for postpartum mothers was very influential, respondents were able to carry out breast care independently well, and the authors were able to apply midwifery care through a midwifery management approach and documented by the SOAP method.

Effect of Wangbuliuxing combined with massage on breastfeeding and lactation function in cesarean section women

To explore the effect of Wangbuliuxing (semen vaccariae) combined with massage at breast and acupoint on breastfeeding and lactation function in cesarean section women. A total of 120 cases of cesarean section women were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 60 cases in each group. The control group was treated with routine nursing. On the basis of the control group, the observation group was treated with oral administration of Wangbuliuxing decoction, twice a day for 7 days; in addition, massage at breast and acupoint (Zhongfu [LU 1], Yunmen [LU 2], Danzhong [CV 17], 2 min per acupoint per time) was given, twice a day for 7 days. The onset time of lactation, 48-hour postpartum lactation volume, breast swelling and pain, 42-day postpartum breastfeeding were compared between the two groups; the serum levels of prolactin at 48 and 72 h after delivery were measured, and the body mass of newborns at birth and 42 d after delivery were recorded. The onset time of lactation in the observation group was earlier than that in the control group (P<0.05), the 48-hour postpartum lactation volume was higher than the control group (P<0.05), and the breast swelling pain 48 h after delivery was lighter than the control group (P<0.05). Forty-two days after delivery, the success rate of breastfeeding in the observation group was 91.7% (55/60), which was higher than 76.7% (46/60) in the control group (P<0.05). At 48 and 72 h after delivery, the level of serum prolactin in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). On 42 d after delivery, the body mass of newborns in the two groups was higher than that at birth (P<0.05), and that in the observation group was higher than the control group (P<0.05). Wangbuliuxing combined with massage at acupoint and breast could significantly shorten the onset time of lactation, improve the lactation volume, effectively improve breast swelling and pain, increase breastfeeding rate and promote the growth and development of newborns.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREAST CARE IMPLEMENTATION AND POST PARTUM MOTHER'S MILK PRODUCTION AT PMB VERONIKA SINAGA BATAM CITY

Breast care is one of the most important efforts for post partum mothers with the aim of facilitating the production of breast milk.In order to reduce child morbidity and mortality, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 recommended that infants be breastfed for at least six months.The success rate of breastfeeding in Indonesia in 2013 was 54.3%,(Kemenkes RI, 2014). The success rate of breastfeeding in the Riau Islands in 2013 was 52.6%,(Kemenkes RI, 2014).Exclusive Breast Milk Coverage in Batam City 47% in 2017. The low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding may be due to the low awareness of the importance of breast care to support the production of breast milk,(Dinas Kesehatan Kota Batam, 2018).The purpose of this study was to explain the relationship between the implementation of breast care and the expenditure of breast milk in post partum mothers.The method used by the author is a descriptive type, in the form of research with a case study method or approach, with visits during the postpartum period to respondents aged 25 years P2A1 at PMB Veronika Sinaga Batam City and carried out 3 times.From the results of the study, it was shown that the breast care provided to the respondents went smoothly and there was an increase in the expenditure of breast milk after breast care was carried out.The conclusion in this study based on the results of the assessment and examination it was found that breast care for postpartum mothers was very influential, respondents were able to carry out breast care independently well, and the authors were able to apply midwifery care through a midwifery management approach and documented by the SOAP method.

The Effect of Oketani Breast Massage on Successful Breastfeeding, Mothers' Need for Breastfeeding Support, and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy: an Experimental Study.

BackgroundThe negative effects of cesarean section on breastfeeding are a major global concern.PurposeThis study aimed to determine the effect of Oketani breast massage on the maternal need for support during breastfeeding, breastfeeding success, and breastfeeding self-efficacy.SettingThree hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran, from April to July 2019.Study DesignThe participants in this experimental study were 113 pregnant women who were candidates for cesarean section. The mothers were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned. In addition to routine care, the mothers in the intervention group received Oketani breast massages twice. However, the mothers in the control group received routine care. The data were collected using the Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (IBFAT), LATCH Assessment Score, and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES). The data were analyzed with SPSS 20 software via the independent samples t test, the Mann–Whitney U test, and the chi-square test.ResultsThe results of the study suggested that the breastfeeding success rate, which was evaluated with IBFAT in both the first two breastfeeding stages and the last pre-discharge breastfeeding, was significantly higher for the mothers in the intervention group (p < .001). In addition, the mother’s need for support, which was evaluated with LATCH in the first two breastfeeding stages (p = .044) and the last pre-discharge breastfeeding (p < .001) in the intervention group, was less. The total number of breastfeeding sessions from birth to discharge was higher in the intervention group (p = .002). Furthermore, the mothers in the intervention group breastfed their infants in a significantly shorter time interval (p = .002). Breastfeeding self-efficacy, according to the BSES, was significantly higher in the mothers of the intervention group (p < .001).ConclusionOketani massage can be used as a care intervention by nurses to improve breastfeeding in mothers who undergo cesarean sections.

