Breadth Of Subjects Research Articles

Listening to things and spaces: Sound archives for design historians

Abstract Sound archives, beyond those of oral histories, have great potential to enrich design history discourse on key themes, invite new methodological approaches, and help expand the field’s subject breadth. Sound is, after all, a pervasive part of the designed world. It is intertwined with materiality, and is an important factor in how many users interact in and with spaces and artifacts. Yet the sonic qualities of designed objects, spaces, and systems are often “unheard” in design history literature and in conventional archives. This article outlines the potential of sound-focused research in design history through a discussion of several sound archives that reflect design history subject matter and concerns. The archives covered focus on the sounds of artifacts and spaces, which have seen less use in design history than those of oral histories. The sound-focused sources introduced here speak to design historical discourses on materiality, use, subjectivity, the everyday, environmental ecologies, and historical contingency. I argue, finally, that using sonic evidence invites the use of methodologies for listening and contributes to a rethinking of epistemological hierarchies in design history research.

Thomas Carlyle and the Idea of Influence, edited by Paul E. Kerry, Albert D. Pionke, and Megan Dent

Reviewed by: Thomas Carlyle and the Idea of Influence ed. by Paul E. Kerry, Albert D. Pionke, and Megan Dent Brent E. Kinser (bio) Thomas Carlyle and the Idea of Influence, edited by Paul E. Kerry, Albert D. Pionke, and Megan Dent; pp. xv + 394. London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, $120.00, $114.00 ebook. Influence is a tricky thing. Ample evidence for this truism can be found in Thomas Carlyle and the Idea of Influence. In an interesting and useful compilation from a variety of new and familiar voices, editors Paul E. Kerry, Albert D. Pionke, and Megan Dent have assembled eighteen essays derived from lectures given at the Oxford Research Center for the Humanities in July 2016. Organized in three sections on a wide range of topics and individuals, all of the essays, in various ways and degrees of success, reveal Thomas Carlyle's ubiquitous presence in nineteenth-century discourse. Given the breadth of subjects in the collection, readers will have no problem finding something of interest and of use, as well as new insights on both familiar and fresh topics. Where one expects to find Ralph Waldo Emerson (Stephanie Hicks), the laboring classes (Chris R. Vanden Bossche), and the subversion of modernity (Ralph Jessop), it is refreshing also to see the painter John Roddam Spencer Stanhope (Madeleine Emerald Thiele), dress studies (John M. Ulrich), and palimpsest (Pionke). In his trenchant analysis of Carlyle and Emerson's use of William Shakespeare, Tim Sommer makes a particularly salient point: "an exclusive focus on relations of influence, if thought of as linear and textually verifiable, threatens to obscure as much as it explains" (131). Certainly, this collection is at its best when the contributors avoid falling into the trap of viewing influence as a matter of causation. Further, if the collection makes an inarguable case for the presence of influence from various perspectives, it also reveals the problem of influence itself. There are, as there always must be, omissions—Walt Whitman, scientists such as John Tyndall and Thomas Huxley, Young Ireland, and detractors such as the translator, leader-writer, and influential acerb Abraham Hayward, for whom Carlyle's influence was a matter of revulsion. But one missing topic has taken on a new urgency since these lectures were given in 2016, the essay versions' publication in 2018, and this review's writing in 2021. Whether one considers Carlyle's influence in terms of a network, a tradition, a palimpsest, or a subversion of modernity, and when we debate how far that presence [End Page 301] extends, there remains an overarching question: does Carlyle's influence excuse his sometimes horrifyingly immoderate views? On this point, Michael Bentley offers a rather prescient and timely comment when he reminds readers of history's mutability: "No one has felt it necessary to destroy Carlyle's memorabilia, though he may yet go the way of Cecil Rhodes as an emblem of racism. He certainly deserves better than that" (273). But does he? There are a lot of historical figures going the way of Cecil Rhodes these days. And with the recent defacing of a Carlyle statue in Glasgow, it is clear that some people are now feeling a need to destroy "Carlyle's memorabilia." Further, with the National Trust's recent closure of his house in Chelsea, with no plans (at the time of this writing) to reopen, Carlyle's material presence in the world has been diminished—not that he would mind any statue coming down (see "Hudson's Statue" [1850]). To borrow Pionke's formulation of influence as palimpsest, the overriding question of the edition is why. Even if Carlyle's influence is ubiquitous, as this collection contends and convinces, why does it matter? The edition perhaps is more effective in raising this question than in answering it. And the problem is influence itself. On December 6, 1964, at St. Paul's cathedral, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered to more than 3,000 listeners a rather quotidian evensong sermon entitled "The Three Dimensions of a Complete Life." He was in London on his way to Oslo, where in a few days he would accept the Nobel Peace Prize. On December 7, at the...

