Brass Plate Research Articles

Care-seeking pathways and treatment practices for snakebite in Odisha, India

PurposeSnakebites represent a pressing global public health concern, with India shouldering a disproportionate burden and often dubbed the "snakebite capital." Traditional and spiritual healing methods prevail in India, yet their efficacy and potential adverse health consequences warrant investigation. This study seeks to elucidate the perspectives of healthcare providers and caretakers regarding snakebite treatment practices, with a specific emphasis on traditional healing modalities.MethodsAn exploratory study was conducted among ten healthcare providers–five traditional and five modern treatment providers, two snake trappers/catchers and 120 snakebite victims or their caretakers across three districts of Odisha, India. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analysed using content analysis.ResultsThe analysis revealed five main categories: various snakebite treatment practices, care-seeking pathways of victims, perspectives of patients and caretakers on treatment, traditional healers’ views on modern treatment, and allopathic doctors’ views on traditional treatment. Treatment practices observed included allopathic treatment, cold treatment, spiritual healing practices at temples, brass plate treatment, mantra enchanting, herbal treatment, and self-medication. Reasons for treatment delay included strong community beliefs in traditional healing, lack of control over irrational treatment by traditional healers, suboptimal care at primary and secondary healthcare facilities, and poor community literacy on snakebites.ConclusionsThe study emphasizes the need for improved snakebite preparedness strategies, community literacy, active involvement in prevention programs, and strong political commitment to control irrational treatment practices.

The Concept of Calligraphy Learning In Mushthafawiyah Purba Baru Mandailing Natal (Madina) Boarding School

Calligraphy is the art of writing text into a form of painting using a pen, brush, or other writing instrument onto a particular medium. Initially calligraphy was poured onto papyrus paper media, but along with the development of time, calligraphy media were also found in other more varied media such as stones, walls, coins, silk, canvas paper, jewelry, brass plates, glass, ceramics, and others. This research aims to find out the concept of calligraphy learning in Mushthafawiyah Islamic boarding school. The research method used is a qualitative method which includes interviews and data collection from literature sources. Mushthafawiyah Islamic Boarding School Purba Baru Mandailing Natal held its learning process in the classroom and the learning media included a blackboard, khat pen, handam, highlighter and book. The learning material is delivered by means of the teacher providing samples on the blackboard then the santri imitate it.

Acoustic Assessment of Microstructural Deformation Mechanisms on a Cold Rolled Cu30Zn Brass.

The relationship between acoustic parameters and the microstructure of a Cu30Zn brass plate subjected to plastic deformation was evaluated. The plate, previously annealed at 550 °C for 30 min, was cold rolled to reductions ranging from 10% to 70%. Linear ultrasonic measurements were performed on each of the nine specimens, corresponding to the nine different reductions, using the pulse-echo method to record the times of flight of longitudinal waves along the thickness axis. Subsequently, acoustic measurements were conducted to determine the nonlinear parameter β through second harmonic generation. Microstructural analysis, carried out by X-ray diffraction, Vickers hardness testing, and optical microscopy, revealed an increase in deformation twins, reaching a maximum at 40% thickness reduction. At higher deformations, the microstructure showed the generation and proliferation of shear bands, coinciding with a decrease in the twinning structure and an increase in dislocation density. The longitudinal wave velocity exhibited a 0.9% decrease at 20% deformation, attributed to dislocations and initial twin formation, followed by a continuous increase up to 2% beyond this point, resulting from the combined effects of twinning and shear banding. The nonlinear parameter β displayed a notable maximum, approximately one order of magnitude greater than its original value, at 40% deformation. This peak correlates with a roughly tenfold increase in twinning fault probability at the same deformation level.

