Breach Of Human Rights Research Articles

Women's attitudes towards intimate partner violence in Guyana: a population-based study

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global health issue and a breach of human rights. However, the literature lacks understanding of how socioeconomic and geographic disparities influence women's attitudes toward IPV in Guyana over time. This study aimed to assess trends in women's attitudes about IPV in Guyana. Data from three nationally representative surveys from 2009, 2014 to 2019 were analysed. The prevalence of women's attitudes about IPV was assessed, specifically in response to going out without telling their partners, neglecting their children, arguing with their partner, refusing sex with their partner, or burning food prepared for family meals. A series of stratified subgroup analyses were also completed. We assessed trends in IPV using the slope index of inequality (SII) and the concentration index of inequality (CIX). We used multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression to assess factors associated with women's attitudes justifying IPV. The prevalence of women's attitudes justifying IPV for any of the five reasons declined from 16.4% (95% CI: 15.1-17.8) in 2009 to 10.8% (95% CI: 9.7-12.0) in 2019. Marked geographic and socioeconomic inequalities were observed among subgroups. The SII for any of the five reasons decreased from-20.02 to-14.28, while the CIX remained constant over time. Key factors associated with women's attitudes about IPV were area of residence, sex of the household head, marital status, respondent's level of education, wealth index quintile, and the frequency of reading newspapers/magazines. From 2009 to 2019, Guyana was able to reduce women's attitudes justifying IPV against women by 34.1% and shortened subgroup inequalities. However, the prevalence remained high in 2019, with persisted inequalities among subgroups. Effective strategies, including the use of media to raise awareness, promotion of community-based approaches, and educational campaigns focusing on geographic and socioeconomic disparities, are essential for continuing to reduce the prevalence of IPV and associated inequalities. The study was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health, Fogarty International Center grant number D43TW012189.

TECHNOLOGY AND LEGAL CHALLENGES OF CONTEMPORARY ARMED CONFLICT

The purpose of the article is to research the relationship between IHL, IHRL and national law norms, and to give recommendations about the prevention of using technologies in contemporary armed conflicts. Research methods: in the article, the research was carried out using the comparative-legal method in order to present the relationship between international and national legal norms. Also, we will use the normative method to emphasize the need of introduction of new norms to regulate the problem. Results: after the World War II, adoption of the new international norms significantly decreased the war statistics, however, in recent years, development of technologies, which was further accelerated by the pandemic, changed the mentioned statistics, to the extent that new technologies are actively used in war. Unfortunately, preventive and/or prohibitive international norms do not exist, therefore, we do not have the practice of regulating them. Paucity of regulative norms and the absence of proper literature in this field underscores the relevance of this topic. The use of new technologies can lead to violations of the principles of international law and human rights, which requires the creation of preventive mechanisms within the framework of international law. Discussion: the relevance of the topic is also determined by the war situation in the world, which reminds us that against the backdrop of challenges in international law, there is a gap in terms of illegal integration of technologies in contemporary armed conflicts, which, as a result, leads to a breach of human rights and violation of the norms of both the Geneva Convention and the European Convention on Human Rights.

A Legal Obligation on UK Employers to Conduct Labour Law Due Diligence: A Substantive Proposal

Abstract The use of non-financial reporting and due diligence legislation to force companies to address specific adverse effects of their operations has become an increasingly common tool for policymakers in recent years. To date, international legislative activity has mainly focussed on potential breaches of human rights and environmental obligations but has also included aspects of labour law. This article proposes a new law that adapts the concept of corporate due diligence to the field of labour law. The new law uses a reflexive model of legislation which is referred to as Labour Law Due Diligence. The under-resourced system of labour market enforcement in the UK and workers’ reluctance to use litigation to defend their rights means that persistent non-compliance by employers can go unpunished. Employers would be obliged to carry out an annual audit to assess whether they comply with key labour law obligations and make the results public. Non-compliant employers would need to remedy any unlawful practices within a year or face the prospect of enforcement action being taken against them. Through an evaluation of UK legislation which has attempted to force companies to address specific legislative goals through public disclosure of data, the article seeks to address the weaknesses of such legislation by involving stakeholders and introducing robust systems of enforcement.

Tracing the Untraceables: A Joint Outbreak Investigation With Law Enforcement Using a Geographic Information System.

