Brazilian Productive Structure Research Articles

Industrialização e desindustrialização: uma análise empírica das causas de mudança estrutural no Brasil, 1947-2021

ABSTRACT This article investigates the causes of structural change in Brazil, through the rise and the fall of the manufacturing industry, and the consequences for total factor productivity and manufacturing labour productivity, from 1947 to 2021. Our results show that the industrialization of the Brazilian productive structure is positively associated with expansions in infrastructure investments and with the pursuit of a competitive real exchange rate, that is, with policies oriented towards economic development. Our findings also indicate that such variables exert a direct influence on total factor productivity and manufacturing labour productivity and an indirect influence through their impacts on the Brazilian productive structure. Our conclusions suggest that an important cause of the Brazilian premature deindustrialization, and then of its poor performance in terms of total factor productivity and manufacturing labour productivity, is the adoption of policies not oriented towards economic development adopted since the neoliberal reforms of the 1980s and 1990s.

Sectoral Interdependence, Network Analysis, and Regional Resilience in Brazil

This paper aims to deepen the discussion about the productive interdependence and regional resilience among the Brazilian states and regions through an input-output network analysis to identify emergent patterns or properties within the Brazilian states. We use an inter-regional IO matrix, the base year 2011, for the 27 Brazilian states and 68 sectors. The main results show that some states remain isolated in the Brazilian productive structure. Moreover, even with the spatial heterogeneity presented in the Brazilian economy, their inter-regional interdependence is situated at a level that enables the recovery even without some important links.

COVID-19 and the Brazilian manufacturing sector: Roads to reindustrialization within societal purposes

The COVID-19 crisis represents a turning point to rethink industrial policy spaces and countries’ productive autonomy, especially for developing economies, such as Brazil, that call for new ways of thinking about manufacturing within societal purposes. Using an input-output model, the paper explores the pandemic-crisis-effects in the case of the Brazilian manufacturing sector. We find that the pandemic-crisis has harmful effects on the Brazilian productive structure, revealing the dependence on imports of the Brazilian Health System. Reductions in manufacturing gross output and value-added are mainly seen in knowledge-intensive subsectors, followed by job losses and tax revenue reduction. We suggest that the pandemic points to some roads to reindustrialization and resilience, given the reorganization of international production networks and the growing dependence on imports in key manufacturing sectors. Thus, the potential role of the manufacturing sector to achieve inclusive and sustainable growth reveals the importance of building productive capacity beyond the pandemic.

Analysis of productive structure applying network theory: The Brazilian case

In this work, we intend to characterize the complexity of the Brazilian productive structure through network theory. We investigate how this structure is internally organized, from a network of knowledge, considering the occupations linking productive activities. Results reveal it is imperative for Brazil to rethink its productive structure to remove. the obstacles that prevent, or make it difficult, that the varied activities encompass more diversity of occupations.

Technological Extension Networks and Regional Development: A Case Study In Brazil

This paper outlines the performance of the recent policies to strengthen the Brazilian productive structure and to support the country’s innovation. The method selected for the analysis is the case study. Based on bibliographic, documental, and empirical evidences, the objective of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of the Brazilian Technology System (SIBRATEC), founded in 2007. The effectiveness of this system will be assessed through an outline of the institutional arrangement of the Technological Extension Network in Rio de Janeiro (SIBRATEC-ET Rede RJ) which supports competitiveness of micro, small and medium industrial enterprises (MPMEs) in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Results indicate that the institutional aspects of the arrangement do not contribute to facilitate the support to enterprises. The levels of efficiency and efficacy achieved with the use of the available technical-administrative state capabilities have failed to correspond to the expectation of providing consistent support to the state’s industrial base. However, the instruments SIBRATEC-ET Rede RJ uses to assist local MPMEs are flexible and designed aiming to adjust to the identified enterprises’ demands, which evidences great adherence in the provision of support to improve the performance and the capacities of enterprises, in order to reach the level of key-technologies.

ESTIMAÇÃO DAS IMPORTAÇÕES INDIRETAS DO COMPLEXO INDUSTRIAL QUÍMICO BRASILEIRO NOS ANOS 2000

O objetivo deste artigo é estimar as importações brasileiras indiretas de químicos para os anos de 2000, 2005 e 2009. Utilizaram-se dados de matrizes de insumo-produto nacional e internacional, em particular os coeficientes de demanda intermediária por produtos químicos das atividades econômicas. Estimativas como esta são úteis no sentido de melhor mensurar o tamanho do mercado potencial de produtos químicos deslocados pelas importações brasileiras totais, não se limitando apenas às importações diretas. Este mercado potencial corresponderia ao somatório das importações diretas e indiretas, sendo estas últimas referentes aos produtos químicos que se encontram incorporados em toda a pauta de importação brasileira. Ambas as estimativas apresentaram valores crescentes das importações brasileiras indiretas de químicos ao longo dos anos, sendo que a obtida por meio da base internacional apresentou valores relativamente menores. Esta diferença sugere defasagem da estrutura produtiva brasileira, em particular no que diz respeito à eficiência no uso dos insumos químicos. Percebeu-se ainda queda significativa no peso relativo das importações brasileiras com origem nos Estados Unidos, principalmente na primeira metade da década, concomitantemente a um expressivo aumento da participação chinesa.

