Breast Self-examination Techniques Research Articles

Examining the Impact of Health Belief Model-Based Education on Reproductive Health and Family Planning Attitudes Among Married Women

Introduction: Reproductive health services include maternal, child, and newborn health, family planning, fertility issues, and reproductive education, primarily benefiting women. Aim: It was aimed to examine the effects of Health Belief Model based instruction on married women protective attitudes toward reproductive health. Method: The study was designed as a quasi-experimental method with unequal groups for pre-test and posttest comparison. A total of 175 women, 35 in the experimental group, 70 in the control group-1, and 70 in the control group-2, who met the study criteria and were determined by a comprehensive power analysis, were included in the study. The pre-test data were collected using the Personal Information Form, the Married Women’s Reproductive Health Attitudes Determination Scale, and the Family Planning Attitude Scale. Experimental group were given a 3-month group training structured according to the health belief model. Results: Between-group differences were not statistically significant at baseline regarding mean knowledge and the constructs of the scales used (p > 0.05). After the training, it was determined that the Reproductive Health Attitudes Determination Scale and Family Planning Attitude Scale sub-dimensions and total scores of compared to the control groups, the experimental group had a significantly higher (p < 0.05). Similarly, it was noted that following the training, the experimental group's use of efficient family planning techniques and breast self-examination techniques increased noticeably (p < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, training was determined to have been given had a positive effect on protective attitudes towards reproductive health.

Breast self-examination practices among young rural women and its associated knowledge and attitudes in Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu.

Breast self-examination (BSE) is a simple and cost-effective screening procedure in downstaging breast tumors. To assess the BSE practices and its associated knowledge and attitudes of rural women from Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu during the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, and snowball sampling was used to recruit the sample of rural women from Tirunelveli. Women ages 18-60 willing to take part were included. Data were collected online through a self-developed questionnaire. Responses were analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to present the general details and responses of the rural women through percentages. Using the appropriate tests, the mean differences of the BSE attitudes based on the personal variables were computed using one-way ANOVA. A total of 433 rural women (Mean age: 29.20 ± 9.35 years) from Tirunelveli responded to the online Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) questionnaire. Regular health checkups were undergone by 27.48% of women and 9.24% underwent breast cancer (BC) screening in the past. While 68.36% had heard of BC, 61% knew it could be detected in the early stages. Insufficient knowledge regarding BSE techniques was evident among the women. Knowledge about BC was highest among those earning more than 20,001 INR, women aged 36-45, widowed/separated/divorced women, and diploma graduates. Overall, BSE and BC knowledge score was low, with correspondingly low attitudes and practices. Findings showed the KAP among rural Tirunelveli women to be low.

Pendidikan Kesehatan tentang Deteksi Dini Kanker Payudara melalui Pemeriksaan Payudara Sendiri (SADARI)

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death and many types of cancer occur in women. The incidence of breast cancer increases with age, however, young age is not a safe guarantee of breast cancer. The high incidence of breast cancer resulted in not a few sufferers of breast cancer that led to death. Signs and symptoms of breast cancer can be found as early as possible, the higher the cure rate. Breast self-examination (BSE) is one effective step if done as early as possible when women reach reproductive age. The purpose of community service is that teenagers consciously want to do breast self-examination routinely every month so as to reduce and reduce the risk of breast cancer. The method used by giving counseling and demonstration about BSE techniques to young women. An indicator of the success of this activity is that young women are able and able to conduct self-examination. Community service is carried out in Sungai Putri, Danau Sipin Sub-district, Jambi City on December 2018 - January 2019. The results of this activity are all young women understand and understand and can do their own breast examination (BSE).

Retrospective Analysis of Breast Cancer Cases Operated in Jush within Four Years Time Period, Jimma, Ethiopia

