Commercial Brands Of Bottled Water Research Articles

A powerful method for In Situ and rapid detection of trace nanoplastics in water—Mie scattering

The pervasive presence of nanoplastics (NPs) in environmental media has raised significant concerns regarding their implications for environmental safety and human health. However, owing to their tiny size and low level in the environment, there is still a lack of effective methods for measuring the amount of NPs. Leveraging the principles of Mie scattering, a novel approach for rapid in situ quantitative detection of small NPs in low concentrations in water has been developed. A limit of detection of 4.2 μg/L for in situ quantitative detection of polystyrene microspheres as small as 25 nm was achieved, and satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviations were obtained. The results of three self-ground NPs showed that the method can quantitatively detect the concentration of NPs in a mixture of different particle sizes. The satisfactory recoveries (82.4% to 110.3%) of the self-ground NPs verified the good anti-interference ability of the method. The total concentrations of the NPs in the five brands of commercial bottled water were 0.07 to 0.39 μg/L, which were directly detected by the method. The proposed method presents a potential approach for conducting in situ and real-time environmental risk assessments of NPs on human and ecosystem health in actual water environments.

Radon concentration measurement and effective dose assessment in different brands of commercial bottled water produced in China

Abstract Radon and its progeny often exist in daily drinking water, and may pose a potential health threat to the public. In this study, the radon concentrations of 15 different brands of bottled drinking water and their radiological hazards were measured and evaluated. The results indicate that the concentration range of radon in water is 13.3 ± 4.7 to 300.0 ± 21.6 mBq/L, and is lower than the limit level (11.11 Bq/L). The results compared with radon concentrations from other countries or regions show that the radon concentrations in this study are almost within the range of those of all the others. The average annual effective dose for infants, children and adults in the three age-groups is 0.657, 0.535 and 0.665 μSv/y respectively, which is lower than the recommended level of 0.1 mSv/y. The results also show that the bottled water does not pose a major health hazard to the public. Moreover, combined with statistical analysis, it is concluded that the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) and Ca2+ in bottled mineral water has a strong correlation with the radon concentration in the water.

Diversity, Physiochemical and Phylogenetic Analyses of Bacteria Isolated from Various Drinking Water Sources.

Objective:To evaluate the indigenous bacterial strains of drinking water from the most commercial water types including bottled and filtered water that are currently used in Saudi Arabia.Methods:Thirty randomly selected commercial brands of bottled water were purchased from Saudi local markets. Moreover, samples from tap water and filtered water were collected in sterilized glass bottles and stored at 4°C. Biochemical analyses including pH, temperature, lactose fermentation test (LAC), indole test (IND), methyl red test (MR), Voges-Proskauer test (VP), urease test (URE), catalase test (CAT), aerobic and anaerobic test (Ae/An) were measured. Molecular identification and comparative sequence analyses were done by full length 16S rRNA gene sequences using gene bank databases and phylogenetic trees were constructed to see the closely related similarity index between bacterial strains.Results:Among 30 water samples tested, 18 were found positive for bacterial growth. Molecular identification of four selected bacterial strains indicated the alarming presence of pathogenic bacteria Bacillus spp. in most common commercial types of drinking water used in Saudi Arabia.Conclusion:The lack of awareness about good sanitation, poor personal hygienic practices and failure of safe water management and supply are the important factors for poor drinking water quality in these sources, need to be addressed.

Analysis of fluoride concentration in commercial bottled waters

Objective: Evaluate fluoride concentration in 500ml commercial brands of bottled water and compare it to the amount printed on the label. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted. Samples of nine different commercial brands of 500ml bottled water were collected at authorized distribution points in the city of Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, in 2013. Fluoride concentration was determined in duplicate using a fluoride ion-selective electrode. The results were obtained from linear regression of the calibration curve. Results: Fluoride concentrations ranged between 0.07 and 0.63 ppm F- or mg F/L. There were significant differences between the values printed on the labels and those found in the analysis. The fluoride concentration levels determined were not in compliance with the recommended levels by the National Health Surveillance Agency. Conclusions: The results obtained confirm the need for more careful monitoring of fluoride levels in bottled water and closer sanitary inspections.