Design and Control of Two-Serial-Link Piezoelectric Manipulator

This paper describes a methodology for modeling, system identification, and designing a controller of a two degrees-of-freedom manipulator made from piezoelectric material. A piezoelectric bimorph is composed of two piezoelectric ceramic plates bonded to a brass plate which is sandwiched between the piezoelectric plates. One piezoelectric bimorph is attached perpendicularly to the other bimorph to form the manipulator. The manipulator is modeled using the finite element method. A reduced order model of the manipulator is obtained through modal analysis. The reduced order model is used to design closed-loop feedback controllers based on the exact feedback linearization (1) to regulate a tip of the manipulator to a set point or (2) to make the tip to track a desired signal. The closed-loop control manipulator can accomplish the tasks with satisfied results.

Extraordinary mode conversion of elastic waves through asymmetric metaplates

Recently, the mode conversion of elastic waves has attracted much attention, due to its scientific significance and potential applications. The applications based on the high mode conversion efficiency were also explored in many fields. However, because of the complexity of elastic waves, the existing structures for the high efficient conversion of elastic waves are relatively complicated, and there are also some limitations in the practical design. Here, we report the extraordinary mode conversion of elastic waves through asymmetric brass plates partitioned by subwavelength cuts. It is demonstrated that high efficiencies (90%) and one-way conversions between transversal waves and longitudinal waves are achieved by the structured solid plate at the resonant frequency, which leads to the striking unidirectional transmission of elastic waves. Analyzing the resonant fields demonstrates that the intrinsic modes within the individual pieces derived by the cuts are responsible for this abnormal wave conversion. The simple scheme for wave conversion presented here may have potential applications, such as non-invasive flow sensing.

Investigations on relationship between vibration characteristics and shapes of effect cymbals with finite element method

Cymbals are musical instruments consisting of round brass plates in slightly concave shape that are struck against another or struck with a stick to make sounds. Their vibration characteristics depend on the shape of cymbals, therefore, some cymbals have been specially shaped for desired characteristics, as called effect cymbals. Usually, it takes the craftsman numerous retrials in prototyping the effect cymbals to realize the desired characteristics. This leads to a large cost of prototyping effect cymbals. On the other hand, the cost can be significantly reduced if the optimal shape for the desired sound can be estimated in advance. However, to estimate the shape, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the shape of a certain cymbal and its vibration characteristics. In this paper, we focus on the effect cymbals with holes. Aiming to estimate the optimal hole shape for desired sound, we investigate the relationship between the hole shape of hole effect cymbals and their vibration characteristics based on frequency response analysis by finite element method. We analyzed multiple models with different hole sizes for each cymbal, the analysis results show that the vibration tends to be simpler as the hole size is larger.

Thermal and electrical conductive 2D CuO evaporator for all-day steam generation

Solar energy-driven water evaporation is an effective way to obtain clean water through seawater desalination. Due to the day and night cycle, all-day steam generation is an urgent project. Here, 2D evaporators with effective heat management were designed and constructed by facile folding, in which superhydrophilic CuO coatings with honeycomb-like pores were in situ deposited on brass plates via electroplating and heat oxidation. In the daytime, the 2D evaporator has excellent photothermal performance due to the appropriate pore structure, light absorption, and water supply. The evaporation rate reaches 1.4 kg m−2 h−1, and the energy conversion efficiency of 93.5% under 1 sun in 3.5% artificial seawater for ten cycles. Except forsolar-driven water evaporation, some heat converts into electricity due to the temperature difference between the two surfaces of the high thermal conductive 2D evaporator. At night, steam is generated through the flexible photoelectric transition. The evaporation rate is 5.8 kg m−2 h−1 at an input voltage of 6 V. The stable evaporation performance of this evaporation system and the advantages of all-day steam generation show considerable prospects. It may be widely used in pure water production in the future.

