Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Of Mothers Research Articles

Emotional intelligence and stress and their relationship with breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers of premature infants

BackgroundPremature infants need to be hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for long periods of time, which can increase anxiety and stress in their mothers. Additionally, the breastfeeding rate is lower among preterm infants. This study aimed to determine stress levels and emotional intelligence in mothers of preterm infants and their relationship with breastfeeding self-efficacy.MethodsThis descriptive-correlational study was performed with a convenience sampling of 210 mothers of premature infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in Tabriz, Iran in 2021. Data collection tools included socio-demographic checklist, perceived stress scale (PSS14), Dennis’ breastfeeding self-efficacy scale, and the Schering emotional intelligence questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 via descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and one-way ANOVA and modified general linear model).ResultsStudy findings demonstrated that most of the mothers had low stress (75.2%) and high breastfeeding self-efficacy (61.9%). The mean (SD) of emotional intelligence of the participants was 88.18 (16.60), ranging from 33 to 165. The results of the general linear model by modifying the demographic characteristics showed that the variables of emotional intelligence (B = 0.23, P = 0.03), stress (B=-0.56, P = 0.01), gestational age (B = 2.81, P < 0.001) and number of deliveries (B = 9.41, P < 0.001) were predictors of breastfeeding self-efficacy.ConclusionThe findings showed that mothers of preterm infants had low emotional intelligence, and the majority of them had low perceived stress and high breastfeeding self-efficacy. Findings highlight the importance of addressing maternal stress and enhancing emotional intelligence to promote successful breastfeeding in mothers of preterm infants. Healthcare providers and managers are encouraged to offer support and educational programs to mothers of preterm infants, aiming to enhance their emotional intelligence. Further research and interventions focusing on these factors are warranted to improve the overall well-being of both mothers and infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Investigation of Relationship between the Postpartum Depression, Social Support and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Mothers

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, annelerde postpartum depresyon, sosyal destek ve emzirme öz yeterliliği arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir.&#x0D; Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel desende gerçekleştirilen çalışma, doğumundan sonraki 2 hafta- 4 ay içerisindeki 155 anne ile yürütülmüştür. Veriler, Soru Formu, Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği (ÇBASDÖ), Edinburgh Doğum Sonrası Depresyon Ölçeği (EDSDÖ) ve Emzirme Öz Yeterlilik Ölçeğinin kısa formu (EÖYÖ) kullanılarak toplandı. &#x0D; Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 27.21±5.48 idi. Araştırmaya katılan annelerin çeşitli tanıtıcı özellikleri ile ölçekler arasında anlamlı ilişki olduğu saptandı. EDSDÖ kesme puanı 13 alındığında, %33.5’inin ölçekten aldıkları puan ortalaması 16.67±2.90 ile kesme puanının altında kaldıkları (depresyon var), %66.5’inin puan ortalaması ise 6.72±2.93 ile kesme puanının üstünde oldukları ve aradaki bu farkın anlamlı olduğu görüldü (Z=-10.171; p

Autoeficácia e desfechos da amamentação em mães de bebês prematuros e a termo: um estudo longitudinal

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers of premature and full-term newborns, in the period of 180 days, and to know the social and obstetric factors that influence the practice of maintaining the exclusive breastfeeding in the period of exclusive recommendation. Methods Cohort with 44 mothers admitted to a public maternity hospital between January and October 2018. The mothers were divided into two groups: Premature and Full-term Groups. The Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Scale was applied in the immediate postpartum period, in addition to a questionnaire elaborated by the authors to collect sociodemographic and obstetric variables. The follow-up was done on the 30th, 120th and 180th days of the newborn’s life, by telephone. For the statistical analysis between the groups, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used. Results There was no difference in the self-efficacy score, nor in the obstetric and socioeconomic characteristics between the groups, except for family income (lower in the Premature Group - p = 0.031). The diet type was different on the 30th day after delivery (p = 0.023), with greater adherence to the exclusive breastfeeding in the Premature Group. No association was found between breastfeeding self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding practice in the 180-day period. Conclusion In this sample, the breastfeeding self-efficacy was not related to the exclusive breastfeeding practice in the period of 180 days, in both groups. The premature group showed lower family income and greater adherence to exclusive breastfeeding on the 30th day postpartum.

Self-efficacy and breastfeeding outcomes in mothers of premature and term infants: a longitudinal study.