The application of geospatial data often allows the tracing of people who are involved in activities of an illegal nature. In June 2021, we estimated the true magnitude of the spread of COVID-19 within the networks of escort-karaoke bars in Seoul, Republic of Korea, using geographic information system (GIS)-based contact tracing that was applied to our epidemiological investigation. Our joint rapid response team, composed of epidemic investigation officers and police personnel, identified 19 paper-traced cases and 158 GIS-traced cases from 5,692 confirmed cases in Seoul during the study period (June to July 2021). Our findings suggest that collaboration with law enforcement agencies and the use of overlaid satellite imagery in outbreak investigations enhances high vigilance and reduces the risk of potential breaches of human rights in the process.

Addressing Workplace Bullying: Protecting Human Rights in The Modern Workplace

Purpose: This paper aims to highlight how crucial it is to address workplace bullying as a violation of human rights and to provide ideas for both prevention and intervention. It seeks to draw attention to the negative consequences of workplace bullying on people and organizations while also providing advice on creating a secure and welcoming workplace that supports the rights and dignity of every employee. Methodology: The research and literature on workplace bullying, human rights concepts, and successful preventative and intervention measures are all thoroughly reviewed in this study. The data was acquired from a variety of sources, including academic research, international human rights norms, legislative frameworks, and case studies from the actual world. This data is combined to give a comprehensive picture of workplace bullying, its effects, and effective ways to deal with it. Results: According to the study, bullying at work hurts people's physical, emotional, and psychological health as well as an organization's production, morale, and reputation. The study discusses several kinds of workplace bullying, typical bullying conduct, and its effects on people and organizations. It also emphasizes the significance of workplace human rights norms, such as the right to dignity, a secure work environment, and freedom from harassment and discrimination. Conclusion: As a breach of human rights, workplace bullying is a major problem that has to be addressed. By implementing thorough anti-bullying policies, fostering an inclusive culture, providing accessible reporting mechanisms, providing training and education, and ensuring efficient investigation and resolution procedures, organizations can prevent and address workplace bullying.

Frontex and access to justice: The need for effective monitoring mechanisms

AbstractAccess to justice depends on the ability of the person who is alleging a breach of human rights to establish to a credible extent the facts of the case. Where the individual is unable to provide supporting documentation about the facts, the claims are likely to be found inadmissible, or at least the defendant's lawyers are likely to seek to have the case dismissed on the basis of no case to answer. The transnational nature of state authorities' violence in external border controls (border violence) complicates the ability of victims to establish what has actually happened. Indeed, victims are often on one side of the border and those seeking to assist them on the other, while border police themselves are most reluctant to assist in establishing facts which may result in liability for themselves. This article examines how the EU can establish effective monitoring mechanisms with the competence to investigate allegations of state agencies' border violence building on existing structures.

Missionary Dilemmas in Times of Persecution Case Ethiopia

Under the Communist regime in Ethiopia, 1974-1991, the evangelical churches were subject to severe persecution, with more than 3,000 church buildings closed and pastors imprisoned, tortured, and killed. In this situation a group of missionaries was asked by the leadership of the Lutheran church to pass on information to the Lutheran World Federation. This was a politically charged request and, therefore, a risky undertaking. At the same time the harassment of the churches constituted serious breaches of human rights. This article explores the dilemmas of conscience of the missionaries and how the dilemmas were solved. At the same time, the article sheds light on dilemmas of missions and churches, locally and internationally, in relation to brutal dictatorships. It also shows how a church is forced from a position of critical engagement in society to submission and silence.

Ethical challenges for nurses delivering coercive interventions in community mental health settings: A scoping review.

The number of Australians subject to coercive interventions in community mental health services continues to increase. This is in the context of a growing awareness of the harms from coercion, increasing concerns about potential breaches of human rights and an ongoing uncertainty regarding the clinical benefits of community treatment orders, the primary instrument of legislated coercion in community mental health services. Nurses in community mental health services are on the frontline with regard to coercion. They police the requirements of the community treatment order, administer medication to people in community settings without their consent and facilitate re-hospitalisation if indicated. Coercive practice contradicts the person-centred, recovery-oriented and trauma-informed care principles that inform contemporary mental health nursing. This contradiction may generate ethical challenges for nurses and result in ethical distress. The aim of this scoping review was to map the research literature on how nurses in community mental health settings recognise and manage the harm associated with the administration of coercive interventions and consider the ethical challenges that may arise within this practice. The search strategy yielded 562 studies with author consensus determining a total of three articles as meeting the inclusion criteria. The resulting literature identified three themes: (1) maintaining the therapeutic relationship, (2) promoting autonomy and (3) using subtle forms of control. This review demonstrated that there is minimal research that has considered the ethical challenges related to the use of coercion by nurses in community mental health settings.