Identification of guided Lamb wave modes in thin metal plates using water path corrected frequency – wavenumber [f-k] analysis

Acoustic microscopy is widely used for the material characterization of thin plates having thicknesses <100μm. For thin plate material characterization, the acoustic microscopy-based approach utilizes the guided Lamb wave modes generated in the plates by defocusing a single high-frequency focused transducer. Identification of the guided wave modes is vital in material characterization. Frequency-wavenumber analysis using 2D-FFT is commonly used to identify guided wave modes. In PVDF-based focused transducers used in acoustic microscopy, edge waves originating from the transducer rim influence the generation of guided waves, making the conventional frequency-wavenumber analysis erroneous. This study proposes a new water path corrected frequency-wavenumber (f-k) analysis using 2D-FFT to overcome the challenges imparted by the edge waves. In this approach, the water path of the Lamb wave modes is calculated and removed from the waveforms before performing 2D-FFT. The proposed approach has been demonstrated on thin metal plates of Aluminum, Copper and Brass having thicknesses of 45μm, 52μm and 52μm, respectively. A good correlation is obtained between theoretical and experimental results.

Mechanical parameter assessment of fresh human cancellous bone of the femoral head in atraumatic femoral head necrosis and primary coxarthrosis

BackgroundAtraumatic femoral head necrosis is a rare pathological change of the femoral head. It is characterized by local necrosis of the cancellous bone as a result of reduced blood supply to the bone. Even today it remains unclear how to assess the hardness of the necrosis, whether it is soft tissue that is easily removed, or hard tissue that is difficult to resect. MethodsFemoral heads with primary coxarthrosis were selected as a comparison group. For this purpose, 49 femoral heads obtained during total hip arthroplasty surgery with either condition (23 femoral head necrosis, 26 coxarthrosis) were transferred to the testing laboratory in fresh condition. Cylindrical specimens were obtained using a tenon cutter along the main trabecular load direction in the subchondral region of the femoral head. Additionally, thin bone slices were extracted proximal and distal to the specimens for density measurements. Brass plates were glued to the circular surfaces of the specimens. After curing of the adhesive, the specimens were mounted in the testing machine and destructive uniaxial compression tests were conducted. FindingsThe recorded mean compressive strengths and elastic moduli were almost identical for both groups, but the necrosis group showed significantly higher data scattering and range regarding the elastic modulus. The mean density of the coxarthrosis specimens was significantly higher than that of the necrotic specimens. InterpretationThe mechanical properties of cancellous bone vary considerably in the presence of femoral head necrosis. The existence of hard necrosis implies a potential challenge regarding the clinical resection of these tissues.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Catalytic Converter Kuningan Terhadap Emisi Gas Buang Mobil Antasari Evo I

Vehicles are a means of transportation used by humans to support their daily activities. Its growth rate is getting higher, making this situation one of the causes of air pollution. One of the options in reducing dangerous motor exhaust emissions is to use a catalytic converter. Catalytic converter is a device that is installed in the exhaust channel of vehicles. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using a catalytic converter with a 2 mm thick brass plate material on the exhaust emissions of CO2, CO and HC in the Antasari Evo I. The test was carried out by comparing the exhaust emissions produced by the standard exhaust and the exhaust that was installed with a catalytic converter based on variations in engine idle speed, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm and 3000 rpm. From the results of the study it was found that the effect of using a catalytic converter with brass plate material placed on the exhaust gas channel can reduce the maximum CO2 emission level by 42,85%, reduce the maximum CO2 emission level by 83%, and reduce the maximum HC emission level by 18,4 %.

Development and characterization of a versatile mini-beam collimator for pre-clinical photon beam irradiation.