Application Value of Staged Continuous Health Education in Cesarean Section Nursing

Objective: To explore the application value of staged continuous health education in cesarean section nursing. Methods: 90 cases of cesarean section in our hospital from August 2019 to July 2020 were randomly divided into two groups, 45 cases in each group. The control group was given routine nursing, while the observation group was given periodic continuous health education based on routine nursing. The breastfeeding, 24-hour anal exhaust rate, anxiety and depression after nursing were analysed and scored. Results: compared with the control group, the success rate of breastfeeding, 24-hour anal exhaust rate, comfort, and sense of security of the observation group were significantly improved (P < 0.05), and the anxiety score and depression score were significantly reduced (P < 0.05).

Analysis of the Effect of Targeted Nursing On the Success Rate of Breast Feeding of Primipara

Analysis of the Effect of Targeted Nursing On the Success Rate of Breast Feeding of Primipara

Breast is BEST: Increasing Health-Care Provider Knowledge and Confidence.

Breastfeeding is recognized as the ideal source of nutrition for infants. However, several barriers to successful breastfeeding have been identified. Possibly one of the most significant barriers is the lack of health-care provider-related support and promotion of breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to recognize the barriers to breastfeeding, ways health-care providers can assist patients in overcoming those barriers, and increase breastfeeding knowledge and confidence of health-care providers to better promote and manage breastfeeding clients. Study participants included: physicians, advanced practice nurses, and nurses. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Breastfeeding Residency Curriculum was utilized in the study, and participants were also educated on and encouraged to apply ACOG's Perinatal Practice Guidelines. There was an overall increase of 19.2% in health-care provider knowledge scores and a 23% increase in confidence scores. There was also a 15.6% increase in documentation of early prenatal breastfeeding counseling. The results and significance of the study provide evidence that once health-care providers are knowledgeable and confident in promoting breastfeeding, clients will be better equipped to successfully breastfeed. Breastfeeding success rates among mothers can be greatly improved through active support from health-care providers.

2186 Feasibility of maternal holding during therapeutic hypothermia for infants with encephalopathy

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is a neuroprotective therapy regularly used in newborn infants following traumatic births. The infant’s temperature is maintained at 33.5°C for 72 hours by a cooling blanket upon which the infant is placed. Parents are not permitted to hold their infant while TH is ongoing due to concerns for unintentional rewarming or accidental dislodging of catheters or other monitoring equipment. Our prior qualitative research with nurse and parent interviews described the inability to hold an infant during TH as a significant source of stress. We assessed the feasibility of a 30-minute period of maternal holding for infants being actively treated with TH and assessed both the maternal experience of holding and the nurse experience of supporting holding. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This was a feasibility study employing a mixed-methods approach. Inclusion criteria were gestational age at birth of 35 weeks or greater, absence of clinical or electrographic seizures during the first 24 hours of TH, and designation as “clinically stable” by the attending neonatologist with the infant on room air, nasal cannula, or continuous positive airway pressure. Quantitative data were obtained from vital sign monitoring every 2 minutes before, during and after holding and from maternal and nurse research surveys. Qualitative data were obtained from nurse surveys. Infant rewarming was prevented through use of a thin foam insulating barrier placed between mother and infant during holding. Adverse events were defined as a change in infant temperature greater than 0.5°C above or below 33.5°C, accidental dislodging of central lines/disruption of EEG leads or early termination of holding due vital sign instability present for greater than 2 recorded measurements including infant bradycardia defined as heart rate less than 80 beats per minute, hypotension defined as mean arterial pressure less than 40 mmHg or oxygen saturation of less than 93%. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There were 10 newborn infants undergoing TH for neonatal encephalopathy (median gestational age 39.4 weeks) and their mothers (median age=31 years) were recruited. Infants remained on the hypothermia blanket during holding and were transferred safely to their mother’s arms without medical equipment malfunction/dislodgement. Holding occurred at a median of 47 hours of life. The mean temperature prior to holding was 33.4°C and at completion of holding the mean temperature was 33.5°C (p=0.18). There were no significant bradycardia, hypotension or oxygen desaturation events. In total, 80% of mothers reported difficulty bonding with their baby prior to holding and 90% reported a high level of stress before holding. After holding, all mothers felt their bond was “stronger” or “much stronger” and all felt “less stressed” or “much less stressed.” After holding, 75% of nurses reported that they felt a more positive emotional response to the infant. One nurse stated, “being a part of this emotional experience made me feel closer and more connected to this family and gave me a different perspective on just what they had been dealing with and feeling since giving birth to their child.” In free text responses, on 5 separate occasions, nurses commented on the relaxed, calmed or less irritable appearance of the infant while being held during TH. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In this sample of term infants treated with TH, a 30-minute period of maternal holding was not associated with increased temperature or other adverse events. Holding during TH was associated with extremely positive feedback from mothers and nurses. Future larger studies could consider assessing the impact of holding on endocrinological markers of stress and bonding, on infant glycemic control, on breastfeeding success rates, and the impact of earlier and improved bonding on the developmental outcomes of children held during their treatment with TH. Increasing the duration of holding and allowing both parents to hold on more than one occasion during the 72 hours of TH may increase the proposed benefits of this intervention.