Screening trauma and violence: Representation of insurgency in select films from Assam

ABSTRACT The paper examines two films, Haanduk (2016) and Jwlwi: The Seed (2019), which explore the issues of identity and insurgency in Assam. Insurgency began in Assam during the 1980s when the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), an organisation that emerged along with the Assam Movement (1979–1985), started an armed uprising for an independent Assam. Meanwhile, the Bodos also engaged in violent insurrection, seeking to establish an independent state. As a response to these uprisings, the Union Government implemented several measures, such as the enactment of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958 (AFSPA), that transformed Assam and the Northeast region into a heavily militarized area. The military executed multiple counter-insurgency operations to quell the armed rebellions. However, in the middle of these occurrences, accounts of violence promoted by the state, violations of human rights, and instances of torture emerged in both local and international media outlets. This engendered a feeling of apprehension and psychological distress among numerous people throughout Assam. The paper aims to critically examine the ideological dimensions of how the concerns related to insurgency are depicted in the select films. Additionally, it will also examine the portrayal of trauma and breaches of human rights in the select films.

In Search of A Just And Equitable Agricultural Land Dispute Settlement In Indonesia

Agricultural land dispute is commonly resolved by a non-judicial settlement. It however experienced silent conflict and a just and due process of law due to multiple interests involved. Responding to these salient disputes, in 2021 the International Institute for Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) established a legal guide to assist developing countries to draft a more sustainable and responsible agricultural land investment contract (ALIC). In Liew to the UN Guiding Principle on Business and Human Rights (2011), the state and enterprises shall exercise adequate oversight to protect the breach of human rights including the customary land rights. The research aims at assessing the agricultural land dispute settlement pursuant to ALIC. It was found that land dispute settlement was dependent upon the maintenance of social control consisting of a dynamic mixture of informal and formal systems. This type of social control enabled creating a balance between disputants, minimizing transactional costs and promoting effective law enforcement. The article elaborated land dispute settlement in two different cases in Indonesia and discusses non-litigation hybrid model of land dispute resolution to promote a better strategy for resolving a land dispute in Indonesia. At the same time, this model may serve as a potential method to provide a better strategy to promote private rulemaking to prevent further disputes as a transition to the application of ALIC.

Addressing Workplace Bullying: Protecting Human Rights in the Modern Workplace

Purpose: This paper aims to highlight how crucial it is to address workplace bullying as a violation of human rights and to provide ideas for both prevention and intervention. It seeks to draw attention to the negative consequences of workplace bullying on people and organizations while also providing advice on creating a secure and welcoming workplace that supports the rights and dignity of every employee. Methodology: The research and literature on workplace bullying, human rights concepts, and successful preventative and intervention measures are all thoroughly reviewed in this study. The data was acquired from a variety of sources, including academic research, international human rights norms, legislative frameworks, and case studies from the actual world. This data is combined to give a comprehensive picture of workplace bullying, its effects, and effective ways to deal with it. Results: According to the study, bullying at work hurts people's physical, emotional, and psychological health as well as an organization's production, morale, and reputation. The study discusses several kinds of workplace bullying, typical bullying conduct, and its effects on people and organizations. It also emphasizes the significance of workplace human rights norms, such as the right to dignity, a secure work environment, and freedom from harassment and discrimination. Conclusion: As a breach of human rights, workplace bullying is a major problem that has to be addressed. By implementing thorough anti-bullying policies, fostering an inclusive culture, providing accessible reporting mechanisms, providing training and education, and ensuring efficient investigation and resolution procedures, organizations can prevent and address workplace bullying.

Irregular migration of vulnerable groups to Ecuador: a breach of human rights

The reasons behind the irregular migration of children and pregnant women are diverse and complex, but political instability, violence, and poverty in their home countries stand out. Due to its geographical location and relatively flexible migration policies, Ecuador has become a transit and destination point for many vulnerable migrants. Children embarking on this perilous journey face countless risks, including exploitation, trafficking, and abuse. It is crucial to implement policies that safeguard their rights and well-being, while also providing access to essential services such as education and healthcare. Pregnant women also confront a delicate situation, as the journey can jeopardize their health and that of their babies. The lack of adequate healthcare access during the journey and in the destination, country exacerbates their vulnerabilities. Addressing this issue demands a comprehensive and coordinated response involving the governments of origin, transit, and destination countries. Establishing specific protection and assistance measures for the most vulnerable groups is essential, ensuring their human rights are upheld and offering opportunities for a dignified and secure life.