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world. It is also the commonest cancer affecting women with also highest cancer related death rate. However due to the poor cancer registry in developing countries the exact magnitude of the problem is not known. In Ethiopia breast cancer is the second most common cancer next to cervical cancer. The fact that Sub-Saharan African has peculiar epidemiological trends of breast cancer has drawn the attention of many to the region. These peculiar features include relatively younger age of affected women, high mortality rates and triple-negativity of the cancer. Additionally, a poor association with life time estrogen exposure has been observed. Despite the generally observed great burden of breast cancer, Ethiopia is one of the countries where the clinical and pathological characteristics of the cancer are not well researched. This study tries to fill this information gap by studying the situation observed in JUSH, which is the highest referral center available for Southwestern part of the country. The general objective of this study was to retrospectively determine demographic characteristics of patients, risk factors, clinical presentation and pathological description of the breast cancers, the modes of treatment given for breast cancer among cases operated at JUSH from September 11, 2010 to September 10, 2014 GC. The study was conducted in JUSH from August 6-14, 2015 GC and cross-sectional study design was used. The study population was those patients with diagnosis of breast cancer who are electively operated at JUSH from September 11, 2010 to September 10, 2014 GC according to the operation log book in the operating theatre. Data was collected from patients’ charts on a structured questionnaire that was filled by the principal investigator. Collected data was cleared, checked and stored. Data analysis was done on computer with the help of SPSS 16.0 program. Through-out the study confidentiality of information was respected. Letters of ethical clearance were obtained from the CBE office of JU before the start of the study. The result of study showed a number of peculiar features which included higher rate of male breast cancer (10.4%), younger than 50 years distribution of majority of female patients (68%), the presence of protective gynecologic & reproductive factors to breast cancer in the majority of the affected women, and late presentation of patients. Majority of patients were having advanced breast cancer (Stage III & IV disease in 76.8%) and high percentage of nodal involvement (90.7%). Despite these findings detailed pathological characterization of the tumor has not been effected and information on receptor positivity status of the cancers is lacking. Additionally, the percentage of patients who pursued adjuvant therapy after surgical management was found to be very low (14.7%). In conclusion, the epidemiological trend of breast cancer patients seen at JUSH within the mentioned four years’ time period was found to have major epidemiological deviations from trends that were seen in the world. The unfortunate late presentation of patients is also manifested by advanced stages of disease at diagnosis that theoretically is beyond curability. Prospective studies focusing on the epidemiology of breast cancer and further characterization of tumor biology & genetics should be performed in the future. Moreover, clinicians, public health workers and policy makers should work on increasing the awareness towards breast cancer, introduction of breast self-examination techniques and launching of effective breast cancer screening programs.

Effect of video-assisted structured teaching program on knowledge of breast self-examination among female college students of Puducherry: a pre and post experimental study

Background: Breast self-examination (BSE) is an easy method for early detection of breast cancer that can be performed by self at home. The present study was done to assess the effect of video-assisted structured teaching program on knowledge of BSE among female college students of Puducherry.Methods: This pre and post experimental study was conducted in September 2014 among 160 college students at government women’s college, Puducherry who were aged 18-26 years. The knowledge was assessed using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire following which breast self-examination techniques were taught to them using a video. The post-assessment was done after 14 days of teaching program using the same tool.Results: Of the 160 participants, 90% were undergraduates, 85.6% were Hindus, 58.1% were from rural area and 5.6% were having family history of breast cancer. The knowledge regarding the breast cancer was good even before the intervention and the media was the main source of information. The video-assisted structured teaching used in this study was effective to improve the overall awareness score for breast cancer and BSE significantly. The change in knowledge regarding the steps and the pattern of performing BSE was not statistically significant.Conclusions: The video-assisted teaching used was found to be effective in improving the knowledge regarding BSE. This type of regular health education with short videos can be a useful method for imparting knowledge to college students about BSE. However, the exact technique of performing BSE needs further reinforcement among the study participants.

Breast self-examination among nurses in Poland and their reparation in this regard.

Working at night and in shifts, as well as an unhealthy lifestyle, may increase the risk of breast cancer in nurses who therefore should frequently perform breast self-examination (BSE). The aim of the study was to investigate the performance of BSE among Polish nurses, its accuracy, sources of knowledge and skills, self-assessment of own competences and preparation to educate women about BSE. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in a group of female nurses (N=1,242). An anonymous, self-administrated questionnaire was used for data collection. To properly assess the BSE a four-item scale was made of the type single best answer multiple choice question. Each item referred to one agreed principle of performing BSE. Regularly BSE was performed by 56.1% nurses, 67.3% pre-menopause nurses 2-3 days after cessation of menstruation and 30.4% post-menopause women on a chosen day of the month. About 98% examined visually and by palpation; 58.9% did so in two positions. In the accuracy scale of BSE, the average number of points was 2.8 out of 4. All (4 points) or almost all (3 points) recommendations of accurate BSE were met by 61.4% of the nurses. Self-assessment of knowledge and BSE practical skills were considered as good or very good by 93.5% and 88.8% nurses, respectively. The self-evaluation of nurses' knowledge and BSE skills was significantly correlated with the result on the accuracy scale or this BSE. Many deficiencies concerning frequency, times and BSE techniques were revealed among Polish nurses. There is a discrepancy between the high self-assessment of competences and the accurate practice of BSE. Nurses' preparation in Poland in BSE is insufficient and requires improvement.