Comparing Early Childhood Teacher Education in the subject Language learning and Early literacy in Denmark and Norway

Few studies highlight the content of early childhood teacher education (ECTE) and examine the quality of knowledge acquired by future early childhood teachers. The current study concerns two questions. The first explores the goals of the national curricula in Danish and Norwegian ECTE concerning children’s language learning and early literacy. The second explores how satisfied Danish and Norwegian student teachers are with their own subjective learning outcomes related to the same themes. To answer the first question, data were collected through document analysis of the two countries’ national curricula. To answer the second question, data were collected through a survey handed out to student teachers in both countries at the end of their education. The survey contained questions about factual, procedural, and meta-knowledge areas. The survey participants comprised 199 Norwegian student teachers from three University Colleges and 90 Danish student teachers from three separate campuses at one University College. This study reveals that the Norwegian student teachers evaluated their subjective learning outcomes in the fields of language learning and early literacy more highly than Danish student teachers. Our research points to the fact that, compared to the Norwegian ECTE, the breadth of subjects in the Danish ECTE bachelor program tends to give lower subjective learning outcomes in these knowledge areas.

15 years of Nature Physics

Over the last 15 years, the content of Nature Physics has covered an enormous breadth of subjects at the forefront of physics. The journal’s past and present editors recount their favourite papers and what made chaperoning them to publication special.

À la recherche d'une humanité durable by Michel Juffé

Reviewed by: À la recherche d'une humanité durable by Michel Juffé Abbey Carrico Juffé, Michel. À la recherche d'une humanité durable. L'Harmattan, 2018. ISBN 978-2-343-15719-1. Pp. 194. If Nature can be considered all-encompassing, self-creating, and self-sustaining, where does humanity fit? More precisely, how does humanity continue to fit and sustain itself when its influence on Nature, humans included, has proven so harmful? French philosopher Michel Juffé offers historical, scientific, and philosophical insight necessary to promote an ideological shift, "une réforme profonde de nos mœurs [...] et la nécessaire mesure de nos actions," that could ensure a future concerned not simply with existence but with quality of existence (138). As he claims, "Il ne suffit pas de proclamer que l'on veut préserver les générations futures, encore faut-il savoir dans quels buts et à quelles conditions" (13). Juffé challenges the reader with a deep knowledge [End Page 204] and breadth of subjects (astronomy, economics, ethology, climate change, etc.) as well as with certain controversial claims. For example, he reveals problems with the deep ecology movement of the 1990s whose language "continue à opposer l'homme au reste de la Nature" (71), and with Bruno Latour's popularized rhetoric of "human/non-human." Juffé suggests anti-tree-cruelty laws may need to be in place, and that as far as it concerns the "'persévérance dans l'être', les fabrications des fourmis sont aussi sophistiquées que les nôtres" (126). This work simultaneously reveals Juffé's broad expertise and the multifaceted nature of sustainability itself which concerns all aspects of life: socio-political, ecological, and economic, to name a few. Following evolutionary theory, cosmological argument, and a Spinozian philosophical grounding, Juffé rejects a teleological and hierarchical positioning of the human as the "end all be all" of Nature, claiming instead that humans—just like all other beings—are part of Nature and are primarily concerned with self-preservation, whatever the cost. He questions whether humans are the only ones capable of reflective communicative abilities, asserting "peut-être la croûte terrestre elle-même a-t-elle des capacités de réception d'information que nous ignorons" (105). He insists on the importance of perspective, adaptability, and the limitations of humans. However, the primary tension in his argument is the paradox of decentering, desacralizing, and de-hierarchizing the human while maintaining humans are different (and able to write and communicate the need for a sustainability plan, for instance). The primary strength and potential significance of this work is its comprehensive and critical analysis of humanity's current and past condition and relation to Nature. Juffé understands that for anything to motivate humans to change, certain fundamentals must be addressed, starting with, as he has set out to do in this book, "une description commune de la Nature et de ses diverses dynamiques" (176). With French ecocriticism on the rise and sustainability concerns spanning multiple, if not all, disciplinary modalities, sustainability research in French and Francophone studies is increasingly pertinent. Juffé's work will be important and influential to scholars desiring a nuanced philosophical foundation to the current human condition as well as ideas for how to pursue an "éthique pour une humanité durable" (176). Abbey Carrico Virginia Military Institute Copyright © 2019 American Association of Teachers of French