To analyze the breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers of premature and full-term newborns, in the period of 180 days, and to know the social and obstetric factors that influence the practice of maintaining the exclusive breastfeeding in the period of exclusive recommendation. Cohort with 44 mothers admitted to a public maternity hospital between January and October 2018. The mothers were divided into two groups: Premature and Full-term Groups. The Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Scale was applied in the immediate postpartum period, in addition to a questionnaire elaborated by the authors to collect sociodemographic and obstetric variables. The follow-up was done on the 30th, 120th and 180th days of the newborn's life, by telephone. For the statistical analysis between the groups, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used. There was no difference in the self-efficacy score, nor in the obstetric and socioeconomic characteristics between the groups, except for family income (lower in the Premature Group - p = 0.031). The diet type was different on the 30th day after delivery (p = 0.023), with greater adherence to the exclusive breastfeeding in the Premature Group. No association was found between breastfeeding self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding practice in the 180-day period. In this sample, the breastfeeding self-efficacy was not related to the exclusive breastfeeding practice in the period of 180 days, in both groups. The premature group showed lower family income and greater adherence to exclusive breastfeeding on the 30th day postpartum.

Analisis Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Efikasi Diri Menyusui

Introduction: Breastfeeding is a way of giving breast milk to babies that is effective in improving the quality of a child's health. Mother's belief in breastfeeding is a condition related to a psychological condition known as breastfeeding self-efficacy. Purpose: to analyze the factors related to breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers at the Beru-beru Health Center, Mamuju Regency. Method: The type of research used is an observational study with a cross-sectional study design. The total sample of 81 people used a purposive sampling technique and data analysis used the Chi Square Test. The study was conducted in August – October 2022. Results: The results showed that observation of other people (p=0.049) and verbal persuasion (p=0.016) had a significant relationship with breastfeeding self-efficacy while for breastfeeding experience (p=0.182), physical and emotional condition (p=0.072) had no significant relationship with breastfeeding self-efficacy. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used in designing interventions to increase the self-efficacy of mothers in giving exclusive breastfeeding to their babies, so that it is hoped that it can provide support for government policies in order to increase the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding.

The effects of quarantine on postpartum depression, sleep quality and breastfeeding: Comparison of two different intensity period

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of quarantine/social isolation on maternal depression, breastfeeding and sleep quality in mothers who have just given birth during the pandemic period that has affected the whole world. This cross-sectional study included women who gave birth during either in the first peak of the first wave (April, 2020) or the end of the first peak (July, 2020) of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in a tertiary pandemic regional referral centre. A total of 210 patients were enrolled to the study. The research data were collected using specific questionnaires including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF). As a result, maternal postpartum depression and sleep quality scores did not differ significantly among postpartum women with different timelines according to the intensity of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (p=0.205 and p=0.352, respectively). The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale was significantly better (p=0.000) in the post-quarantine period than in the early stages of the pandemic when there were strict quarantine regulations. In conclusion, Sleep quality and postpartum depression remained unchanged with regard to the severity of the quarantine among women who gave birth during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. The breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers was found as improved in the post-quarantine period.

Fear of COVID-19 and related factors affecting mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy during the pandemic.

This study aimed to determine the breastfeeding self-efficacy levels of mothers during the pandemic period, to compare them according to various characteristics, and to examine the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and breastfeeding self-efficacy. The data of this descriptive and cross-sectional were collected through a web-based survey of 392 mothers between June and August 2021. The data collection tools were the Introductory Data Form, the Breast-feeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form, and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. The mean score for breastfeeding self-efficacy was found to be 56.18 ± 8.24, while the mean score for the Fear of COVID-19 scale was 21.77 ± 6.14. Having a high fear of COVID-19, breastfeeding more frequently in this period, and suspecting that they had COVID-19 affected the breastfeeding self-efficacy scores positively, whereas graduating from primary school had a negative effect on self-efficacy. The breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers who were fearful of COVID-19, who breastfed more frequently during the pandemic, and who had a higher education level were positively affected.