Interest in spatial fractionation radiotherapy has exponentially increased over the last decade as a significant reduction of healthy tissue toxicity was observed by mini-beam irradiation. Published studies, however, mostly use rigid mini-beam collimators dedicated to their exact experimental arrangement such that changing the setup or testing new mini-beam collimator configurations becomes challenging andexpensive. In this work, a versatile, low-cost mini-beam collimator was designed and manufactured for pre-clinical applications with X-ray beams. The mini-beam collimator enables variability of the full width at half maximum (FWHM), the center-to-center distance (ctc), the peak-to-valley dose ratio (PVDR), and the source-to-collimator distance (SCD). The mini-beam collimator is an in-house development, which was constructed of 10× 40mm2 tungsten or brass plates. These metal plates were combined with 3D-printed plastic plates that can be stacked together in the desired order. A standard X-ray source was used for the dosimetric characterization of four different configurations of the collimator, including a combination of plastic plates of 0.5, 1, or 2mm width, assembled with 1 or 2mm thick metal plates. Irradiations were done at three different SCDs for characterizing the performance of the collimator. For the SCDs closer to the radiation source, the plastic plates were 3D-printed with a dedicated angle to compensate for the X-ray beam divergence, making it possible to study ultra-high dose rates of around 40Gy/s. All dosimetric quantifications were performed using EBT-XD films. Additionally, in vitro studies with H460 cells were carriedout. Characteristic mini-beam dose distributions were obtained with the developed collimator using a conventional X-ray source. With the exchangeable 3D-printed plates, FWHM and ctc from 0.52 to 2.11mm, and from 1.77 to 4.61mm were achieved, with uncertainties ranging from 0.01% to 8.98%, respectively. The FWHM and ctc obtained with the EBT-XD films are in agreement with the design of each mini-beam collimator configuration. For dose rates in the order of several Gy/min, the highest PVDR of 10.09 ± 1.08 was achieved with a collimator configuration of 0.5mm thick plastic plates and 2mm thick metal plates. Exchanging the tungsten plates with the lower-density metal brass reduced the PVDR by approximately 50%. Also, increasing the dose rate to ultra-high dose rates was feasible with the mini-beam collimator, where a PVDR of 24.26 ± 2.10 was achieved. Finally, it was possible to deliver and quantify mini-beam dose distribution patterns in vitro. With the developed collimator, we achieved various mini-beam dose distributions that can be adjusted according to the needs of the user in regards to FWHM, ctc, PVDR and SCD, while accounting for beam divergence. Therefore, the designed mini-beam collimator may enable low-cost and versatile pre-clinical research on mini-beamirradiation.

Robust Arduino controlled spin coater using a novel and simple gravity chuck design

Spin coaters offer an invaluable method of thin film fabrication. Various implementations, both proprietary and open-source exist, offering vacuum and gravity samples chucks. These implementations vary in their reliability, ease-of-use, cost, and versatility. Here we present a novel easy-to-use open-source gravity-chuck type spin coater with minimal points of failure at a material cost of around 100 USD (1500 ZAR). The unique chuck design makes use of interchangeable brass plate sample masks, each specific to a sample size, these can be made with basic skills and common hand tools. In comparison, replacement chucks for commercial alternatives can cost as much as the entire spin coater we present. Open-source hardware such as this provides an example for individuals in the field on the design and development of hardware where reliability, cost, and flexibility are most important, as is the case for many institutions in developing countries.

Microstructure and properties of carbon fiber-H62 brass matrix composites prepared by friction stir processing

Carbon fibre (CF) reinforced H62 brass matrix composites were fabricated by friction stir process (FSP). The influence of CF compound amount and welding speed on the microstructure and properties of CF-H62 brass matrix composites was investigated by variable orthogonal experiments by drilling CF filled holes in H62 brass plates. Under the set experimental process parameters, the stirred friction processed composites with good surface formation, all without macroscopic defects, no loosening or holes. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the microstructure of the joints. The microstructure is a fine isometric crystal that is the result of dynamic recrystallisation. As the welding speed increased from 20 mm/min to 60 mm/min, the average grain size at the weld in the weld zone decreased from 5 μm to 2 μm. When the hole depth of the filled CF was 1.5 mm and the welding speed was 40 mm/min, the CF was most uniformly distributed in the composite area. This paper uses the orthogonal test method to optimise the formulation design of a variety of reinforcement fibre contents. The friction and wear properties as well as the physical properties of the two friction material samples were tested using a constant speed friction tester, a shear strength tester and a Rockwell hardness tester. The influence of each fibre and content on the friction material properties was investigated by extreme difference analysis; The best fibre ratio formulation was selected by combining a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. ANOVA was used to investigate the changes in friction material properties after the addition of graphene.