Sustainable and cost-effective teenage breast awareness campaigns: Insights from a Nigerian high school intervention study.

With limited government-sponsored breast screening programmes in developing countries, breast awareness remains the only realistic survival hope for millions. Poor levels of knowledge and preventive practices remain in these countries, and early enlightenment to empower teenage high school girls has been advocated for, recently. This study evaluates ways to ensure sustainability for such an approach. A 6-month longitudinal, interventional cohort study of 432 high school female students in South-eastern Nigeria. The efficacies of a video-assisted face-to-face intervention, as well as the use of printed handouts, were evaluated. A total of 317 (73.4%) and 301 (69.7%) valid responses were received from the pre-intervention (16.8±1.5years) and post-intervention (17.2±1.6years) surveys, respectively. Logistic regression revealed that participants who were "engaged" with the campaigns, either through symposium attendance or by reading handouts, showed significant improvements on most aspects of knowledge regarding the cancer's early symptoms and risk factors, as well as breast self-examination (BSE). However, the monthly practice of BSE was not significantly increased (Attendees: OR=1.44, P=0.18; Handout-readers: OR=1.52; P=0.17). Also, when "engagement" to the respective empowerment activities was disregarded, a chi-squared analysis comparing the pre-intervention and post-intervention groups showed significant improvements on specific knowledge regarding risk factors and early symptoms of breast cancer, as well as BSE techniques and regular monthly practice: χ2 (1, N=596)=46.703, P<0.001. Across multiple parameters, the impact of exclusive face-to-face participation was not different to that from the reading of handouts. Face-to-face and handout were both effective and of similar impact. However, sustained impact on monthly BSE is doubtful. To surmount this, strategies to ensure ongoing engagements are vital. Perhaps adjusting existing high school curricula to allow repeated yearly teachings on breast cancer and BSE, along with in-built-in evaluation systems like examinations and quizzes, are ways of ensuring engagement.

Barriers to Breast Self-examination among Iranian Women.

Background:Breast cancer is a very common cancer in women which is diagnosable using inexpensive, accessible, and easy screening programs in the early stages of the disease. Culture, beliefs, and opinions of women affect adoption of screening techniques. Nursing professionals are supposed to be aware of such influencing factors. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate barriers to breast self-examination (BSE) among women in Isfahan province.Materials and Methods:During a cross-sectional descriptive and correlational study in 2017, 1509 women in rural and urban areas of Isfahan province were selected using multistage sampling method. Data were collected by visiting homes, using a questionnaire, and conducting interviews and were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics.Results:The results showed that barriers consisted of lack of awareness about breast examination (p = 0.006), lack of awareness about BSE techniques (p < 0.001), and lack of training by personnel of healthcare centers (p = 0.016), which were significantly associated with residency areas (i.e., urban and rural areas). Moreover, women's educational level was significantly associated with 5 of 10 barriers and their occupation was significantly associated with 2 of 10 barriers to BSE.Conclusions:Among the several factors that may affect BSE, a part of them in Isfahan women act as obstacle that they are moderated by some demographic factors such as residency areas, education level, and occupation. Therefore, nursing plans and interventions aimed at developing BSE should be tailored to suit the unique demographic characteristics of women.

Assessment of Factors Associated with Breast Self-Examination among Health Extension Workers in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia

Background. Early detection of breast cancer using breast self-examination (BSE) plays an important role in decreasing its morbidity and mortality. Objective. To identify factors associated with BSE among health extension workers in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. Cross-sectional study design was employed from October to November, 2012 in West Gojjam Zone of Amhara region. Simple random sampling technique was used to recruit a total of 390 health extension workers (HEWs). A structured Amharic questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS statistical package version 16.0. Result. This study found that 37% of HEWs had ever practiced BSE and 14.4% practiced it regularly. The three main reasons for not doing regular BSE were no breast problem (53.2%), not knowing the technique of BSE (30.6%), and not knowing the importance of BSE (21.4%). Discussion with families on BSE and history of breast examination by health professionals were found significantly associated with ever practice of BSE. Conclusion. BSE practice was found low in this study. Having information on the importance of BSE was predictor of BSE practice. Therefore, it is important to give training on BSE techniques and its role on breast cancer prevention for HEWs.