Preliminary toxicological assessment of phthalate esters from drinking water consumed in Portugal

This paper reports, for the first time, the concentrations of selected phthalates in drinking water consumed in Portugal. The use of bottled water in Portugal has increased in recent years. The main material for bottles is polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Its plasticizer components can contaminate water by leaching, and several scientific studies have evidenced potential health risks of phthalates to humans of all ages. With water being one of the most essential elements to human health and because it is consumed by ingestion, the evaluation of drinking water quality, with respect to phthalate contents, is important. This study tested seven commercial brands of bottled water consumed in Portugal, six PET and one glass (the most consumed) bottled water. Furthermore, tap water from Lisbon and three small neighbor cities was analyzed. Phthalates (di-n-butyl phthalate ester (DnBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ester (DEHP), and di-i-butyl phthalate ester (DIBP)) in water samples were quantified (PET and glass) by means of direct immersion solid-phase microextraction and ionic liquid gas chromatography associated with flame ionization detection or mass spectrometry due to their high boiling points and water solubility. The method utilized in this study showed a linear range for target phthalates between 0.02 and 6.5μgL(-1), good precision and low limits of detection that were between 0.01 and 0.06μgL(-1), and quantitation between 0.04 and 0.19μgL(-1). Only three phthalates were detected in Portuguese drinking waters: dibutyl (DnBP), diisobutyl (DIBP), and di(ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Concentrations ranged between 0.06 and 6.5μgL(-1) for DnBP, between 0.02 and 0.16μgL(-1) for DEHP, and between 0.1 and 1.89μgL(-1) for DIBP. The concentration of DEHP was found to be up to five times higher in PET than in glass bottled water. Surprisingly, all the three phthalates were detected in glass bottled water with the amount of DnBP being higher (6.5μgL(-1)) than in PET bottled water. These concentrations do not represent direct risk to human health. Regarding potable tap water, only DIBP and DEHP were detected. Two of the cities showed concentration of all three phthalates in their water below the limits of detection of the method. All the samples showed phthalate concentrations below 6μgL(-1), the maximum admissible concentration in water established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The concentrations measured in Portuguese bottled waters do not represent any risk for adult's health.

Fluoride content of bottled drinking waters available in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

This study aimed to examine the fluoride concentration of commercially available bottled water products in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and to assess the accuracy of the labeling of fluoride concentration on the tested brands. Fifteen randomly selected commercial brands of bottled water were obtained from supermarkets in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Three bottles of each brand were purchased, and fluoride content was measured using a combination fluoride-ion-selective electrode. The average reading for each brand was estimated and also compared with the fluoride content printed on the label. The mean (±SD) fluoride content of the 12 local bottled water samples was 0.79 (±0.09)mg/L with a range from 0.5 to 0.83mg/L. The mean fluoride concentration of the three imported brands was 0.67 (±0.02)mg/L with a narrow range of fluoride content (0.65-0.69). All tested samples mention the fluoride content on the label except two imported brands. Five samples showed a significant difference between our evaluation and stated content of fluoride that ranged between +0.46 and -0.2mg/L. Bottled drinking waters available in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia contain differing concentration of fluoride, but within a safe range for use as a source of systemic fluoride. In addition, the manufactures' labeling of fluoride content may be inaccurate.

Assessment of physico-chemical qualities of commercial bottled water Sold in Imo state, Nigeria

Two different batches of Tropix ®, Uzzi ®, Swan ®, Constant ®, Crystal ® and Ragolis ® commercial brands of bottled water were analyzed for their physicochemical quality, especially the organic and inorganic contaminants of health significances. The pH of the samples was measured using Suntex pH meter SP 701 series. The conductivity and the total dissolved solids (TDS) were also measured using HACH Conductivity/ TDS meter model 44600 while the turbidity of the samples was determined using Jenway Turbidimeter model 6035, which measures in nephlometric turbidity unit (NTU). The chloride content as well as the total hardness (calcium and magnesium) of the samples were both determined with HACH digital titrator model 16900 using mecuric nitrate method and EDTA method respectively. The total iron, nitrite, total suspended solids, total/free chlorine, copper, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, manganese and colour on the other hand were all determined with spectrophotometer DR/2010 series using 1, 10- phenantholine method; diazotization method; photometric method; DPD method; bicinchoninate method; cadmium reduction method; turbimetric method; ascorbic acid metnod; Periodate Oxidation method; and Platinium Cobalt standard for each parameter respectively. The results obtained, revealed that all the conventional parameters fall within the WHO recommended guideline standards ecxept pH, copper, iron and free chlorine. The study therefore revealed that the products were aesthetically acceptable but chemically unsafe for direct consumption. IJONAS Vol. 3 (1) 2007: pp. 131-138