Pengaruh konseling laktasi terhadap pengetahuan, kemampuan dan keberhasilan ibu dalam pemberian ASI

The effect of lactation counseling towards mother’s knowledge, ability and success rate in breastfeedingPurposeThis study aimed to identify the effect of lactation counseling towards mother’s knowledge, ability, and success in breastfeeding in Panembahan Senopati General Hospital, Bantul.MethodsThis research was a quasi-experimental study with a post test-only non-equivalent control group design. Sample collection technique used consecutive sampling with 32 respondents as total samples in each group (intervention group and control group). ResultsBivariate analysis used chi square tests with significance level p&lt;0.05. The intervention group was given lactation counseling (p = 0.000 [&lt;0.05]). There was a significant difference in mother’s ability to breastfeed between the intervention group and control group after they were given lactation counseling (p=0.012 [&lt;0.05]; RR=1.917). There was also a significant difference in the success rate of breastfeeding between the intervention and control group after counseling (p= 0.006 [&lt;0.05]; RR=2.500).ConclusionLactation counseling can positively affect the mother’s knowledge, ability, and success rate in breastfeeding.

Implementing a New Nurse‐Sensitive Quality Metric: Initiation of Breastfeeding Within 60 Minutes of Birth

Paper Presentation Purpose for the Program The purpose of this presentation is to propose a feasible nurse‐sensitive quality metric, entitled “Initiation of Breastfeeding Within 60 Minutes of Birth,” along with a toolkit for implementation. Proposed Change To develop and define quality measures that are sensitive to obstetric nursing care and can be replicated across institutions. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation A team of seven Magnet‐accredited hospitals collaborated to define the elements of quality obstetric nursing care. The team included perinatal nurses, nurse managers, informaticists, and report writers. A pilot project was established by The Christ Hospital and Summa Health System for the first proposed metric, entitled “Initiation of Breastfeeding Within 60 Minutes of Birth.” Development of documentation and reporting tools followed. Priorities for development included evidence‐based, simple, and uniform documentation; efficient data collection methods; and reporting tools to track and drive improvements in quality of care. The documentation tool specifies exclusions to breastfeeding and then a presents a single question, “Breastfeeding,” with cascading documentation options based upon the staff entry of yes or no. Staff input was imperative so that the documentation integrated with normal workflow and allowed real‐time access at the point of care. Standardized reporting tools were then developed for enterprise and departmental information systems as well as paper‐based records. Pilot work has resulted in the development of a toolkit for the proposed quality metric, “Initiation of Breastfeeding within 60 Minutes of Birth” and includes documentation and reporting tools, staff education modules, and result dissemination materials. Pilot hospitals have met monthly to evaluate the effectiveness of the toolkit's implementation and replicability. Pilot hospitals have been tracking nurse adherence to the metric. Rates of initiation of breastfeeding within 60 minutes of birth based on standardized numerators and denominators are also being evaluated to establish short‐term and long‐term benchmark goals for quality improvement. The next steps for this project involve creating a data‐sharing database and extending pilot work to include the two other quality measures proposed by the team of Magnet‐accredited hospitals. Implications for Nursing Practice Labor and delivery nurses have a critical role to ensure that women initiate breastfeeding within 60 minutes of birth. Implementation of a toolkit to track and improve the initiation of breastfeeding has the potential to increase national breastfeeding success rates and improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. Improving rates of the initiation of breastfeeding can also positively affect the established national metric of exclusive breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding Success Rate After Vaginal Delivery Can Be High Despite the Use of Epidural Fentanyl