Application of Incung Kerinci Script on Metal Media

Incung script is a script that belongs to the Malay type. This type of script is commonly referred to as kaganga. that is a script that was born and developed in the upper reaches of rivers in the interior. The Incung script is used after the pallawa script. The Incung Kerinci script itself is formed by straight, broken lines, and curved Incung Kerinci script is a relic of ancient Kerinci ancestors. Incung Kerinci was used by Kerinci's ancestors to document history, literature, customary law, and mantras. The concept of creating this work departs from the Incung Kerinci script as a writing medium on metal works. The theoretical foundations used as guidelines in the embodiment of this work use the theoretical foundations of form, function, and aesthetics. This method of creating works uses three stages, ranging from exploration, design, and embodiment. The materials used in making this work are iron plates, copper plates, brass plates, and oil paints. The techniques used are welding, inlay, and scroll techniques. The shape of this work is three-dimensional and two-dimensional in the form of seven works, this work has a practical function, namely decorative lights, decorative clocks, and two display works with the application of the Incung Kerinci script with metal media.

Ionic Liquids as Working Fluids for Heat Storage Applications: Decomposition Behavior of N-Butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate.

Ionic liquids (ILs) represent promising working fluids to be used in thermal energy storage (TES) technologies thanks to their peculiar properties, such as low volatility, high chemical stability, and high heat capacity. Here, we studied the thermal stability of the IL N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([BmPyrr]FAP), a potential working fluid for TES applications. The IL was heated at 200 °C for up to 168 h either in the absence or in contact with steel, copper, and brass plates to simulate the conditions used in TES plants. High-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was found to be useful for the identification of the degradation products of both the cation and the anion, thanks to the acquisition of 1H, 13C, 31P, and 19F-based experiments. In addition, elemental analysis was performed on the thermally degraded samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Our analysis shows a significant degradation of the FAP anion upon heating for more than 4 h, even in the absence of the metal/alloy plates; on the other hand, the [BmPyrr] cation displays a remarkable stability also when heated in contact with steel and brass.

Acoustic manipulation of microparticles using a two-dimensional phononic crystal plate

Acoustic waves can manipulate particles without contact or damage, and has received increasing attention due to their potential applications in various fields, such as cell sorting, organoid construction, and material assembly. In general, high-throughput manipulation of microparticles relies on a large number of active transducers and phase-shifting circuits to create standing wave patterns, thus significantly inducing system complexity. Recently, we realized the parallel manipulation of microparticles by using an acoustic field modulated by a one-dimensional phononic crystal plate. The concept is based on the fact that phononic crystal plate can resonantly excite the zero-order asymmetric (&lt;i&gt;A&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;) Lamb wave, inducing highly localized periodic radiation force on the particles. In this paper, we further show that by using a two-dimensional phononic crystal plate (TDPCP), parallel manipulation of massive particles can be achieved only with a single transducer. The &lt;i&gt;A&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; Lamb wave can be excited by a TDPCP, forming a two-dimensional periodic localized field, and then particles can suffer negative vertical force and stable zero horizontal force, inducing two-dimensional periodic trapping on the surface of the plate. Combining a PZT source with a TDPCP consisting of a brass plate patterned with periodical brass stubs, we observe the capture and arrangement of glass microspheres, achieving two-dimensional arrangement manipulation of particles on the TDPCP. This system represents a significant advancement in developing high-throughput, rapid, and flexible devices for particles and cell manipulation.

Способ лечения радиационно-термических ожогов

The paper provides the procedure of preparation and application of the developed remedy for treatment of combined radiation-thermal skin injuries, caused by excessive heat and radiation. The developed medication, ointment, contains biologically active substances, such as streptoform, dimexide and a vaseline as the ointment base. Optimum ratio of ointment components was determined experimentally. The medication efficacy was studied in experiments on white rats of both sexes, with average mass of 180-200 grams. The animals were divided in groups according to the analogy principle. Radiation induced injury of skin were simulated with the use of the gamma ray unit “Puma” with absorbed dose of 7.0 Gy, exposure dose rate of 5.9 R/min (8.5х10-2 A/kg). The irradiated animals were subjected to a thermal skin damage (burn) by placing brass plate heated to 180oC immediately after the animals irradiation completion. The placed plate was hold to the hair-free skin area on the upper third of the thigh for several seconds. By degree of skin and subcutaneous tissues the thermal damage degree is identical to the degree of IIIB. Immediately after radiation exposure and introduction of thermal damages the experimental ointment samples were spread on the injury surface with the gauze sponge or plastic spreader once a day. The developed remedy was found to be effective. The mass fraction (wt%) of the burn-releaf ointment components are the following: dimexide 19-20 wt%; streptoform 30-35 wt%, vaseline 45-52 wt%.