Sustainability and marketing in tourism: its contexts, paradoxes, approaches, challenges and potential

ABSTRACTTourism marketing has typically been seen as exploitative and fuelling hedonistic consumerism. Sustainability marketing can, however, use marketing skills and techniques to good purpose, by understanding market needs, designing more sustainable products and identifying more persuasive methods of communication to bring behavioural change. This article summarises the latest research on the theories, methods and results of marketing that seeks to make tourist destinations better places to live in, and better places to visit. It explores sustainability marketing's two fundamental approaches, that of market development, using market segmentation, and that of sustainable product development. It introduces a Special Issue of the Journal of Sustainable Tourism on sustainable marketing, sharing evidence on the motivations, mechanisms and barriers that businesses encounter, and on successes in changing consumer behaviour and pursuing sustainability goals. Particular attention is given to the methodologies of sustainable tourism marketing, to the subject's breadth and complexity, and to its many innovations. Further research is called for to fully understand what contextual aspects influence these pro-sustainability interventions to achieve which outcomes in other settings, in order to validate some of the exploratory studies discussed, and establish the feasibility of scaling up pilot studies for more general use.

Mikhail Gronas Cognitive Poetics and Cultural Memory: Russian Literary MnemonicsCognitive Poetics and Cultural Memory: Russian Literary Mnemonics. Mikhail Gronas. New York: Routledge, 2011. Pp. xiii+174.

<i>Mikhail Gronas</i> Cognitive Poetics and Cultural Memory: Russian Literary Mnemonics<i>Cognitive Poetics and Cultural Memory: Russian Literary Mnemonics</i>. Mikhail Gronas. New York: Routledge, 2011. Pp. xiii+174.

Enquiring into primary teachers' geographical knowledge

Subject knowledge is an important component of primary teachers' repertoire, though it has not been studied widely beyond their understandings of aspects of science and mathematics. Evaluations of the quality of teachers' geographical knowledge for teaching primary geography indicate a disparity between high quality teachers and less strong teachers. Good or weaker geography subject knowledge influences primary teachers' capacity to plan well for and intervene effectively in children's learning. This small-scale interview-based enquiry explores several teachers' senses of geography subject knowledge. They are enthusiasts for geography and are identified as expert teachers of the subject in their classes and schools. Five themes emerge as very tentative findings from their reflections: the subject's breadth, knowledge about the world, a living subject, an accessible subject for children and need for geography to be visible in the curriculum. There are indications that these primary teachers have a sense of geographical knowledge as informational knowledge, conceptual knowledge and geographical thinking. However, there were limits to these teachers' clear articulations of their understandings. Questions emerge about the nature and value of subject knowledge in relation to pedagogical content knowledge for primary teachers.

