Brands Of Bottled Mineral Water Research Articles

Occurrence of microplastic particles in the most popular Iranian bottled mineral water brands and an assessment of human exposure

Microplastics (MPs) have recently been detected in different products and environmental samples, ranging from wastewater to drinking water, as well as in products consumed by humans. However, few studies have addressed the contamination by MPs in bottled mineral water. Therefore, in the present study, the contamination by MPs was investigated from 11 samples of popular brands of bottled mineral water in Iran. Using a staining method and stereomicroscope analysis, MPs were detected in 9 out of the 11 sample brands. The amount, shape, and color of MPs varied in different bottles. The most detected MPs were in the shape of fragment (93 %) and fiber (7%), with an average concentration of approximately 8.5 ± 10.2 particles/L. In addition, there were no MPs in 20 % of the collected samples, which was the reason for the observed high variation of SD. The presence of MPs was demonstrated by FTIR and Raman stereoscopy and the most likely polymers found were PET, PS, and PP. Finally, four scenarios were investigated for daily and annual human exposure to microplastics. The study results indicate that the human daily and annual intake were negligible when compared using Valmet textures; approximately 0.015 P/kg/bw/day and 5.35 P/kg/bw/year for adults and approximately 0.065 P/kg/bw/day and 23.43 P/kg/bw/year for children.

Assessment of natural radioactivity and consequent radiological hazard in different brands of commercialized bottled mineral water produced in China.

As one of the drinking water quality parameters, natural radioactivity parameters are recommended to prevent a potential health threat to the public. In this study, the gross-α and gross-β activity concentrations in 15 different brands of commercial bottled mineral water consumed in China were analyzed to evaluate the quality and corresponding health impact on the population. The activity concentrations of gross-α and gross-β in different samples varied from 4.4 to 130.6 and 17.3-320.3 mBq L-1, respectively. The values of the annual effective dose equivalent rate (AED) for infants, children and adults ranged from 1.3 to 21.6, 2.9-52.5 and 5.5-97.8 μSv y-1, respectively. The average excess lifetime cancer risk caused by the consumption of bottled mineral water samples was estimated as 6.0 × 10-5. These results show that all the measured gross-α and gross-β are found to be obviously less than the guidance level by WHO and the domestic standard. The values of AED are below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit of 0.1 mSv y-1. Combined with the lifetime cancer risk assessment, it is concluded that there is no significant risk for consumption of the observed brands of bottled mineral water and it can be consumed safely.

Classification of Various Bottled Mineral Waters Marketed in Djibouti

In this study, nineteen different brands of bottled mineral waters (7 brands local and 12 brands imported) were collected from supermarkets and independent food stores throughout Djibouti. The chemical composition mentioned on the labels of the nineteen bottled mineral waters has made the subject of a first verification by Ionic Balance Error (IBE). It was found out of the nineteen brands selected, 12 brands (2 brands local and 10 brands imported) had acceptable charge balance error. Correlation Analysis (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were used to analyze the data collected from the labels of bottled water. The obtained results showed that the 12 brands of studied waters can be grouped in 4 distinct classes with similar chemical characteristics. Two local and one imported brands have the same chemical composition but marketed under different names. It was observed that the chemical content local water brands were within the normal range prescribed by both WHO and USEPA except five imported water brands that have concentration values Ca, HCO3, Mg and SO4 beyond acceptable standards. Total hardness values classified most of the studied brands from moderate to very hard water.

Traceability of different brands of bottled mineral water during shelf life, using PCR-DGGE and next generation sequencing techniques

Natural mineral waters contain indigenous bacteria characteristic of each spring source. Once bottled, these communities change over time until the water is consumed. Bottle material is believed to play a major role in the succession of these populations, but very few studies to date have evaluated the effect of this material on bacterial communities. In this study, we examined the microbial community structure of three natural mineral waters over 3 months after bottling in glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. To this end, we used culture-dependent (heterotrophic plate count) and culture-independent methods (16S rRNA massive gene sequencing, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and fluorescent microscopy with vital dyes). Total and viable cell counts increased by around 1–2 log10 units between 1 and 2 weeks after bottling and then remained constant over 3 months for all waters regardless of the bottle material. DGGE fingerprints and 16S rRNA massive sequencing analysis both indicated that different communities were established in the waters two weeks after bottling in the different bottle materials. In conclusion, no differences in total, viable and culturable bacteria counts were observed between mineral waters bottled with PET or glass during shelf life storage. Nevertheless, in spite of changes in the communities, each water brand and material presented a distinct microbial community structure clearly distinguishable from the others, which could be interesting for traceability purposes.