The Brazilian productive structure and policy responses in the face of the international economic crisis: An assessment based on input-output analysis

This paper addresses the Brazilian productive structure and the major economic policies undertaken in the face of the international economic crisis. Input-output techniques are applied to Brazilian national accounts and present a picture of the potential role of different sectors in the recovery of the economy. Considering the country’s economic performance at the time, post-2008 economic policies adopted in Brazil are discussed, with emphasis given on the tax break policy, inserted into a broader policy scope. Results show that industrial sectors have stronger linkages in terms of production and employment maintenance in the economy but have been losing ground in the productive structure. Among them, there is evidence in favour of supporting more some sectors, such as the automobile and the construction industries, rather than others, such as white goods appliances and furniture, but especially the need of recovering industrial development as a whole for sustained economic growth.

Inovação e geração de conhecimento científico e tecnológico no Brasil: uma análise dos dados de cooperação da Pintec segundo porte e origem de capital

Este artigo tem como objetivo central a avaliação quantitativa das relações cooperativas desenvolvidas entre a estrutura produtiva brasileira envolvida com atividade inovativa, universidades e centros tecnológicos. A análise aborda essas relações tanto em termos de sua evolução no tempo como segundo características específicas das empresas, tais como porte e origem de capital. O trabalho empírico utiliza tabulações especiais da Pesquisa de Inovação (Pintec), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). As evidências apresentadas reforçam a constatação de que esse padrão de interação é bastante complexo e multifacetado, confirmando que variáveis como porte e origem de capital têm impacto relevante sobre a intensidade das relações de cooperação. Na análise temporal constatou-se uma perceptível melhoria dos indicadores que apontam para intensificação de práticas cooperativas na última Pintec (2011). Ainda que outros fatores, tanto micro como macroeconômico, conjunturais devam ser considerados, sugere-se que essa tendência pode representar um vetor positivo no que se refere às perspectivas de desenvolvimento da indústria brasileira.

<b>O dinamismo da indústria de transformação e o crescimento econômico no brasil no período de 1990 a 2013

Este estudo investigou a evolução da indústria de transformação no período de 1996 a 2013, verificando os problemas que envolveram sua perda de participação e dinamismo no atual cenário econômico nacional. Inicialmente, demonstrou-se a importância da indústria no desenvolvimento e crescimento das economias por meio da teoria de Kaldor, que aborda a relação estreita entre o crescimento do setor e da economia em geral. Posteriormente, analisou-se o comportamento da indústria de transformação a partir de 1990, com base em dados sobre o valor de transformação industrial, da produtividade do trabalho na indústria, da formação bruta de capital fixo e de componentes do comércio externo. Observou-se que, nas últimas décadas, ocorreram importantes modificações na estrutura produtiva brasileira, contudo os resultados apenas corroboram a primeira, a segunda e a terceira Leis de Kaldor, ou seja, o PIB brasileiro está intimamente relacionado ao crescimento do produto industrial, havendo uma relação de causalidade positiva entre ambos, assim como com as exportações.

O PAPEL DO BANCO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO E SOCIAL COMO FINANCIADOR DOS INVESTIMENTOS DE LONGO PRAZO: O CASO DO GRUPO EBX - BRASIL

The National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) has been playing a relevant role with long-term financing to large national companies, from the years 2000. Even after privatization, when it ceased to be the state-business, the public sector remains an important officer of the Brazilian productive structure. This article analyses how the BNDES, a subsidiary of shareholding, BNDESPAR, pension funds and private companies are central actors in the understanding of networks owners in Brazil. The expansion of the EBX Group in strategic sectors the data presented on BNDES disbursements and important political alliances of the entrepreneur Eike Batista help illustrate the dynamics of ties between state and domestic private companies, and corroborate the idea that even though changes in performance , the State has not lost centrality in command of the Brazilian economy.

How the CO2 Emissions are Related with the Brazilian Productive Structure

This paper analyses the relationship between economic performance and CO2 emissions in Brazil, in the year 2004. The contribution of the diverse productive sectors to total emission is established, taking into account the technological structure of the economy, the interrelations among sectors, the sectoral capacity of generating value-added and the participation of final demand in the national sectors. For this purpose, an input-output model is used to analyze the impact of income generation and final demand on the emissions. This approach allows one to study the impacts caused by sectoral mitigation policies. The main results show that, both from a supply and a demand perspective, the same “key” productive sectors stand out, especially the Transport sector.

Brazilian Productive Structure and Co2 Emissions

This paper analyzes the relation between economic performance and CO2 emissions in Brazil, in the year 2004. The contribution of the productive sectors to total emission is established, taking into account the technological structure of the economy, the interrelations among sectors, the sectoral capacity of generating value-added and the participation of final demand in the national sectors. For this purpose, an input-output model is used to analyze the impact of income generation and final demand on the emissions. This approach allows one to study the impacts caused by sectoral mitigation policies. The main results show that, both from a production and a demand perspective, the same key productive sectors stand out, especially the Transport sector.