Integrated assessment and management of ambient particulate matter: International perspective and current research in Serbia

Air pollution mitigation is a necessity in Serbia, due to its high levels of criteria pollutants in ambient environment. Successful implementation of mitigation measures requires access to sufficient information from national research, and well running and efficient local participatory processes. To support air pollution mitigation in the West Balkan region, the WeBIOPATR project started a series of bi-annual conferences in 2007. They bring together an inter-disciplinary research community and local and national administrations from Serbia and its neighborhood, to present research results from Serbia and countries all over the world, and to share knowledge and best practices of mitigation. The conferences promote research that may support integrated assessment of particulate matter, and further refinement of the ?Pressures-State-Impact? (PSI) part of the ?Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response? (DPSIR) framework. Integrated approach needs to be underpinned by solid disciplinary research covering e.g. air quality monitoring technologies, atmospheric and further ambient composition, atmospheric modeling, biological effects and human health. WeBIOPATR conferences report on recently performed studies of particulate matter in Serbia and abroad. Through the breadth of subjects and audience, they bring together a wide inter-disciplinary and cross-sectoral expertise in support of translation of research to practice. They also allow to present examples of successful mitigation achieved with the help of strong local participatory environmental governance, demonstrating the increasing recognition of the need to involve both public and private actors. This paper gives the main features of a full chain approach and elements of integrated approach to particulate matter research, summarizes the proceedings of the 3rd WeBIOPATR conference, and in addition, reviews the results of particulate matter monitoring and source identification studies in Serbia since the monitoring start ten years ago.

Review of Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science

Other reviewers have pointed out the encyclopedic nature of this book. Indeed, it covers every conceivable aspect of garlic, alliums, and the chemistry of their organosulfur and organoselenium compounds. The space allocated for this review is insufficient to list the topics covered in the six chapters in the book. The breadth of subjects, including garlic and alliums in history, literature, cooking, and medicine, make the book accessible to a wide audience, as evidenced by Harold McGee’s article about this book and its author in the food and dining section of The New York Times. This is an important, comprehensive, scholarly, and readable treatise. Note that Block’s scholarship translates into a festive cornucopia of information, not a pedantic compendium. Whatever you may wish to know about garlic and onions is here. You are not familiar with the decorative garlics many of us plant in our gardens? See the photographs on page 17. Looking for all of Shakespeare’s references to garlic? Begin on page 36. Or, like me, trying to remember that colorful reaction of garlic compounds in Indian dishes that produces a green or blue color that Harold McGee wrote about? Check page 209. Still vague on what happens when you cut open an onion? The chemistry and biochemistry of garlic and onions merits over 150 pages, presented as a history of the research that led to the characterization of garlic oil, allicin, and the onion lachrymatory factor. The book is a paragon of scholarship, in that over 100 of the 400þ pages are devoted to the bibliography, references, tables, and illustrations. The author has done his homework—and obviously enjoyed it! Block’s book merits praise because, in the midst of this miniature encyclopedia, I found chemistry I could use. For example, his reproduction of Hofmann’s synthesis of garlic oil, or diallyl sulfide, became the basis for a new experiment in my organic laboratory course this past fall. Students had the opportunity to read the original procedure from the mid-19th century, discover the differences in the language of organic chemistry of that period and the present, and, in most cases, create an aroma that provoked a student to exclaim, “Olive Garden!”. In addition, the reaction served as the basis for a lecture course assignment on substitution reactions. Another example: Block presents Stoll and Seebeck’s synthesis of alliin, in which their initial work produced amixture of diastereomers, exhibitingdifferent properties than the targetmolecule.The structures of the alliin stereoisomers made an excellent exam question over stereochemistry using sulfur as one of the stereocenters. This book was a sweet read in that it introduces unfamiliar chemistry that led me to reevaluate familiar chemistry. For example, I studied microwave spectroscopy in a graduate course but have never used the technique nor encountered its applications since. Reading about the characterization of the structure of thioformaldehyde via microwave spectroscopy, and the significance of the work, gave me new appreciation for the technique. (In other words, studying microwave spectroscopy was not, after all, a waste of time.) In the case of the alliin stereochemistry described earlier, I had to research sulfur stereocenters. Most undergraduate texts treat the inversion of nitrogen stereocenters with lone pairs, but do not discuss the room-temperature stability of sulfur stereocenters. Horace also warned writers that sometimes even Homer nods. Given the detail in which Block discusses synthetic methods, characterization, analytical techniques, and mechanistic studies, the chapters on allium chemistry may require more attention than you wish to give during a first reading. He is, however, considerate of the reader and summarizes the chemistry of Chapter 3 at the beginning of Chapter 4, and provides another summary of allium chemistry at the end of Chapter 4. I started Block’s book as a reviewer and became an admirer. A book that contributes so richly tomy teaching and understanding of chemistry is a rare pleasure.