Babaların Emzirme Sürecine Destek Olma Durumlarının, Annelerin Emzirme Öz Yeterlilikleri ve Baba Bebek Bağlanması Üzerindeki Etkisi: Kesitsel ve İlişki Arayıcı Bir Çalışma

Objective: The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of father's support to breastfeeding process on breastfeeding selfefficacy of mothers and attachment of father and infant. Material and Methods: The research is in cross-sectional type. The sample of the study consisted of 400 parents living in different cities in Türkiye (n=400). Online data collection forms that participants could apply themselves were created in the web and delivered to parents by using social media accounts, internet and social media sharing platforms about breastfeeding. Percentage, average, standard deviation, student t, one-way ANOVA (post hoc: Bonferroni), Pearson correlation tests were used for data analysis. Results: It was determined that 35.4% of mothers and 36.9% of fathers participated in the study. In the study, the mean breastfeeding self-efficacy score of the mothers was 55.30±9.28, the mean breastfeeding support score of the fathers was 131.42±28.69, and the mean father-baby attachment score was 75.11±9.41. It is observed that there is a highly positive, weak linear relationship between mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy scores and fathers' understanding of breastfeeding, helping, valuing, readiness, sensitivity sub-dimensions, total score and median attachment scores (p<0.001). In this study, it was determined that fathers' support to breastfeeding effects mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy and father infant attachment positively (p<0.001). Conclusion: In this study, it was determined that fathers' support for breastfeeding positively affected mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy and father-infant attachment. Health professionals should support fathers to provide them supporting their wifes for breastfeeding.

Health Education on Self-Efficacy in Breastfeeding Mothers: Literature Review

Mother's milk is the first food for newborns and is the main nutrition for babies. Efficacy is important in breastfeeding, because it is used as a parameter of the mother's ability to breastfeed. Knowledge is one of the mother's self-efficacy factors for breastfeeding. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an effect of health education on lactation management on breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers. Method: The research design used is a literature review, starting with topic selection, then searching through several databases, namely Google Scholar and Science Direct by entering key-words. Results and conclusions: From 163 articles, we selected 9 relevant articles to identify the effect of health education on breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers. Breastfeeding education interventions increase breastfeeding self-efficacy, infant feeding attitudes, and rates of exclusive breastfeeding. Self-efficacy in breastfeeding mothers through a health education approach encourages mothers through self-management to follow a plan (eg, tests, treatment, procedures, behavior change) that is formulated in collaboration with health professionals such as during health education.

Effect of continuous supportive telephone counselling on improving breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers with late preterm infants four months after discharge: A randomized, controlled study.

BackgroundBreastfeeding self-efficacy is an important motivational factor in the continuity of lactation in mothers with preterm infants.ObjectiveThe study aimed to determine the effect of continuous supportive telephone counselling on improving breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers with late preterm infants.Material and methodsThis randomized, controlled study was carried out with 65 eligible mothers (control n = 32, intervention n = 33) recruited in Ahvaz, Iran, in 2020. The eligible women were allocated into two groups— intervention and control—according to the block design. Data were measured monthly up to four months after discharge using the Dennis Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. The control group received only routine care. Continuous supportive telephone counselling was provided for the intervention group members daily for 14 days after neonatal discharge. Data were analyzed using chi-square, repeated measures analysis of variance, independent t-test, and paired t-test at the significant level of 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).ResultsThe overall score in breastfeeding self-efficacy showed a statistically significant difference between the two study groups during the four months after discharge compared to the pre-intervention stage (P = 0.001). In the intervention group, the mean score of breastfeeding self-efficacy increased from 33.18 to 53.48, and in the control group it decreased from 31.17 to 28.56.ConclusionThe results showed that continuous supportive telephone counselling can improve breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers with preterm infants. The approach seems to be an acceptable basis for designing intervention programs in this field.

Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Ibu Post Seksio Saesarea

The one factor that causes mothers to stop breastfeeding is low self- efficacy. The lowest breastfeeding self-efficacy causing the mother to stop breastfeeding too quickly even at the beginning after giving birth to the mother breastfeeding her baby. The goal of this study is to determine the scale of Breastfeeding Self Efficacy in mothers with cesarean childbirth. Descriptive research type, sampling technique with purposive sampling with criteria mothers who give birth with cesarean section, do not experience complications after childbirth and are eager to become respondents. This type of research was descriptive with a purposive sampling technique, the criteria were mothers who gave birth by cesarean section, did not experience postpartum complications, and willing to be respondents. The sample in this study was 52. The study used the Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Scale to explore breastfeeding self-efficacy. Data analysis used univariate analysis in the form of frequency and proportion distributions. The results indicated that most respondents who had a high BSE score were the high-risk age group (56.3%), worker (54.2%), tertiary education (62.5%), breastfeeding experience (51.6%), multipara (53.3%). To increase BSE score, it is necessary to promote breastfeeding so that it is hoped that it will increase the duration of exclusive breastfeeding

Determinants of low breastfeeding self-efficacy amongst mothers of children aged less than six months: results from the BADUTA study in East Java, Indonesia