Human Rights Violations, Moral Emotions, and Moral Disengagement: How States use Moral Disengagement to Justify their Human Rights Abuses

Abstract: States often use strategic messaging in order to defend their human rights violations. Such messaging often relies on promoting exclusionary ideologies or referencing national security doctrines in order to justify a breach of human rights. Less understood, however, are the specific mechanisms that makes such justifications so effective, especially when they aim to excuse unthinkable human rights atrocities. This is important to understand in order to prevent states from relying on these strategies and to hold them accountable when they violate human rights. To address this, the article demonstrates the role that emotion plays in the politics of human rights. Specifically, the article argues that states employ emotionally manipulative/deceptive strategies in attempts to either defend or obscure their human rights abuses. It builds on recent research in both the political and psychological sciences that evidence the role that emotion plays in issues of morality, rights, and justice. Research in this area refers to ‘moral emotions’ which are implicated in informing and communicating moral judgements, as well as motivating moral behaviour. This article argues that states effectively work to manipulate, or ‘disengage’, those emotional processes involved in moral judgements in attempts to reconstrue their human rights abuses as morally acceptable. In doing so, it advances our understanding as to how human rights violations persist, while also contributing to the literature on human rights theory and the role that emotion plays in the politics of human rights.

Knowledge and Problems Encountered During Teenage Pregnancy in Afgoi District, Somalia: A Descriptive Cross- Sectional Study

Pregnancy in a female under the age of 19 is referred to as teenage pregnancy or adolescent pregnancy. Due to the detrimental effects on the prospective bride and her offspring, teenage pregnancy has been referred to as a breach of human rights and a destructive practice. This paper investigates the knowledge and problems encountered during teenage pregnancy in Afgoi District, and the important implications for effective teenage pregnancy interventions. In the Afgoi District, this crosssectional study was carried out. Information was gathered from 150 teenagers. The data that was gathered thrown the use of the questionnaires that the respondents answered comprised determined the characteristics of the respondents, the extent of knowledge on early pregnancy among the respondents, and problems encountered about the experience of adolescent pregnancy. After analysing our data, we found; In about (PS=47.33) of the respondents were moderately knowledgeable about knowledge of Pregnancy and problems encountered. The current study found; (PS=45.33) of the respondents were moderately knowledgeable of Teenagers are more susceptible than mothers of average age to high blood pressure associated with pregnancy and its complications. However, the majority of the respondents are slightly knowledgeable that Smoking during pregnancy has been found to diminish birth weight and result in premature birth in babies (PS=20.67), while drugs and alcohol can have highly harmful effects on a mother and her unborn child (PS=22%).We found that most of the respondents sometimes encounter physical problems namely bleeding (WM=3.18); low Birth Weight (WM=2.99); premature birth (WM=2.93); miscarriage (WM=2.84); and hypertension (WM=2.62). Age, marital status, educational attainment, and source of income were positively correlated with the knowledge and Problem encountered in Teenage Pregnancy. Teenagers knew moderately about pregnancy and the issues that can arise during it. The majority of respondents also had a basic understanding that smoking during pregnancy has been found to lower birth weight and result in premature birth in babies, as well as the severe impact that drugs and alcohol may have on a mother and her unborn child. Age, marital status, educational attainment, and source of income were positively correlated with the knowledge and Problem encountered in Teenage Pregnancy. Therefore, in order to increase young teenagers' understanding of pregnancy, it is crucial to design a policy that outlines the promotion of educational awareness and improve their awareness of it through health education programs.

The current state of neuropalliative care in developing countries. Where are we now?

The need for improved palliative care in developing countries is great. Of 58 million people who die every year, 45 million die in developing countries. An estimated 60% (27 million) of these people in poor nations would benefit from palliative care, and this number is growing as chronic diseases such as cancer rise rapidly. Yet a combination of highly restrictive policies on opioid prescription and a lack of awareness within the medical profession conspire to deprive patients of palliative care. Human rights advocates argue that this neglect is a breach of human rights that is tantamount to torture. This editorial explores the neuropalliative approach and addresses the current state of neuropalliative care in developing countries.

