Method Of Breast Self-examination Research Articles

PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN WANITA USIA SUBUR TERHADAP PERILAKU DALAM MELAKUKAN PEMERIKSAAN PAYUDARA SENDIRI (SADARI)

Cancer cases are the second leading cause of death in the world, with a total of 9.6 million deaths per year, including 65,858 cases of breast cancer. It is necessary to increase public awareness of the risk of breast cancer by carrying out early detection with the BSE method (Breast Self-Examination). This research is an analytic survey study with a cross-sectional design that aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and BSE behavior in women of childbearing age (WUS). The population in this study were all WUS in Pustu Koto Tuo, Agam Regency; the sample in this study was 50 respondents using a simple random sampling technique. The data analysis technique used was univariate and bivariate with the chi-square test. In univariate analysis, there were 20 respondents with low knowledge (40%), and 19 respondents (61.3%) had never done BSE. The Chi-squared statistical test showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge about breast self-examination (BSE) and BSE behavior, with a p value of 0.000. It is hoped that health workers can provide counseling, especially about continuous breast self-examination, to the public, especially WUS, so that they can change behavior or raise public awareness of the importance of early detection of breast cancer.

The Effectiveness of Application of Lectures and Audiovisual Methods on Increasing Conscious Behavior in Cancer Early Detection Efforts Breasts of Housewives in Alue on District Kaway XVI

Breast cancer is the type of cancer that causes the biggest cause of death among women as well as the highest number of cases in the world. The number of breast cancer patients in West Aceh in 2017 was 22 people, then decreased to 10 people in 2018, and increased from 10 people to 17 people in 2019. Breast cancer cases increased due to lack of knowledge about BSE behavior, early symptoms caused by breast cancer and breast cancer risk factors. One way to prevent breast cancer is easy, inexpensive, and can be done yourself at home is to use the BSE (Breast Self-Examination) method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the application of the lecture and audiovisual methods before and after the intervention was given regarding the early detection of breast cancer in housewives in Alue on Village, Kaway XVI District. This type of research is a quasi-experimental with a two-group pre-test-post-test approach. The sample is 24 respondents with purposive sampling technique. The analysis used is univariate and bivariate. The results of the Wilcoxon test showed an increase in BSE behavior (p = 0.002) in housewives in Alue On village. The results of the t test show that the t-count value is 2.980 > ttable 2.074, meaning that there is a difference in the average results of BSE behavior using the lecture and audiovisual methods where the group using the audiovisual method is more effective at increasing BSE behavior in early detection of breast cancer in housewives. Alue On village, Kaway XVI sub-district. It is recommended to mothers who have a good understanding of early detection of breast cancer to provide information to mothers whose understanding is still lacking.

Prevention of breast cancer with the breast self-examination method (BSE) in the Negeri Lima village, Leihitu District, Maluku Province

The number of incidences and deaths from cancer is increasing every year around the world. However, currently available cancer treatment methods still have weaknesses, the discovery of cancer drugs is still very important. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the level of public knowledge about breast cancer with BSE behavior on housewives in Negeri Lima Village, Maluku Province. The design of this research is descriptive analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted in May 2022. The population in this study were residents of the village of Negeri Lima. Sampling using the method with 50 respondents. The tool used in this research is a questionnaire. The analysis technique used is Chi Square analysis. The results showed that the influence of the level of knowledge about breast cancer on housewives was mostly in the good category of 60.5%. BSE behavior in housewives is mostly in the category of not doing BSE by 40%. The results of the Chi Square analysis obtained the calculated X2 value of 55.40 with a p value of 0.000 (p <0.05). The close relationship between the level of knowledge of breast cancer with conscious behavior has a strong category indicated by a coefficient of 0.50. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge of mothers about breast cancer and the BSE behavior.