BackgroundDespite the increasing rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia, there is still a need for supportive interventions. The breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers is a key factor positively associated with optimum breastfeeding practices. Our analysis aims to assess the determinants of low breastfeeding self-efficacy amongst a sample of women with children aged under 6 months in Malang and Sidoarjo Districts, East Java, Indonesia.MethodsWe used information from 1210 mothers of children aged < 6 months recruited in the BADUTA study conducted in 2015–2016 in Malang and Sidoarjo Districts. The outcome variable in this analysis was mothers’ self-efficacy for breastfeeding using the 14 statements in the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy-Short Form. We evaluated 17 potential predictors of breastfeeding self-efficacy, organized into six sub-groups of variables: (1) context/demographic; (2) household factors; (3) maternal characteristics; (4) child characteristics; (5) breastfeeding practices; and (6) antenatal and delivery care. Logistic regression analyses were employed to examine factors associated with mothers’ self-efficacy with breastfeeding.ResultsMore than half of the women in this study had a low level of self-efficacy. One of the factors associated with low breastfeeding self-efficacy found in this study was mothers’ problems related to breastfeeding. Mothers who had problems with breastfeeding not related to illness (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.27; 95% CI 2.45, 4.36) or problems related to both illness and non-illness conditions (aOR 3.57; 95% CI 1.37, 9.33) had higher odds of low breastfeeding self-efficacy than those who did not have any problems. Compared to mothers who completed university education, there was a significantly higher odds of low breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers who completed primary school or lower (aOR 1.88; 95% CI 1.16, 3.05); completed junior high school (aOR 2.27; 95% CI 1.42, 3.63); and completed senior high school (aOR 1.94; 95% CI 1.29, 2.91). Other significant predictors of low breastfeeding self-efficacy were mothers not exposed to any breastfeeding interventions (aOR 1.87; 95% CI 1.09, 3.22); working outside the house (aOR 1.69; 95% CI 1.23, 2.32); not obtaining any advice on breastfeeding (aOR 1.40; 95% CI 1.08, 1.82); with low knowledge of breastfeeding (aOR 1.38; 95% CI 1.03, 1.84); and delivered by Caesarean section (aOR 1.34; 95% CI 1.05, 1.70).ConclusionsMultipronged breastfeeding education programs and support are required to improve women’s self-efficacy with breastfeeding. Improved access to breastfeeding counselors, active support for mothers following cesarean delivery, and increased supporting facilities at workplaces are essential to improve self-efficacy with breastfeeding.

The Use of the Apron and Disaster Baby Carriers to Improve the Exclusive Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy of Mothers in Disaster-Affected Zones in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Disasters have psychological effects on breastfeeding mothers due to the high potential to reduce the production of breast milk, which may affect the ability of breastfeeding mothers to provide nutritious food to their babies. The stress from natural disasters and post-disaster conditions can affect lactation by lowering the oxytocin hormone in nursing mothers. Since supplies of baby food and formula may be limited during a disaster, the most practical and affordable way for a mother to feed her baby is to continue providing breast milk. This research was conducted to identify the effectiveness of the Breastfeeding Education Program (BEP) using apron and Disaster Evacuation Baby Carrier (DEBC) in increasing breastfeeding-mothers’ self efficacy in disaster-affected areas. This research employed a quantitative method involving 74 women. The samples were collected using a cluster randomized controlled trial sampling at four sub-districts in Southeast Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test to determine mean differences between the intervention group and the control group. The results showed differences in mean score of Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy between the control and intervention groups (p value = 0.001). Apron and DEBC in the BEP increased the self-efficacy scores of mothers who exclusively breastfeed in disaster-affected zones. Healthcare workers who implement the BEP in disaster-affected zones are encouraged to include breastfeeding success strategies such as apron and DEBC to strengthen mothers’ capacity to cope with disaster-related conditions.