Installation for Treatment of Oncological Diseases Based on a Pulsed Electromagnetic Field

The article is devoted to studying the pulsed electromagnetic field impact on oncological cells. The classification of electromagnetic fields used in medicine is given. The scheme and operation principle of the installation for generating a pulsed electromagnetic field are described. The results of calculating the installation parameters and the effect the electromagnetic field generated by the installation has on biological cells are presented. To prepare a series of experiments on the installation, a magnetic field propagation model in various operating modes is constructed. Models of current density propagation in the inductor and magnetic field induction on analogs of biological cells are presented. The results of calculations and modeling have been confirmed by field experiments on copper and brass plates, which are analogs of healthy and oncological biological cells. Conclusions about the applicability of a pulsed electromagnetic field as a method of treating oncological diseases and its advantages have been drawn.

Experimental Study on Seismic Behavior of Steel Column Base Connections with Arc End-Plates Slip-Friction

This paper proposes a new type of steel slip-friction column base connections with arc end-plates. Two arc end-plates of the steel column base, which can slide between each other to some extent, were set at the position where the column base is subject to plastic deformation. Thus, the sliding-friction energy dissipation between the arc end-plates can effectively minimize or eliminate the energy dissipation of the traditional column base connections. Cyclic loading tests were conducted to study the hysteretic performance and energy consumption performance of the proposed connections. Considerations have been given to different axial compression ratios, Belleville springs (Bes), brass plates, and horizontal loading protocols. The test results show no obvious deformation or damage during the radial cyclic loading test. The curve shape of the test measurement approximates a parallelogram, showing good force performance. The proposed connections with the increasing axial compression force can increase the energy dissipation ability and load-carrying capacity. Therefore, the proposed connection has perfect seismic behavior.

Real-Time Imaging of Brass Cross-Section to Investigate Dezincification Corrosion Behavior during Electrochemical Measurement

The dezincification corrosion is a major limiting factor for use of brass in the plumbing system as it may cause the water leakage accident. It is well known that the porous copper rich layer is formed on the brass surface due to the dezincification corrosion, namely, the selective dissolution of zincoccurs on the brass surface1,2. We have developed the real-time surface observation system with channel flow double electrode to examine the dissolution behavior of copper and magnesium3-5. In the present study, a real-time cross-sectional surface observation system was developed to investigate the dezincification corrosion behavior of brass during electrochemical measurement.An electrochemical cell was made using transparent acrylic plates. An electrochemical measurement was performed by a three-electrode system. The brass plate and the platinum wire were used as the working electrode and the counter electrode, respectively. A KCl-saturated silver/silver chloride electrode was used as the reference electrode. The electrolyte solution was 0.5 M NaCl containing 5 mM NaHCO3. The temperature of electrolyte solution was kept at 60 oC. The brass plate was fixed at wall surface of the electrochemical cell to record the video of the brass cross-section.The video of the brass cross-section was taken by an optical microscope combined with a charge-coupled device camera under the galvanostatic polarization for 24 h. The brass cross-section under the galvanostatic polarization was successfully observed from the video recording, indicating that the dissolution of brass progressed inhomogeneously in the depth direction. We estimated the erosion depth from the cross-sectional surface images at each measurement time. The results demonstrated that the erosion depth was increased with time under galvanostatic polarization. The dissolution process involving preferential dissolution of zinc or the simultaneous dissolution of zinc and copper was discussed based on the video images and the potential changes of brass during the measurement.