Health Beliefs Related to Breast Cancer and Breast Self- Examination among Indian Women: Effect of Educational Program

Background: Breast cancer is believed to be the most widespread carcinoma all over the world and themost frequent type of carcinoma among females in India. Approximately 40% of breast lesions which leadto breast cancer is detectable by breast self-examination (BSE). The identification of the barriers of earlydetection and the baseline knowledge on breast cancer symptoms, risk factors, BSE method and also theeffectiveness of a health education intervention among females in Bangalore, India are the main purposesof this research.Methodology: The study was composed of totally 500 female participants from five different institutions inurban and rural of Bangalore in 2020. Assessing baseline knowledge on breast cancer and BSE using selfadministeredquestionnaires as well as administering interventional health education in the form of a lecture,pamphlets and illustration of proper method of conducting breast self-examination using video tutorials.Conclusion: The baseline knowledge about breast cancer and BSE practice among participants for earlydetection was found to be insufficient. However, we witnessed a great progress after immediate and followup intervention. Periodic interventions are essential to prevent relapsing of certain types of barriers.

Breast cancer; awareness of breast cancer, self-breast examination and its practice in educated women

Background: The incidence of breast cancer in India is showing an increasing trend and more patients are diagnosed with breast cancer at a younger age. The prognosis of breast cancer is better when it is diagnosed at an early stage and proper treatment started early. Breast self-examination (BSE) remains as an important inexpensive tool which help in detecting any breast abnormality and diagnosing breast cancer, especially in Indian scenario. This survey was conducted among the young ladies working or studying in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai to assess the awareness about breast cancer, BSE and its practice in educated women. Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted among 553 females studying and working in a tertiary care institute at Mumbai. A questionnaire was prepared and response was noted down and analysed statistically.Results: According to our study even the educated women working in medical institute were not completely aware of the BSE, its practice and its importance in day-to-day life.Conclusions: The awareness about breast cancer among students and staff was found to be good in this health care institute but most of them are not aware of proper method and interval of BSE. The main medium of information was audiovisual. The awareness programmes need to be more for encouraging people to do a BSE and take an early medical help.

PELATIHAN SADARI MENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN WANITA MENOPAUSE TENTANG SADARI SEBAGAI CARA DETEKSI DINI KANKER PAYUDARA

Menopause is a normal change that occurs in a woman's life when her menstrual period stops. Menopause causes women to be susceptible to cancer, one of which is breast cancer. One way that can be done to detect early incidence of breast cancer is by doing Breast Self-Examination (BSE) routinely, and this requires a woman's knowledge of how to detect breast cancer with the breast self-examination method (BSE). This study used a quasi-experimental study with a pre test - post test design with a control group. The population in this study were all menopausa women (45 - 55 years) in Wates Village, Wonotunggal Subdistrict, Batang Regency. The sampling technique was simple random (simple ramdom). In this study, the sample used was 60 respondents, with a sample size of 30 for the intervention group and 30 samples for the control group. The data analysis used the Wilcoxon test to determine the effect of BSE training, while to determine the difference in knowledge between the intervention group and the control group, the Friedman test was used to test the normality of the data using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov non-parametric statistical test. The results showed that there was an effect of providing BSE training in the intervention group on knowledge with a value of p 0.05.Suggestions are given to increase public awareness, especially menopausal women about breast self-examination (BSE), through health training activities. Keywords: BSE training, menopausal age women, knowledge

Breast cancer knowledge and perception among health care professionals and senior medical students at Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta, Pakistan

Abstract
 Objective: To assess knowledge and perception about different aspects of Breast Cancer among health care professionals at Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta, Pakistan.
 Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta from October to December 2017. A total of 312 health care workers including consultants (42), residents (85), medical officers (52), interns (45), nurses (48) and final year medical students (40) took part in the study. The study tool was a self-designed questionnaire with separate sections to assess the knowledge about risk factors, signs and symptoms, screening tools, breast self-examination (BSE), treatment and barriers in seeking medical advice.
 Results: Participants had satisfactory knowledge about risk factors and signs of breast cancer but poor knowledge about association of breast cancer with menarche status, oral contraceptive pills and smoking. Majority was aware of mammography benefits and believed that breast cancer is curable with therapy. All perceived that cultural and socioeconomic barriers are the cause of late stage presentation. The nurses particularly were having misconceptions in knowledge about breast cancer risk factors and screening tools.
 Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that knowledge related to breast cancer was average and highlighted the need for provision of continuing medical education programs to improve health practitioners' practice on cancer screening tools. Knowledge was particularly deficient regarding screening modalities and BSE method and timing. Special emphasis is needed to train nurses, so they could play an expanded role in breast cancer care.
 Keywords: Breast Cancer, Pakistan, Risk Factors, Awareness, Continuous...

