Breast Milk In Group Research Articles

The Use of Higher Secretory Immune Response of IgG And IgA in Breast Milk and Blood as a Donor Therapy in COVID-19 Survivor Mothers

Introduction: The breast milk of mothers recovering from COVID-19 has elevated levels of secretory-type antibodies, such as IgG and IgA. Furthermore, these antibodies serve as immunity, which can be passed on to the baby through breastfeeding. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between IgG and IgA levels in breast milk and blood of breastfeeding mothers who recovered from COVID-19 and assess other determinants. Methods: This was an analytical study, which was carried out using 54 participants who were equally divided into two groups, namely case and control. The case group consisted of individuals who were exposed to COVID-19, while the controls were not exposed. Blood and breast milk (each 5 CC) were then collected to determine the levels of IgG and IgA using the Eliza method. Furthermore, the test used 27 blood and 18 breast milk samples. Results: The statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in the levels of IgG and IgA in the breast milk and blood of the case and control groups. The average IgA in the blood and breast milk of the control was greater compared to the case group. Furthermore, the average IgG in the breast milk of the case group was greater compared to the controls. Based on the results, there was no difference in mean IgG in breast milk in both groups. Conclusion: The results showed that there were differences in mean IgA in the breast milk of both groups. The average IgA in the blood of the controls was greater than the case group, but the IgG in breast milk was lower.

High prevalence of breastmilk-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in jaundiced infants.

BackgroundOur objective was to evaluate the prevalence and different diagnostic methods of breastmilk (BM)‐acquired cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in a pathologically jaundiced cohort.MethodsA total of 400 infants confirmed with pathological jaundice at The People's Hospital of Qingyang City were screened for BM‐acquired CMV infection between February 2018 and February 2019. A total of 300 infants were finally enrolled in our study. CMV infection was confirmed by detecting both CMV‐DNA in various samples using FQ‐PCR and CMV‐IgM with chemiluminescence. Clinical and other laboratory data were collected from these infants during their hospitalization or regular visits.ResultsNinety‐eight (32.67%) subjects were confirmed to be BM CMV‐DNA–positive, and 18 (18.37%) were diagnosed with a BM‐acquired CMV infection. All 18 (100%) infants with a BM‐acquired CMV infection were CMV‐DNA–positive in urine, while 5 (27.78%) cases and 11 (61.11%) cases were confirmed in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), respectively. Only 6 (33.33%) infants were CMV‐IgM–positive. Birthweight, direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and the viral load in BM of the BM‐acquired CMV group were higher than those in the non‐infected group (P < .05). Low birthweight and viral load in BM were risk factors for BM‐acquired CMV infection. Detecting CMV‐DNA in urine samples exhibited better performance than the other methods for screening BM‐acquired CMV infections.ConclusionsOur study found a high prevalence of BM‐acquired CMV infection in jaundiced infants, and detecting CMV‐DNA in a urine sample was the most sensitive method for disease screening.

Preterm Infants May Better Tolerate Feeds at Temperatures Closer to Freshly Expressed Breast Milk: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Feeding intolerance is one of the most frequent problems among preterm infants. These infants are fed with expressed breast milk or preterm formulas of which the temperature is not routinely measured. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of feeds with warm milk versus room temperature milk in preterm infants. Infants with a birth weight ≤1,500 g or gestational age ≤34 weeks were included in the study and assigned to two different feeding temperature groups (22-24°C and 32-34°C). Some infants in both groups were exclusively breast milk-fed, and some received breast milk and artificial milk (mixed feeding). Feeding tolerance of infants in both groups and the consequences were evaluated. In total, 80 preterm infants (group 1 fed with milk at 22-24°C, n = 40; group 2 fed with milk at 32-34°C, n = 40) were prospectively included in the study. There was a slight decrease in gastric residual frequency in infants fed with breast milk in group 2. Apnea was significantly more frequent in group 1 (p = 0.006), and these infants needed more anti-reflux treatment (p = 0.013). According to our results, warming enteral feeds close to body temperature are encouraging especially due to the decrease in gastric residual frequency, apnea of prematurity, and need for anti-reflux treatment. More studies may confirm the positive effect of warm enteral feeds on feeding tolerance in preterm infants.

A study on the relationship between point mutation in pre-core region G1896A of hepatitis B virus and safety of breast feeding

To investigate the relationship between pre-core G1896A point mutation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and safety of breast feeding. Serum and breast milk samples were collected from 62 pregnant women of HBV DNA positive/HBeAg negative. PCR-solid phase hybridization was used to detect the point mutation in pre-core region G1896A of HBV from pregnant women, and HBV DNA loads in sera and breast milk were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR). The prevalence of point mutation was 61.3% (38/62) in 62 pregnant women with HBsAg positive/HBeAg negative. The positive rate of HBV DNA in breast milk of group with point mutation (28.9%) was similar to that of group without mutation (29.2%, chi2=0.0003, P>0.05). However, The positive rate of HBV DNA in breast milk of group with high HBV loads (56.0%) was significantly higher than that of group with low HBV loads (10.8%, chi2=14.79, P<0.01). The point mutation in pre-core region G1896A of HBV dose not affect the positive rate of HBV DNA in breast milk and higher HBV DNA loads in serum of pregnant women might increase the risk of mother-infant transmission.