A agropecuária na economia brasileira: uma análise de insumo-produto

The objective of this paper is to show empirically the importance of the farming in the Brazilian productive structure. For this, the model of input-output was used, since this technique makes possible to check the connections between the productive sectors through the indexes of Rasmussen-Hirschman, fields of influence and pure rates of connection, as well as to determine the variations effects in the final demand on the variables analyzed through the multipliers. The empirical results showed the importance of the farming for the Brazilian economy, standing outas important buyer of goods and services and important supplier of inputs for other sectors, which shows its importance of being a supplier of raw material for the development of the non agricultural sector and important consumer market for the industrialized products. However, by the optics of the multipliers, the farming sector produces relatively fewer jobs and, consequently, less income in the economy. On the other hand, there is a great capacity of job and income multiplication in other demanding activities of inputs from agriculture.Key words: agricultural sector, input-output, multipliers.

A agropecuária na economia brasileira: uma análise de insumo-produto

O objetivo deste trabalho e demonstrar, de forma empirica, a importância da agropecuaria na estrutura produtiva brasileira. Para isso, utilizou-se o modelo de insumo-produto, ja que este instrumental possibilita verificar as ligacoes entre os setores produtivos por meio dos indices de Rasmussen-Hirschman, campos de influencia e indices puros de ligacao. O modelo tambem possibilita determinar os efeitos de variacoes na demanda final sobre as variaveis analisadas por meio dos multiplicadores. Os resultados empiricos mostram a importância da agropecuaria para a economia brasileira, como importante compradora de bens e servicos e geradora de insumos para os demais setores, o que evidencia seu papel de fornecedora de materia-prima para o desenvolvimento do setor nao agricola e de importante mercado consumidor para os produtos industrializados. No entanto, pela otica dos multiplicadores, o setor agropecuario gera relativamente menos empregos e, consequentemente, menos renda direta na economia. Em contrapartida, ha uma elevada capacidade de multiplicacao do emprego e da renda nas demais atividades de mandantes de insumos da producao agropecuaria, tais como a industria de transformacao e a industria extrativa mineral.Palavras-chave: setor agropecuario, insumo-produto, multiplicadores.

The business class and development strategies

Considerando a importância do estudo do comportamento do empresariado em face não apenas do modelo de desenvolvimento e da política econômica, mas também das instituições políticas e da democracia, este artigo analisa as relações entre a ação política do empresariado e o processo de institucionalização e consolidação da democracia, ou seja, do regime político democrático no Brasil pós-1988. Tomando por referência a Associação Comercial de São Paulo e a Federação do Comércio do Estado de São Paulo, constatamos que, ao compararmos com o período autoritário, houve mais continuidade do que ruptura na forma de essas entidades avaliarem e agirem em face das instituições políticas. Isso não significa a ausência de uma ação política, nem que não tenha ocorrido nenhum tipo de mudança no comportamento dessas entidades, mas que as ações se voltaram muito raramente para as características do arranjo das instituições políticas no contexto de retomada e consolidação da democracia. Ademais, verificamos que isso corroborou certas particularidades do regime político ora vigente no país.

Empresariado e estratégias de desenvolvimento

This paper analyses the development strategies as perceived by representative tendencies of the industrial entrepreneurial establishment after market-oriented reforms, having in sight the redefinition that occurred in the role of the economical factors facing the State and the international context with the processes of privatization and commercial opening. The first part focus on the main aspects of the changes that have affected the Brazilian productive structure, especially the volume of transactions that changed the relative weight of foreign investments compared to the domestic capital. Another structural aspect is enhanced in the second part, which is the reconfiguration of the structure of representation of interests, which started to operate predominantly in a way of voluntary enrolment and the operation of selective incentives. Finally, the third part concentrates on proposals about the so-called alternative ways of development by the entrepreneurial leaderships and the formation of possible coalitions able of sustaining different strategies.

STRUCTURAL CHANGES AND SPECIALIZATION IN BRAZILIAN INDUSTRY: THE EVOLUTION OF LEADING COMPANIES AND THE M&A PROCESS

This paper analyzes changes in the Brazilian productive structure and in ownership structures of leading companies during the 1990s. It uses information from balance sheets published in Gazeta Mercantil and from the Thomson Financial Securities Data database on M&A. The main findings are: (i) the sectoral distribution of leading companies has remained stable; (ii) there has been a strong change in the ownership structure in Brazil, with an increase in the participation of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the sample of leading companies; (iii) this increase in participation may be partially, though not integrally, explained by M&A transactions; (iv) though the M&A process has been quite intensive in the period, productive concentration has decreased among the group of leading companies; and (v) acquiring firms have adopted specializing strategies during the period. This trend is even clearer when private national enterprises (PNEs) are examined separately.