Neuro-ophthalmology: through a wide angle lens

“Neuro-ophthalmology” To the casual observer, the name suggests a field limited to the study of the nerves that see and move the eyes. In actuality, neuro-ophthalmology is a complex subspecialty that merges clinical expertise, fundamental science and applied technology from a variety of related disciplines, including neurology, neurophysiology, developmental anatomy, ophthalmology, visual science, radiology, internal medicine and molecular biology, with the goal to better understand how disorders of the brain and systemic abnormalities affect the visual system. The Past: The origins of neuro-ophthalmology are deeply rooted in clinical medicine. In the early 20th century, physicians were increasingly aware that brain and systemic abnormalities could cause a variety of visual symptoms and signs. Our forefathers, in the era before modern radiology, combined a particular knack for observation, deftness of examination and knowledge in the more subtle aspects of neuroanatomy to shape a discipline that focused on precision of anatomic localization of a clinical deficit and erudition of the differential diagnosis. The importance of visual anatomy and physiology was emphasized in a 1945 textbook simply entitled “Neuro-ophthalmology” by Donald Lyle (Lyle, 1945). The first comprehensive clinical textbook dedicated to this discipline appeared in 1947, authored by Dr. Frank B. Walsh (Walsh, 1947), considered by many as the founder of clinical neuro-ophthalmology. The excitement and enthusiasm created by this compendium of clinical vignettes spawned a new generation of clinicians who actively sought specialized training in this newly emerging subspecialty called neuro-ophthalmology. In the span of just 50-plus years, neuro-ophthalmology has enjoyed a growth of exponential proportions, both in the depth and breadth of subjects and themes under its aegis. The Future: Neuro-ophthalmology is not just about clinical diagnosis and disease. It aims to a greater fundamental understanding of visual perception, neuronal signaling and cortical processing as well as the neural basis, control and mechanics of the head and eyes. It develops experimental models of injury and repair and applies those principles to clinical disease. It incorporates new imaging techniques which allow higher definition of the retina, the optic nerve and the central visual pathways and examines novel methods for restoring vision such as prosthetic devices, implants, neuronal regeneration and gene therapy. And yet neuro-ophthalmology will never lose sense of its roots, striving for excellence in education and patient care while promoting clinical research and trials that address issues and controversies relevant to the its practice. This new century will see neuro-ophthalmology expanded and redefined to include these and other aspects of its ever-diversifying frontiers. At first glance, this broadened scope of neuro-ophthalmology may seem a daunting and perhaps even intimidating prospect to anyone wishing to enter the subspecialty of neuro-ophthalmology. It should not. The multifaceted aspect of neuro-ophthalmology is its greatest appeal: anyone and everyone can make an important contribution to this exciting subspecialty.