Students' awareness of breast cancer risk factors (results of a sociological study)

The organization of services and measures aiming to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment of women who suffer from cancer of reproductive organs remains a pressing issue which has to be addressed at the state level. The rates of breast cancer incidence and mortality in Ukraine are respectively 45% and 56% higher in comparison to the European countries. Each fourth woman is diagnosed with breast cancer at stage 3 or 4, when the effectiveness of treatment is greatly reduced. Early detection of the disease increases the chances for successful treatment in 98.1% of cases.
 The aim of the work was to determine the extent of awareness of the breast cancer (BC) prevention methods among the female students as well as to reveal any risk groups for this disease.
 The survey material consisted of 240 completed questionnaires. They included thirteen questions about the existence of risk groups and developmental factors, the presence of breast cancer among the relatives of respondents, the methodology of breast self-examination and breast cancer prevention measures. The study used sociological and medical-statistical methods.
 The results of the survey reveal the majority of the respondents are aware of the risk for developing breast cancer, only 10.4% marked all the responses about the risk factors for breast cancer, 56.7% believe that they are not at risk of developing breast cancer. Most of the respondents are familiar with the method of breast self-examination. However, only every third respondent does it regularly. About half of the interviewed students visit their gynecologist regularly. Moreover, it will facilitate the process of filling in information gaps regarding breast cancer and methods for its detection, make girls change their attitude to this matter and encourage them to take more responsibility for their own health.
 The results of the study show the insufficient awareness level regarding the risk factors causing breast cancer development as well as the low level of caution regarding the possibility of development of this type of cancer.
 Furthermore, the present study emphasized the necessity to introduce into the education process the so called «educational» questionnaires, which would not only help find out the extent of students’ awareness of a certain topic but also expand their knowledge of this topic.

229P - Impact of education for breast self examination in rural Indian women on early detection: Results of POC study

BackgroundBreast cancer contributes to 19-34% of all malignancies- indicating the high disease burden. In view of various socio-economic and cultural reasons, patients usually present at an advanced stage because of lack of awareness and nonexistent breast cancer screening programs in India. Breast self-examination (BSE) is easy cost effective and proven way for early detection. MethodsObjective: 1. To train women for Breast self-examination in health camps 2. To determine the effectiveness of planned teaching program with respect to BSE Materials & methods: Trained workers and physician prepared a visual aid and short video in local language for breast self examination and spend average 8-12minutes to educate a group of women. 15:1 random check was done to known their level of understanding and correctness of adopting the method. The participants were observed and supervised by doctors to complete the procedure successfully. The results of Breast Self-Examination were documented. ResultsBSE was successfully trained for a total of 4965 women across 19 camps between 2018-2019. Out of the samples 93% of women understood accurately the right method of BSE and re-traing was felt necessary in 35% as per their perception. Among the camps 165 new cases were reported in participants. Upon physician’s examination 132 suspected participants were referred for mammographic evaluation at medical centers and malignancies were detected in 76 participants, which indicates high impact of such training programs in rural India. ConclusionsConclusion: cancer awareness and education programs should be an integral part of health camps to improve women’s health and BSE Is easy to teach and have positive impact for early detection of cancer (the detection rate of 1.5% was quite high especially in the rural areas where medical facilities are poor). If implemented in structured manner BSE is the best and cheapest option for screening women of all ages in Indian population. Legal entity responsible for the studyThe authors. FundingHas not received any funding. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