Jordanian nurses’ knowledge and practice of breast self‐examination

This paper is a report of a study to evaluate the knowledge and practice of Jordanian nurses in relation to breast self-examination. Studies have shown that women who have learned about breast self-examination have positive attitudes toward breast cancer and practise breast self-examination more frequently, and that nurses who teach their clients about methods of early detection and breast self-examination are more knowledgeable about breast cancer screening and breast self-examination techniques than those who do not. Therefore, it is important to understand nurses' knowledge about breast cancer and its early detection. A cross-sectional design was used, with a convenience sample of 347 Registered Nurses at three large cities in Jordan (response rate 95%). Data collection took place in 2005 using a self-administrated questionnaire with three parts and based on the American Cancer Society's guidelines: demographics, knowledge, and practice of breast self-examination. Nurses reported high levels of knowledge of breast self-examination (M = 7.6, SD. 2.7). A high proportion of nurses reported doing breast self-examination in the past 12 months (85%), but only 17.7% reported doing so on a monthly basis. None of the demographic characteristics was found to be associated with the practice of breast self-examination. More health education about monthly breast self-examination and prevention strategies is needed for nurses and their women patients, especially for Arabic women.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Nursing and Midwifery Students Regarding Breast Self-Examination in Turkey

To investigate knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of nursing and midwifery students regarding breast self-examination (BSE). Descriptive, cross-sectional. Aydin School of Health at Adnan Menderes University in Aydin, Turkey. 244 female students of nursing and midwifery. Data were collected with a questionnaire. BSE-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. More than half of the study participants stated they had sufficient information about BSE from varied sources, primarily from school curricula. The students were knowledgeable about who should perform BSE and its recommended frequency; however, their knowledge of BSE techniques was limited. First-year students had negative attitudes about BSE but became more positive as they progressed in their education. Half of the study sample stated they performed BSE at recommended times and intervals, but only one-fifth used recommended BSE positions and techniques. The main reasons for not performing BSE included not knowing how to perform it (57%), not having any history of problems in the breast (39%), and forgetfulness (18%). The results demonstrate that nursing and midwifery education has a positive effect on students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding BSE. The findings suggest that nursing and midwifery students should be thoroughly prepared to perform BSE on themselves so they can educate other women about this important preventive procedure.

Differences in Breast Self-Examination Techniques between Caucasian and African American Elderly Women

The efficacy of breast self-examination (BSE) is controversial, recommendations to women are mixed, and reported differences by race in BSE are contrary to what is expected. We attribute this, in part, to measurement error in studies assessing the effectiveness of BSE. We assess differences by race in self-reported BSE while controlling selected sociodemographic indicators, BSE training, embarrassment, and perceived competence. Data are from personal interviews with 1011 women ages 50 and older, with approximately equal numbers of African Americans and Caucasians reporting that they examine their own breasts. African American women are more likely than Caucasians to report examining their breasts visually, whereas Caucasian women are more likely than African Americans to report tactile examination of breast tissue, consistent with recommended BSE procedure. BSE measures must be multidimensional to detect differences by race to guide interventions promoting self-detection of breast lumps, early presentation, and mortality reduction.

Personel medyczny wobec samobadania piersi

Personel medyczny wobec samobadania piersi

Developing and Testing Lay Literature About Breast Cancer Screening for African American Women

Written materials about breast cancer screening for African American women with low literacy skills are needed. Available materials were not at or below third-grade reading levels, were not culturally sensitive, and were not accurate in illustrating correct breast self-examination (BSE) techniques. Focus groups representing the target population helped the authors design a pamphlet describing how to perform BSE and a motivational picture book to help women overcome barriers to screening. The authors chose a food theme for the cover of the pamphlet written at a third-grade level and suggested a photographic version. In the motivational book, two women address barriers to screening and replace myths and fears with facts and actions. Data from 162 women showed that they learned from both the photographic and illustrated versions. Women in the photographic group found significantly more lumps in the silicone models, so the authors chose that version to use in final testing. Finally, nurses pretested a group of patients before they reviewed the materials and post-tested another group after they reviewed them. The group who had reviewed the materials had greater knowledge of and intent to follow the guidelines and received higher scores on BSE techniques.