Plant form and function

Plant form and function

The wealth of trees and the pressures of population

It is a pleasure to introduce the second in what promises, and deserves, to be a long series of this journal on the importantareas of conservation and development in Madagascar.The first edition was impressive both in its breadth of subjects and in its depth of detail. This edition has more of a focus, and the subject is principally trees. The richness of the forests in Madagascar and the wealth of remarkable creaturesthey support are well-known. The pressures on the forests are equally well-known, and lie at the heart of the issues that dominate debate on the balance of development and conservation. It is now increasingly evident that the need to conserve natural assets is not only compatible with economic and social development but is to a large extent dependent on it: people desperate for resources to live cannot be expected to be as sparing of precious trees and the like as others would want them to be. But it is also clear that the potential drivers of economic development in Madagascar can bring their own pressures on the environment, in areas such as mining (due to increase its contribution from 4% of GDP now to 30% by 2012), road - building and even tourism, even though sensible eco - tourism is the type of development that seems well-suited to satisfy the interests of all parties. The proposals in President Ravalomanana’s Madagascar Action Plan do at least reflect his concern to protect the natural resources of the country, and he has made substantial steps in increasing protected areas of the natural environment while promoting a better business environment to encourage investment. The pressure of population growth is of critical importance. When I was first in Madagascar in 1967 the country’s population was 6 million. Now it is estimated to be some 19 million and is forecast to grow to more than 50 million by the year 2030. Substantial economic growth is needed just to match that growth in population, let alone to improve living standards, and the impact of such large numbers of people on natural resources is considerable. It is of crucial importance that the Malagasy government is able to make good progress towards its target of reducing the average size of families to 3 - 4 children from the present figure of 5.4. I would like to mention the issue of funding, and to finish with a request for some assistance. The running costs of the journal are remarkably low: the articles that are submitted are done so freely; the editors contribute their time for no charge; and the fact that the journal is distributed online keeps publishing costs down. However, there are still lay - out charges that amount to several thousand Euros. The editors would also like, with good reason, to be able to distribute the journal more widely in Madagascar itself and they believe that they can best achieve this by offering there a paper as well as an electronic version, which would entail printing costs of a similar amount. If you are able to contribute in any way, or if you have any suggestions on the raising of funds, then please do get in touch with the editors.

Case-based reasoning commentaries: introduction

We are delighted to present this special issue of The Knowledge Engineering Review, as it marks a significant accomplishment of the case-based reasoning (CBR) community. Its 19 commentaries, written by 41 authors, represent a compendium on the state-of-the-art in CBR. These evolved from a 2003 workshop that was held at Waiheke Island and Queenstown, New Zealand and chaired by Alec Holt and Ian Watson. The workshop's delegates identified the primary topics of CBR research and application, selected representative influential publications for each topic, and were encouraged to co-author commentaries on each topic with other CBR experts who were unable to attend. These collaborations produced the articles you now see. While several reviews exist on CBR (e.g. Marir &amp; Watson, 1994; López de Mántaras &amp; Plaza, 1997; Lenz et al., 1998), few have been published recently or have similar historical and subject breadth.

Environmental auditing: concepts, methods and developments

Environmental auditing is most frequently thought of as an environmental management tool employed by businesses to facilitate better management of their environmental performance. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the origins and development of environmental auditing as a key management technique and as a self regulatory tool thought to have emerged in response to greater public and business awareness of environmental issues. Although environmental auditing is not precisely defined, a growing consensus around a broad group of criteria suggests that a number of audit types fall under the umbrella term. Conversely some activities exist which are inappropriately referred to as environmental audits. Some voluntary environmental codes specifically mention environmental auditing but these codes appear to be undersupported by businesses and seem to lack credibility. Ensuring the credibility of environmental audits with interested stakeholders may be assisted by external independent assessment of the process. Environmental auditing uniqueness appears to arise from the breadth of subjects covered in the process, the range of measurements and different types of data collected and the skills required to undertake an environmental audit, rather than the techniques employed.

Hofstede's Model of National Culture

ABSTRACT The extent to which Hofstede's model of national culture has been applied within a business context is reviewed. A search of a computerized index of scholarly business journals provided a total of 54 articles published within the business disciplines since 1980 which used Hofstede's model as a research technique. Those articles are classified by their level of analysis-country (22 articles), organization (12 articles), and individual (20 articles)-and then subclassified by their specific foci. This study indicates that Hofstede's model is indeed robust and has been successfully used to conduct both empirical and conceptual research across a great breadth of subjects.