The effect of peer education on health beliefs about breast cancer screening

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of peer education about breast cancer screening on the health beliefs of female university students. The breast self-examination method is an effective technique that is also simple and inexpensive. In recent years, besides the classic methods of providing education on breast self-examination, it has been observed that the use of the technique of peer education is increasing and more and more studies are being conducted on this method and its effectiveness. This study is of quasiexperimental design using a single group, pretest/post-test model. The study was conducted with 742 university first-year students. The data for the study were collected using a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Breast Cancer Knowledge Questionnaire, Peer Education Satisfaction Questionnaire and Champion's Health Belief Model Scale. It was found that the students' perception of barriers to performing the breast self-examinationhad declined and their self-efficacy had increased, and that the level of perceived barriers to having a mammogram had decreased and 98% of the students were satisfied with the peer education. It was seen in this study that the level of knowledge of the students about breast cancer, perceived severity, barriers, benefits and self-efficacy as well as the rate of performing BSE displayed a significant increase after the peer education programme. The method of peer education may be utilized in the effort to increase young women's awareness about breast cancer and ensure that they learn about breast self-examinations. The peer education model can be useful in providing breast self-examination education to young people in school. The results of the present study may be beneficial in developing policies on health education on university campuses.

A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards Breast Cancer among Reproductive Age Group Women in an Urban Area of Coimbatore

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer representing 25% of all cancers. For every 2 cases diagnosed breast cancer one women dies. Early detection and treatment of breast cancer increases the chance of survival. Breast self -examination (BSE), Clinical breast examination, Mammography are different methods for screening of breast cancer. Only with early detection we can achieve longer survival. Aims and Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards breast cancer among women of reproductive age group and to suggest necessary recommendations based on the observation to improve awareness of breast cancer in the study population. Methodology: Using Purposive sampling technique 125 women aged 18-49 years were interviewed to assess their Knowledge, attitude and practice in an Urban area of Coimbatore. Results: Among the participants 27.2% had family history of gynaecological cancer, 70.4% know about breast cancer, 40% know the methods of Breast Self-Examination (BSE), 36.8% practice BSE.

Factors Associated with a Lack of Knowledge of Performing Breast Self-Examination and Unawareness of Cervical Cancer Screening Services: Evidence from the 2015 Egypt Health Issues Survey

Background:The incidence of breast and cervical cancers is growing rapidly among Egyptian women. In this context, we assessed the prevalence of, and factors associated with the lack of knowledge among Egyptian females of performing breast self–examination (BSE) and unawareness of cervical smear cancer screening services.Methods:Secondary data analysis was performed on a representative population-based sample of 7,518 Egyptian females aged 15–59 years from the 2015 Egypt Health Issues Survey (EHIS). Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were used to explore the relationship between sociodemographic variables and having a lack of knowledge of performing BSE or unaware of cervical smear cancer screening service amongst 6,572 and 6,942 Egyptian females aged 21–59 years, respectively.Results:Mean age of females was 36.9 years with 62% aged between 21–39 years. The proportion of women with a lack of knowledge of performing BSE or who were unaware of cervical smear cancer screening service was 87.4% and 92.3%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding of sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, young women aged 21–29 years (P<0.001), primary education or below (P<0.001), residing in rural areas (aOR, 1.37 and 1.48, P=0.001), accessing different media outlets “not at all or less than once a week” (aOR, 2.81 and 1.46, P≤0.05), were associated with a greater likelihood of being with lack knowledge of performing BSE or being unaware of cervical smear cancer screening services.Conclusions:In a country burdened with breast and cervical cancers, the majority of Egyptian women have a lack of knowledge on how to perform BSE or were unaware of the available cervical smear cancer screening services. Robust health campaigns are warranted to raise public knowledge of the method of BSE and of cervical smear cancer screening services, especially amongst females aged less than 30 years, with low levels of education, or those living in rural areas.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast self-examination among female nurses in Aminu Kano teaching hospital, Kano, Nigeria