Breastfeeding Success Rate After Vaginal Delivery Can Be High Despite the Use of Epidural Fentanyl

Breastfeeding success rate after vaginal delivery can be high despite the use of epidural fentanyl: an observational cohort study

Background Epidural labor analgesia inclusive of high-dose fentanyl has been thought to affect breastfeeding in multiparous patients. In our experience, this effect is not as significant as quoted in the literature. This study was designed to evaluate breastfeeding success in women receiving epidural analgesia with fentanyl-containing solutions at our institution. Methods Term multiparous women who received epidural analgesia for labor, had previously breastfed, and who intended to breastfeed, were recruited. Baseline demographics, as well as detailed epidural, obstetric and neonatal data, were collected. Epidural analgesia was achieved with a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl. Subjects were telephoned both 1 and 6 weeks after delivery, and a breastfeeding questionnaire was completed. Our primary outcome was breastfeeding cessation at 6 weeks. Results One hundred and five women were recruited, with 18 exclusions. The median cumulative epidural fentanyl dose was 151.4 μg (30–570 μg). No neonates developed complications attributable to labor analgesia. Four women stopped breastfeeding because of issues related to the baby (4.6%); only one of them received a fentanyl dose >150 μg. The breastfeeding success rate was therefore >95%. The women had a median maternity leave of 12 months, and 69% received post-partum lactation support. Conclusions The incidence of successful breastfeeding in multiparous women who undergo vaginal delivery with epidural analgesia inclusive of fentanyl is much greater at our institution than previously reported in the literature. This may be due to favorable conditions such as time off work and post-natal support.

The clinical study of stimulation of milk secretion by body massage combined with massage of breast point

Objective We discussed the effect of body massage combined with massage of breast point (ruzhong point and rugen point) to facilitate the milk secretion, alleviate the swelling pain of breast, recover physical strength of mother, establishment of the confidence of breast feeding and increase the success rate of breast feeding. Methods We divided 212 parturients into the test group (104 cases) and the control group (108 cases). The test group received body massage combined with massage of breast acupuncture point based upon routine postpartum nursing. The control group received routine postpartum nursing We observed the time and volume of milk secretion in the two groups. Results The time of milk secretion of the test group was ahead of that of the control group and volume of milk secretion was increased in the test group than that of the control group (P<0.01). Conclusions Body massage combined with massage of breast point (ruzhong and ruzhong point) could place the time of milk secretion ahead, increase the volume of milk secretion. Besides, it could alleviate the swelling pain of breast and ensure the success d breast feeding. Key words: Breast point; Body massage; Milk secretion

Infant feeding practice in mothers at risk of low birth weight delivery

Data relating to infant feeding practices were obtained by a 6 week postnatal questionnaire from 459 women who participated in a randomised controlled trial of social support in pregnancy. They represented a 90% response rate from 507 women with a past history of a low birth weight baby before the index pregnancy. Thirty-nine per cent of the babies weighing more than 2500 g were breast fed completely. Women who experienced a delay of more than half an hour between birth and first suckling, and those who were given pethidine during labour breast fed for a shorter period, as did those who gave complementary bottle feeds. By considering the women's reasons for discontinuing or not initiating breast feeding, this paper suggests that improved social support from health professionals and others in the postnatal period can increase breast feeding success rates.

Breast feeding pattern in urban infants in Chandigarh.

The pattern of breast feeding and the factors which determine the practice was assessed in 670 mothers from urban areas of Chandigarh. Unsupplemented breast milk was administered to only 36.6 percent babies until 4 months of age. Women from lower socio economic class, uneducated and poorly educated mothers were more successful than those from the upper socio economic class or with higher education (P=<0.01). The success rate of breast feeding was higher amongst babies born at home (50.0%) as compared to those born in the hospital (32.3%). Similarly, higher proportion of male infants were successfully breast fed (40.3%) as compared to females (31.6%). Amongst the weaned infants in more than 60 percent, breast feeding was discontinued before 1 month of age. The main reason for failure of successful breast feeding was insufficient milk. Promotional efforts for unsupplemented breast feeding should consider some of the above factors for their success.