Three Steps from Typewriter to Catalogue:

This paper reviews the recent history of computerassisted cataloguing of early manuscripts and summarizes the origin and current status of five such projects. It discusscs in detail the Benjamin Catalogue for the tlistory of Science and in less detail the International Computer Catalogue of Mcdieval Scientific Manuscripts. The Benjamin Catalogue was begun by the late Francis S. Benjamin who compiled 17,600 descriptions of Latin manuscripts written A.D.200-1800. These descriptions are extremely rich in their variety of sources, breadth of subjects, and depth of information. Since Benjamin's death in 1973 the project has been continued by his former students, Nan L. Ilahn and Wesley M. Stevens. Three years of cataloguing and preservation of the collection were followed by the gradual development of a scheme for encoding the descriptions into machine-readable form. The result is a code o f 110 data fields that has proved to be efficient for the researcher to use as well as for the computer to manage. The project uses the Bibliographic and Grouping System (BAG/2) by John B. Smith as its data management system. The principals joined forces with the Munich-based ICC MSM in 1982, ind the two groups have made their encoding systems compatible. They have shared descriptions of all encoded materials, and their cooperative effort has expanded to include three other manuscript projects. Since 1985 they have held three international workshops to advance cooperation among these groups.

Socializing Attribution: Generalization to “Real” Social Environments1

Social status variables have been shown to influence attributional judgments, but their effects have been demonstrated almost entirely in experimental settings. The influence of such statuses in experimental settings may differ from their influence in natural settings. We examined the influence on attributional judgments of the status characteristics of both subjects and actors in conjunction with variations in the degree of “real world” characteristics of both subjects and social context. These comparisons were drawn through a partial replication of earlier research investigating the effects of a social status variable, victim sex, and a situational variable—type of assault—on attributions about an assault victim. The social status characteristic, victim sex, had less influence on attributions in an adult juror sample than in a student sample and testimony‐related characteristics were more influential in the adult juror sample than in the student sample. Thus, the categories of variables that influence attributions appear to depend on the context of judgment and on the breadth of subjects' life experience. These findings are discussed and we conclude with the caution that careful identification of the differences produced by context and subject characteristics is necessary to support generalization of laboratory‐based research.

Bradford's law and the Nigerian entomological literature

—Journal citations in Bibliography of entomological research in Nigeria: 1900–1973 were subjected to Bradford analysis with the view of evaluating the completeness of the bibliography and determining the core journals and core authors. As to the completeness of the bibliography, it was inferred that the bibliography is 93% complete in terms of journals and 84% complete in terms of articles. On further testing the law for its applicability on author distribution, it was observed that the observed value for total number of authors was just a little above 50% of the actual figure. This may suggest that as in a similar study Bradford’s law may not be as applicable to author distribution as it is for literature although the verbal formulation of the law has been found to be applicable to users distribution of periodical literature in a library. On the other hand, the investigation revealed that only three journals (i.e. 1.4% of the total number of 216 listed in the bibliography) form the core, while out of 650 authors, 21 constitute the core. The analysis also reveals an interesting phenomenon with the parameters (a measure of subject breadth being negative).

The training aspect of sandwich courses

Since the mid‐nineteenth century when the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes became an examining body, considerable changes have occurred in technical education, resulting in increasing breadth of subjects and depth of scientific knowledge. The pattern of study for the National Certificate scheme took the form of attendance at evening classes. This developed in numerous ways and Ordinary and Higher National Certificate courses are available by evening class attendance, part‐time day release, a combination of part‐time day and evening classes, or intensive full‐time courses like those prominent during World War II which enabled students to complete the requirements for the Higher National Certificates in about 26 weeks. Such awards were subject to satisfactory completion of and examination in an A1 scheme of work followed by success in the equivalent A2 scheme, each scheme occupying about thirteen weeks. This pattern is now continued in the form of block release courses involving similar periods of attendance.