Explaining breastfeeding experiences and assessing factors affecting breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers of premature infants: a mixed method study protocol

BackgroundBreastfeeding has a great effect on health promotion and disease prevention in premature infants. However, various factors affect the success of breastfeeding process in mothers. The present study aims to: a) explain breastfeeding experiences; b) assess the factors affecting breastfeeding self-efficacy; and c) present a guideline for promoting breastfeeding in mothers of premature infants.MethodsThis mixed-methods study with a sequential explanatory design consisted of three phases. The first phase is qualitative study to explore the breastfeeding experiences in mothers of premature infants. In this phase, the subjects will be selected through purposive sampling; moreover, in-depth individual interviewing will be used for data collection. Finally, the conventional content analysis approach will be employed for data analysis. The second phase is quantitative and will be used a cross-sectional approach to assess the association of the social determinants of health with breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers of premature infants. In this phase, the multistage cluster sampling method will be used to select 360 subjects who will be visited healthcare centers in Tabriz, Iran. The third phase focused on developing strategies to increase the ability of mothers to breastfeed their premature infants, using the qualitative and quantitative results of previous phases, a review of the related literature, and the nominal group technique will be performed among experts.DiscussionThe present research is the first study that investigated the experiences of breastfeeding and factors influencing breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers of premature infants. For the purposes of the study, the mixed methods approach will be used which aimed to develop strategies for the improvement of healthcare services in this regard. It is worth noting that there is no strategic guideline in Iran’s healthcare system for the improvement of breastfeeding, especially regarding mothers of premature infants. Therefore, it is hoped that the strategy proposed in the current study can lead to improvements in this regard.Ethical codeIR.TBZMED.REC.1398.100.

Determination of relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers and nipple pain/trauma

Determination of relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers and nipple pain/trauma

Relationship of Spiritual Health and Perceived Stress with Breastfeeding Self-efficacy: A Survey on Mothers with Hospitalized Neonates

Introduction: Positive outcomes of breastfeeding on both mothers and neonates health are inevitable. Mother self-efficacy has a constructive role on initiating and continuing breastfeeding, in turn, it is influenced by several factors. The present study aimed to determine some risk factors associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers with hospitalized newborns.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was carried out on 150 eligible mothers who were selected from Motahhari Hospital of Urmia in 2016, using consecutive sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires such as Demographics, Paloutzian and Ellison the Spiritual Health Scale (PESHS), Cohen’s Perceived Stress (PSS), and Dennis Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSEF). Descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANOVA, Independent t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regressions) were used to analyze the data in SPSS software under windows with version 16. Results: The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of breastfeeding self-efficacy score were 128.95±17.84, respectively. The final multivariate regression model showed that the variables of spiritual health (P=0.01, β(r) =.208, t=2.54), perceived stress (P=0.03, β(r) = -.173, t=-2.18), and monthly income (P=0.01, β(r)=.214, t=2.55), had statistically significant relationships with breastfeeding self-efficacy. No significant relationships were observed between self-efficacy and other demographic variables (p>0.05).Conclusion: The study suggests that breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers was influenced by spiritual health, perceived stress, and economic status. Hence, it is recommended and emphasized that health care providers consider these factors in designing their health interventions regarding breastfeeding.

Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy of Mothers Within 6 Weeks of Delivery

Introduction: Promoting and maintaining breastfeeding is an important part of the healthcare, nutrition and other social measures required to promote proper growth and development of infants, and a major component of primary healthcare. Several factors affect onset and duration of breastfeeding. Self-efficacy is one of those factors that can be modified, but has been less studied. Objective : The present study aimed to determine some risk factors associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers within 6 weeks of delivery. Materials and Methods : This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study recruited 767 mothers presenting to Family Health and Research Center in Rasht in 2013, using consecutive sampling (for 6 months).Data was collected using demographic questionnaires and Dennis Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSEF).Data was collected in two phases: on the 3 rd -5 th days and the 6 th week after delivery. The minimum and maximum breastfeeding self-efficacy scores in BSEF are 14 and 70, respectively. If a subject's score is above average, she has high breastfeeding self-efficacy and vice versa. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regressions) were used to analyze the data. The confidence interval of 95% and a significance level of P<0.05 were considered. Results: The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of breastfeeding self-efficacy score were 57.64±9.94 and 62.66±7.57, respectively on the 3 rd -5 th days and the 6 th week after delivery. The group that exclusively breastfed their newborns had higher than average breastfeeding self-efficacy scores compared to other mothers. The multivariate regression model showed that the variables of educational level (secondary school P=0.002, B=2.25; and high school diploma, P=0.03, B=1.51), pain (P=0.01, B=1.6), breastfeeding discontinuation because of pain (P=0.02, B=2.67), having a successful breastfeeding experience (P=0.01, B=1.93), and exclusive breastfeeding (P=0.01, B=6.28) had statistically significant relationships with breastfeeding self-efficacy. Conclusion: According to the results, breastfeeding self-efficacy influenced the status and type of breastfeeding, hence, necessary interventions should be made to remove the barriers to and resolve the problems of mothers for exclusive breastfeeding.