Fluoride content of bottled waters available in Northern Greece

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride content of bottled drinking waters commercially available in northern Greece and to report on the accuracy of the labelling of fluoride concentration. Twenty-two randomly selected commercial brands of bottled water were obtained from three supermarkets in Thessaloniki, Greece. Three bottles of each brand were purchased. Following calibration, six tests were conducted on each bottle using a combination fluoride-ion selective electrode (Orion, 96-09-00, MA, USA). The average reading for each brand was estimated and also compared with the fluoride content printed on the label. The mean (+/- SD) fluoride content of the bottled water samples was 0.35 (+/- 1.00) mg F/L with a range from 0.05 to 4.8 mg F/L. Only 18% (N = 4) of brands tested mention the fluoride concentration on the label, and 90% (N = 22) had a tested fluoride between 0.05 and 0.21 mg F/L. Of the remaining two brands, one was found to contain 0.3 mg F/L without having the fluoride concentration indicated on the label, and the other was labelled at 6 mg F/L, whereas the concentration was estimated as 4.8 mg F/L. The use of bottled water may be a significant source of systemic fluoride and therefore be considered as a risk factor for dental fluorosis in young children. This article shows that bottled drinking waters contain differing concentrations of fluoride. The manufacturers' labelling of fluoride concentrations may be inaccurate. When prescribing fluoride supplements, dentists should be aware of the fluoride content of bottled waters used by paediatric patients, especially brands with a concentration higher than 0.3 mg F/L. In view of the wide variation of fluoride concentration in the tested bottled waters, regulatory guidelines for controlling concentration in order to prevent dental fluorosis are recommended.

SURVEY OF COMMERCIAL BOTTLED DRINKING WATER IN EGYPT

Inorganic constituents were analyzed in six major brands of commercial bottled water and in six brands of the imported mineral drinking water used by many Egyptians and tourists visiting Egypt. The inorganic analysis included determination of both anion and cation species lead and cadmium. For the purpose of comparison, selected samples of tap water from Cairo were also analyzed. Ion Chromatography (IC) was used for the analysis of anions and cation. Ion selective electrode (ISE) was used for measuring physical constants. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used for the analysis of heavy metals. All water samples (tap water from Cairo and bottled drinking water from around Cairo) were within the acceptable levels of the world health organization (WHO) guidelines and were lower than maximum contaminated level (MCL) established by the united states Environment Protection Agency (USEPA). One of the imported mineral drinking water brand was in high level than MCL (Sulphate in San Peligreno brand was 588 mg/L). Mineral water is exempt from allowed level. The exemption are aesthetically based allowable levels and do not relate to a health concern tap water from Cairo was of a higher quality than any of the bottled water with regard to the analyzed chemical constituents. Differences in concentrations of anions and cations were found, depending on the source of the water. The concentrations of fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sulphate and TDS in some imported mineral drinking water were greater than those of Egyptian bottled drinking water.

Fluoride content of still bottled waters available in the North-East of England, UK.

The aims of this study were to measure the fluoride content of still bottled waters on sale in the UK and to estimate and compare the fluoride intake from tap and bottled water for British children. Three bottles of 25 commercial brands of bottled water were purchased from supermarkets, grocery stores and health shops in the North-East of England. All samples were still spring, mineral or distilled waters, sold in plastic bottles. The fluoride content of all samples was determined, in duplicate, using a Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode. The mean (+/- SD) fluoride content of the bottled waters was 0.08 (+/- 0.08) mg L(-1) with a range from 0.01-0.37 mg L(-1) which is below the accepted standard for optimally fluoridated water. The mean fluoride intake for 4-18-year-olds when the source of water intake is solely fluoridated tap water was estimated to be 0.26 mg F per day; compared with 0.16 mg F per day, when a combination of tap and bottled water is consumed. Bottled water, from those sampled, is unlikely to make an important contribution to total fluoride intake in British diets. Consumption of bottled water containing a negligible amount of fluoride in preference to fluoridated tap water might result in less than optimal fluoride ingestion in young people.