Background: The incidence of breast cancer is increasing and the presentation is often late in our environment with poor prognosis. Breast self-examination (BSE) remains an important diagnostic tool for the early detection of breast cancer in a resource-limited community. Nurses being in closer contact with patients should be in the forefront in educating the general public on BSE. Objectives: This study investigates the knowledge, attitude and practice of BSE among female nurses in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) with regard to the number that practice, method and the frequency of BSE. Materials and Methods: The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study of female nurses employed in AKTH using self-administered questionnaire. Respondents were selected by simple random sampling methods from the register of nursing staff at AKTH. The data collected were on socio-demographic profile, knowledge, attitude and practice of BSE. The relationships between these factors were studied. Results: All the nurses studied are aware about BSE, with 91.2% practicing it. There is appallingly poor knowledge of its timing, frequency and method. Only 45 (41.2%) of the respondents practice BSE monthly, and none of the respondents can accurately describe the exact method of BSE. Conclusion: There is universal awareness of the BSE among nurses, with dismal awareness of its purpose, method, timing, and frequency among the female nursing staff studied. However, there is a lot of enthusiasm to encourage others to do it. Therefore, nurses need to be also further trained and educated about the procedure.

Use of Breast Self-Examination in the Women Referred to Sari Health Centers in 2001

Background: Breast cancer is the most important factor worried women Health in the world. Methods: Breast self-examination method is perhaps today the most controversial exam. This research has worked out on the women refereed to the Sari Health centers, Iran, in 2001 to improve the efficacy and the compliance of the method for eliminating implication causes in the women, this is a cross sectional analytic study. The data from 420 women coming to the Health centers using a questionnaire were collected. After determining their knowledge, attitude and performance, their relations with some of factors such as age, level of education were analyzed using t-test and Chi-squire. Results: The mean age of sample was 27.48. 24.3% had a high education and 31.9% used oral contraception. Breast cancer was the most prevalence cancer in women's families. 29.5% have heard about the self-examination from Health practitioners, while only 14.8% learned the method personally. There was a significant relationship between the learning and self-examination ( P ). The awareness of preventive value of self-examination was 77.2%. Only 40.5% did self-examination, of whom 52% did not aware the time and 90% of the suited site of exam. Also, the results showed there is significant relationship between education degree and positive attitude ( P ). Conclusion: While there was positive attitude to the preventive value of self-examination, but correctly performance was low. Also, performance of the health practitioners for giving attitude, awareness and practice on the self-examination method was very weak.

Attitudes of midwifery students towards teaching breast-self examination.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to asses the attitude of undergraduate midwifery students towards teaching other women in methods of breast self-examination (BSE).Participants and methods.The study was performed at the beginning and at the end of students’ study at the Faculty of Health Sciences in Ljubljana, Slovenia. It was carried out during the academic year 2002/2003 and involved 28 first and 25 third year undergraduate midwifery students. The data were gathered from questionnaires and processed with the use of descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsAll study participants were of the opinion that teaching other women in methods of BSE is of great importance for an early detection of breast cancer (BC) and that this task ought to be one of their duties. There were no significant differences between the two groups when the readiness to upgrade their own knowledge of BSE or when the optimism regarding the progress in breast cancer detection and therapy in the future were concerned.ConclusionsThe readiness of midwifery students to pass the knowledge of BSE to other women could help to increase their breast health awareness and thus improve their willingness and ability to detect early changes, associated with BC.

Breast self examiniation among non-health professionals in Nigeria

The Department of Surgery of Abia State University Teaching Hospital Aba, before implementing an extensive Breast Cancer Awareness Programe) in Abia State, did a preliminary survey using a questionnaire on breast self – examination among three hundred and fifty (350) non-health professionals, to ascertain whether they have heard and did practice breast self – examination. Respondents were teachers, civil servant, lawyers, bankers, traders, female undergraduates, retired public servants and business women. It was found out that only 202 (61.4%) have heard of breast self examination (BSE) which 124 (37.7) try to practice BSE, only 59 (17.9%) knew the proper method of BSE. It was also found that 194 (59%) were aware of the gravity of breast cancer in the community. These findings call for serious public health awareness for breast self examination and therefore the need to mount a breast cancer awareness program in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Surgical Sciences Vol. 15(2) 2005: 74-77

Breast self examination: Instruction videos and palpation aids improve the tumor recognition?