Bottled mineral water: classic and temporal descriptive sensory analysis associated with liking

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the classic (static) and dynamic sensory profile of different bottled mineral water samples, and to evaluate the consumer’s liking of the products.Design/methodology/approachClassic quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) were applied to four brands of bottled mineral water and the liking of the products was evaluated by consumers.FindingsThe dissolved mineral concentration is highly correlated to the liking and influences the sensory profile of the samples in a substantial way. The higher the mineral content, the lowest is the liking. Refreshing, residual plastic taste, musty, metallic taste, medicine taste and viscosity were relevant attributes to the samples differentiation through the static evaluation, while refreshing and viscosity were dominant in the dynamic monitoring. Some information might have been lost by the nature of the TDS method, based on dominance concept. Sweet taste contributed positively and musty taste negatively to the acceptance.Originality/valueThis paper demonstrated that TDS can be used as a complementary tool to the QDA, contributing to a deeper comprehension of the differences among samples, even in products with low differences, such as bottled mineral water.

Chemical composition and heavy metals in bottled mineral drinking waters in Bandar Abbas

Introduction: In recent years, attraction toward drinking bottled mineral water has increased. Therefore, chemical composition and safety of these waters considering trace elements and heavy metals should confirm the national or international standard limits. The aim of this study was to evaluate and comparison of the mineral and heavy metal composition of bottled waters in Bandar Abbas with Iranian national standard range. Methods: A total of 125 samples from 25 bottled mineral water brands were analyzed for 17 elements including Zn, Cu,Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, Mn, As, Pb, Cr, Se, Cd, Co, Ni, Mo, Ba using ICP-OES technique. Concentrations were compared to the desirable and permissible limits of Iran national standard. Results: Zn, Cu, Ca and Mg were lower than desirable limits. Na concentration in all brands was lower than maximum permissible limit. Concentrations of Cr and Se were higher than maximum permissible limit in 7 brands. As, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, Mo and Ba concentrations were lower than maximum permissible limit in all brands. Conclusion: The results showed that the studied mineral waters could not provide clinically important dietary intake of Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn. Low Na concentration was a proper characteristic. Except for 7 brands with high Cr and Se concentrations, other bottled mineral waters were safe for daily intake.

ANÁLISES DESCRITIVAS E MICROBIOLÓGICAS DAS ÁGUAS MINERAIS ENVASADAS E COMERCIALIZADAS NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE RECIFE-PE.

The paper aims to describe the quality of mineral water marketed by the population of the metropolitan area of Recife-PE in 2015, regarding the microbiological and descriptive analyzes. We analyzed 70 samples of seven different brands of bottled mineral water in the period from January to April and June to August due year. The samples were divided into thirty-five units for both periods, according to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, by means of testing the presence or absence (P-A) and Pour Plate Method. Regarding the microbiological analysis of samples of the first period in accordance with Resolution 275/2005 brands A, B and C had their departures REJECTED samples and the marks D, E, F and G were APPROVED. In the second period the marks A, B, C, D and E had their departures REJECTED samples and the F and G brands were APPROVED. The percentage shown in the first period indicates 57.14% (APPROVED) and 42, 85% (REJECTED). In the second period the percentage indicates that 28.75% (APPROVED) and 71.42% (REJECTED). That is, in the second period there was obtained a high percentage of water which has been rejected due to the presence of microbiological bacteria.

Radiation dose to the Malaysian populace via the consumption of bottled mineral water

Due to the geological makeup of the various water bodies, mineral- and groundwater can be expected to contain levels of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) exceeding that of tap and surface water. Acknowledging mineral water to form a vital component of the intake in maintaining the healthy life of an individual, it nevertheless remains important to study the associated radiological implications of NORM content, especially in regard to the consumption of bottled mineral water, the presence of which is prevalent in modern urban society. In present study, various brands of bottled mineral waters that are commonly available in Malaysia were obtained from local markets, the presence of NORM subsequently being assessed by HPGe γ-ray spectrometry. The activity concentrations of the radionuclides of particular interest, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, were found to be within the respective ranges of 1.45±0.28‒3.30±0.43, 0.65±0.18‒3.39±0.38 and 21.12±1.74‒25.31±1.84Bq/L. The concentrations of 226Ra, of central importance in radiological risk assessment, exceed the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2011) recommended maximum permissible limit of 1.0Bq/L; for all three radionuclides taken together, the annual effective doses are greater than the WHO recommended limit of 0.1mSv/y, a matter of especial concern for those in the developmental stages of life.