Fluoride levels in bottled water

Objective The aims of this study were to measure the fluoride content of still bottled waters on sale in the UK and to estimate and compare the fluoride intake from tap and bottled water for British children. Methods Three bottles of 25 commercial brands of bottled water were purchased from supermarkets, grocery stores and health shops in the North-East of England. All samples were still spring, mineral or distilled waters, sold in plastic bottles. The fluoride content of all samples was determined, in duplicate, using a Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode. Results The mean (± SD) fluoride content of the bottled waters was 0.08 (± 0.08) mg L−1 with a range from 0.01 – 0.37 mg L−1 which is below the accepted standard for optimally fluoridated water. The mean fluoride intake for 4–18-year-olds when the source of water intake is solely fluoridated tap water was estimated to be 0.26 mg F per day; compared with 0.16 mg F per day, when a combination of tap and bottled water is consumed. Conclusions Bottled water, from those samples, is unlikely to make an important contribution to total fluoride intake in British diets. Consumption of bottled water containing a negligible amount of fluoride in preference to fluoridated tap water might result in less than optimal fluoride ingestion in young people.

Chemical Evaluation of Commercial Bottled Drinking Water from Egypt

Inorganic constituents and trihalomethanes were analyzed in five major brands of commercial bottled water currently used by many Egyptians and tourists visiting Egypt. The inorganic analysis included determination of both anion and cation species. Trihalomethanes analysis included the determination of chloroform, bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane. For the purpose of comparison, selected samples of tap water and rain water from Cairo and Giza were also analyzed. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) was used for the analysis of elements including heavy metals. Ion chromatography (IC) was used for the analysis of anions. Ion selective electrodes (ISE) were used for measuring physical constants and for the analysis of nitrite, cyanide and sulphide ions, and ammonia. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used for the analysis of trihalomethanes. All water samples were within the acceptable levels of the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and were lower than maximum contaminant levels (MCL) established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Tap water from both Cairo and Giza was of a higher quality than any of the bottled water with regard to the analyzed chemical constituents. Out of the five brands of bottled water only Mineral®brand had a concentration level approaching the maximum allowed concentration for most of the chemical constituents, and it also contained the highest total dissolved solids. Trihalomethanes were found in all of the tap water but at much lower levels in Baraka®and Siwa®bottled water. Charcoal filters were effective in reducing the trihalomethanes concentration but showed no significant changes in other constituents.

Screening method for the gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of microgram/litre levels of bromate in bottled water.

Bromate can be formed as a by-product of ozone treatment that is sometimes used for the disinfection of municipal water supplies and bottled waters. The US Environmental Protection Agency has proposed a maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 micrograms/l for bromate in public drinking water. Should the proposed MCL for bromate become final, it may then be considered for adoption as a bottled water quality standard by the US Food and Drug Administration. This paper reports the development of a gas chromatographic/ mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method for the determination of parts-per-billion (microgram/l) levels of bromate (BrO3-) in bottled water. The GC/MS method was validated by using distilled and deionized Milli-Q water; detection limits, quantitation limits, and recoveries were determined and identities were confirmed by MS on the basis of analyses of test portions fortified with BrO3- at 0.8, 3.8, 7.7, 15, and 46 micrograms/l. The method also was evaluated on the basis of recoveries determined for two commercial brands of bottled water fortified with BrO3- at 3.8 and 7.7 micrograms/l and two commercial brands fortified at 0.8, 3.8, and 7.7 micrograms/l. For the Milli-Q water, recoveries ranged from 100 to 121%; for the fortified commercial products, recoveries ranged from 87 to 115%. The limits of detection and quantitation were determined to be 0.4 and 0.7 microgram/l, respectively. Several commercial brands of bottled water were analysed, and BrO3- was found in these products at levels ranging from none to 38 micrograms/l.

Determination of Heavy Metals and Other Toxic Elements In Four Brands of Commercial Bottled Water From Indonesia Market By ICP/MS

Heavy metals and toxic elements four brands of commercial bottled water from Indonesia market were analyzed by using Inductive Couple Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The heavy metals and toxic elements to be analyzed were copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), selenium (Se) and manganese (Mn). The results are the heavy metals and toxic elements from all commercial water samples were below the permissible level of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI). Hence, this determination clarify no risk about quality and safety of commercial bottled water for public drinking water.