1019 Background: Breast self-examination (BSE) is believed to be an important method for early detection of breast cancer and likewise promoted. Furthermore many additional tools to make BSE more efficient such as palpation aids and instruction video tapes are offered. However, until today no empirical study has ever proven the assumed connection between tumor recognition and the guidance videos or palpation aids. Methods: The presented experimental study was to clarify whether BSE after video instructionand or the use of palpation aids results in higher rates of tumor recognition. 24 silicone breast forms (AMOENA, Germany) were prepared with tumor equivalents of different size and position. 50 male and 50 female students were assigned by random selection to four experimental conditions (using palpation aids (Vital Aid BSE Sentida Corporation, Preston WA, USA (Y/N)); seeing 4:45min guidance video (FINGADO 2004) (Y/N)). Afterwards they had to investigate all 24 models regarding the possible presence of tumor equivalents (time for each scan: 20 sec; pressure: max 800g). As dependent variable the mean sum of correct positive hits were calculated and analyzed by 2x2x2-ANOVA (gender, foil, video). Results: Neither gender nor the video instruction was related to a better recognition of the tumor equivalents (p>.80). Also no interaction effect was found (p>.17). However, use of the palapation aid resulted in lower numbers of correct results (p<0,001). The analysis of the single models gives a comparable Result: Personality variables (e.g. anxiety) did not affect tumor recognition. Conclusions: The study shows that palpation aids reduce the chances of tumor detection. Furthermore, the method of BSE tought in guidance videos has no causal relationship to a better tumor recognition. This implies that a possible positive effect of these videos does not lie in the teaching of the correct method of BSE but rather in creatin a general awareness towards the topic. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

A statewide breast cancer screening project

The cause of breast cancer remains unknown. Because prevention is not an option, early detection is the most viable alternative for decreasing the mortality rates from breast cancer. To promote early detection, the Arkansas Division of the American Cancer Society implemented a project aimed at increasing public awareness. The project used a three-pronged approach: the life-saving benefits of mammography, regular breast examination by a health-care professional, and the importance of regular breast self-examination (BSE). This article focuses on the third prong, BSE. Project members recruited and trained 408 BSE instructors in the MammaCare method of BSE and contacted a total of 87,141 Arkansas women about breast cancer and the importance of early detection. In a follow-up survey of 1,300 women, of the 198 (15%) who returned the surveys, two women reported finding lumps that were diagnosed as cancer.

Relative effectiveness of methods of breast self-examination

This study investigated the effectiveness of different methods of breast self-examination (BSE) on coverage of breast area and lump detection, using a factorial design, pairing three search patterns (concentric circle, radial spoke, vertical strip) with two finger palpation techniques (small circular movements, sliding movements). Ninety-seven female undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of six BSE training conditions which were identical except in the BSE search pattern and finger palpation technique explained by the instructor. Following the 20-min, small-group training, subjects' coverage of breast area was assessed by scoring their BSE performance on a breast board. Lump detection was determined by the number of lumps correctly identified in silicone breast models. Results indicated that the vertical strip pattern was associated with significantly greater coverage of the breast area. There were no significant differences in lump detection; however, the sliding finger palpation technique resulted in significantly more false identifications of lumps.

Is Breast Self-Examination Predicted by Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, or Sociodemographic Characteristics?

The relationship of women's sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs to breast self-examination (BSE) practice is not clear. We therefore studied these variables among older women at risk for developing breast cancer to determine which might be associated with the sensitivity, specificity, and frequency of BSE practice. We interviewed 300 women 40 to 68 years of age and measured BSE sensitivity and specificity using manufactured silicone breast models containing lumps. Of 54 variables and 10 scales examined univariately, six were associated with BSE sensitivity, one was negatively associated with specificity, and 10 were associated with frequency. No variable was associated with more than one component of BSE practice, and BSE frequency was not associated with BSE sensitivity or specificity. Using multivariate analysis, BSE sensitivity was best explained by type of employment, health interest, and perceived vulnerability to breast cancer, which accounted for approximately 16% of the variance. BSE frequency was best explained by intention to perform BSE, knowing how to perform BSE, using the correct method of BSE, self-confidence in the ability to perform BSE monthly, and self-confidence in the ability to find small lumps. These variables accounted for 27% of the variance. Sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs poorly predicted how accurately women practiced BSE but somewhat better predicted how often women practiced BSE.