Breast imaging. A practical look at its capabilities and its limitations.

The film-screen technique is evolving as the standard for mammography. Sonography is the only other method that currently has a defined role in breast imaging. Mammography should be performed at facilities that have received American College of Radiology accreditation or its equivalent, because technical quality assurance is an important part of mammographic practice. Interpretive quality may be assured by outcome audits performed by mammography facilities. Primary care physicians are best suited to encouraging eligible women to undergo screening studies and should consider these recommendations: Refer patients for screening mammography to accredited facilities according to established guidelines. Educate patients about the need for regular screening. Provide annual breast physical examination. Refresh your knowledge on breast health and the techniques of physical examination if necessary. Teach patients breast self-examination techniques. Demand low-cost, high-quality screening mammography; be aware of local variability of charges and quality.

Breast Self-Examination in Relation to the Occurrence of Advanced Breast Cancer

Two hundred nine female enrollees of the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound who developed advanced-stage breast cancer during the period 1982-1988 were interviewed about their practice of breast self-examination (BSE), use of other breast cancer screening modalities, and medical and reproductive histories. Each subject's description of how she performed the examination was scored according to her mention of up to 10 recommended BSE techniques. A random sample of 433 women without advanced-stage breast cancer from the same population was interviewed for comparison. Relative to women not practicing BSE, the risk of advanced-stage breast cancer among BSE users was 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 0.73-1.81). Frequency of BSE did not differ between women with advanced-stage breast cancer and control subjects, whether in all subjects or in subgroups defined by age, use of mammography, or frequency of clinical breast examinations. While self-described proficiency in BSE was generally low in both case and control subjects, the small percentage of women reporting more thorough self-examinations, regardless of frequency, had about a 35% decrease in the occurrence of advanced-stage breast cancer compared to women who did not perform BSE. These results suggest that, while carefully performed BSE may avoid the development of some advanced-stage breast cancers, BSE as practiced by most Seattle-area women is of little or no benefit.

Practice and effectiveness of breast self examination: A selective review of the literature (1977-1989)

From a review of the literature on studies on breast self examination (BSE), it is evident that BSE functions as an effective preventive health behavior. Only 19% to 40% of women practice BSE on a monthly basis, and there is no strong evidence that women who practice monthly BSE perform the procedure correctly. Confidence in BSE performance, prior BSE instruction, and finding some way to remember to do BSE were the factors most positively associated with frequent BSE practice. Women need to be given the facts about breast cancer and information about early detection methods and also need to be taught BSE in such a way that they feel confident in their BSE skills. The most effective way to teach BSE is to teach the woman on her own breasts. Since BSE is a skill, an accurate assessment of the learners' BSE techniques is necessary to adequately evaluate BSE teaching methods.

Assessment of knowledge of breast self-examination techniques by women

Incidence of malignant neoplasms of breast for the last 15 years has increased more than twice and has a tendency for further growth. The efficiency of breast cancer treatment depends first of all on the timely diagnostics because the results of its therapy are mainly determined by the degree of spread of tumor process. Among the methods of active detection of the breast cancer the method of self-examination proved to be the most effective, which is given the highest priority in the WHO oncological program.

Frequency of breast self-examination practice as a function of physician reinforcement

In this article the role of the physician as a reinforcer of breast self-examination (BSE) practice is examined in a group of 482 women. Rein-forcement behavior in terms of (1) teaching BSE techniques and (2) inquiring about the practice of BSE was found to influence not only the practice of BSE but also the frequency of practice. These findings support those of other studies suggesting that the physician has a key role in the promotion of desirable health behaviors. The implications of the findings for professional educational guidelines are discussed.

Social psychological correlates of health behavior: Knowledge of breast self-examination techniques among black women

This paper examines the relationship between fear, perceived susceptibility and belief in the efficacy of early detection of breast cancer as correlates of the likelihood that a procedure for early detection, self-examination (BSE), will actually be known. The data were obtained via personal interviews as part of a study of practices and beliefs related to cancer detection and prevention among black females in Buffalo, New York. Belief in the efficacy of early detection of the disease to reduce the danger from the disease was found to be the strongest correlate of the ability to perform BSE. However, independent effects of fear as reflected in perceived threat and feelings of personal susceptibility were also apparent.