Genocide in Kashmir: Right of Self-Determination, UNSC Resolutions and Holding India To Account Under International Humanitarian Law

Kashmir has been a flashpoint of conflict since independence from British rule in 1947 and the partition of India into two states. These two countries, India, and Pakistan, have both claimed the land on the northern most sector of the Subcontinent the focal point of which is the Valley of Kashmir. The conflict is not a domestic dispute or a regional issue between the two protagonists but engages international law because of the human rights violations and the atrocities committed that has engaged international humanitarian law. The occupation by India of Kashmir was controversial from the start as it went against the aspirations of the population who had close affinity and kinship with Pakistan. The United Nations Security Council mandated a referendum to decide the future of the territory divided by a Line of Control, a military boundary, but India has refused to implement the resolutions. The Indian army has cracked down on the population under the Special Powers Act 1958 and various other opaque ordinances that oppress the population. The final act in this de facto occupation was transformed into de jure control by the Indian Parliament when it revoked Article 370 and Article 35 of the Constitution and annexed Kashmir. The Valley has been placed under lockdown and the population disfranchised with all political activity banned and demographic changes underway by a government appointed by India. The pogroms committed by the Security forces and the gross abuses of human rights have been catalogued in two UN Human Rights Council reports that implicate the Indian forces. The argument of this paper is that there should be rigorous application of international law and war crimes tribunals should be invested to prosecute the Indian officials for breaches of human rights established in the conduct of non-international conflicts (NIC).

Transition-Denial and Structural Adjustment: Causation and Culpability in the Cuban Economy

In 2020, Cuba implemented the Tarea Ordenamiento (Tarea), the most significant economic reform since the construction of the socialist economy after the Revolution. Signaling an eclectic brand of Cuban socialism, the Tarea clears away three decades of tried and failed economic doctrines, drawing a new fiscal border around state enterprises, nodding to market realities, and preparing the island for greater insertion into the world economy. While the political economy of post-Castro Cuba has changed in this way, the United States continues to subject the island to an unprecedented program of unilateral sanctions, universally condemned as a breach of human rights, international law, sovereignty, and rationality. Given the historic limitations of Cuba’s economic policies and the noxious effects of U.S. policy, how do we assign proximate cause for the mixed results to date of the Tarea?

Unveiling Injustice: Corruption as a Breach of Human Rights in Kenya

Unveiling Injustice: Corruption as a Breach of Human Rights in Kenya

The Revocation of Article 35-A and 370, and the State of Human Rights in Indian-occupied Kashmir

India and Pakistan have been fighting over Kashmir since they became independent. There has been one small war and three big ones between India and Pakistan. India got rid of Articles 370 and 35-A of the Indian Constitution on its own on August 5, 2019, which included Kashmir. Pakistan works very hard to make life better for Kashmiris. A logical method is used to do the research for this study. The secondary sources were things like books, study papers, newspaper articles, reports, the web, and magazines. There are both descriptive and analytical ways to do research techniques. The results show that getting rid of the two constitutional changes will hurt South Asia's military security a lot. India's takeover of Jammu and Kashmir has led to breaches of human rights, violence, economic hardship, and social exclusion for the people of Kashmir. The study recommends that Pakistan look into a number of policy options to solve the Kashmir problem since Kashmir is Pakistan's main source of blood. South Asia and the whole world would be better off with peace and security in Kashmir.

ECOWAS COMMUNITY COURT OF JUSTICE: FEATURES AND CHALLENGES OF ITS HUMAN RIGHTS MANDATE

The protection and promotion of human rights have remained a top priority of the international community for several decades. The violation of the fundamental rights of States and individuals have given rise to a plethora of conflicts both at the international and national level, thus, requiring effective laws and judicial institutions to accord protection of these rights to persons living within specified national territory. The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice since 2005 acquired jurisdiction over human rights matters, giving bold judgements in condemnation of breach of human rights by member parties of the ECOWAS Community. This paper aims at examining the unique human rights features of the ECOWAS Court of justice as well as the inherent challenges facing the court. The paper finds that despite the huge progress made by the court in receiving and deciding on human rights complaints from individuals and NGOs, the decisions of the court are hardly obeyed by member States and the court has no recognized institution to monitor and implement its decisions. The paper relies on primary and secondary sources of information such as International Conventions and Treaties, Books, Journal articles, Judicial Precedents and Internet materials. The paper concludes that the leadership of ECOWAS Community and the regional court must make concerted efforts in addressing the current challenges confronting the court, including monitoring and implementing the decisions of the ECOWAS Court.