Natural radioactivity levels in commercialized bottled drinking water and their radiological quality assessment

This work presents radiological data on most commonly sold bottled water brands in the urban areas of Bangladesh. A significant fragment of the population use bottled water as their source of daily water intake. It is known from the literature that some varieties of bottled waters contain natural radionuclides in higher concentration than the traditional municipal tap water. In this study, concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive materials, particularly 226Ra, 228Ra, and 40K, and its annual effective dose with its stochastic effects were determined in available brands of bottled mineral water manufactured in Bangladesh. The measurement was performed by gamma-ray spectroscopy using a hyper-pure germanium detector. The activity concentration of the radiologically important nuclides 226Ra and 228Ra were found within the permissible limits of 1 and 0.1 Bq l−1, respectively, recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) in almost all samples. The annual effective doses caused by natural radioactivity of 228Ra for the infants (0–1 year) and adolescent (12–17 year) groups exceeded the recommended WHO guideline level of 0.1 mSv y−1 for drinking water in most of the cases. Particularly for those age groups, the estimated doses are extremely high. In general, the carcinogenic risk due to natural radioactive doses for all bottled water samples were found below the acceptable limit of 10−3.

Opportunistic pathogens and elements of the resistome that are common in bottled mineral water support the need for continuous surveillance.

Several differences concerning bacterial species, opportunistic pathogens, elements of the resistome as well as variations concerning the CFU/mL counts were identified in some of the five most marketed bottled mineral water from Araraquara city, São Paulo, Brazil. Two out of five brands tested were confirmed as potential source of opportunistic pathogens, including Mycobacterium gordonae, Ralstonia picketti and Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). A total of one hundred and six isolates were recovered from four of these bottled mineral water brands. Betaproteobacteria was predominant followed by Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes. Ninety percent of the bacteria isolated demonstrated resistance to seventeen of the nineteen antimicrobials tested. These antimicrobials included eight different classes, including 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. Multidrug resistant bacteria were detected for fifty-nine percent of isolates in three water brands at counts up to 103 CFU/ml. Of major concern, the two bottled mineral water harboring opportunistic pathogens were also source of elements of the resistome that could be directly transferred to humans. All these differences found among brands highlight the need for continuous bacteriological surveillance of bottled mineral water.

Quality Evaluation of Several Brands of Bottled Mineral Water from Egypt and Saudi Arabia

Asian Journal of Chemistry, a Multidisciplinary Chemistry Journal is an Peer Reviewed International Journal and publishes from India. The journal has been established since January 1989 on a firm foundation of International Quality Research. This Journal encompasses all branches of chemistry and its sub – disciplines like Pharmaceutical, Biological activities of Synthetic Drugs, Environmental Chemistry, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, and Agricultural Chemistry, etc.

Screening of endocrine-disrupting phenols, herbicides, steroid estrogens, and estrogenicity in drinking water from the waterworks of 35 Italian cities and from PET-bottled mineral water

We investigated contamination by endocrine-disrupting chemicals in drinking water from 35 major Italian cities and five popular Italian brands of bottled mineral water. The quality of Italian drinking water was assessed by combing chemical analysis with bioassay to quantify specific estrogenic contaminants and to characterize the actual biological effect of the mixture of chemicals present in drinking water including the contribution of not targeted compounds. The selected contaminants were natural and synthetic steroid estrogens, alkylphenols and bisphenol A, linuron, triazine herbicides, and their metabolites. A specific analytical method was developed based on solid phase extraction of 1 L of water and concentration to 100 μL for quantification by electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, achieving quantification limits of 0.05-0.36 ng/L for herbicides and 0.64-7.70 ng/L for steroids and phenols. No steroid estrogens were detected in any of the samples, while bisphenol A and nonylphenols were detected in the ranges of 0.82-102.00 and 10.30-84.00 ng/L respectively. Herbicides and their degradation products, when present, were found from slightly above the quantification limits up to 49.91 ng/L, mainly from cities in northern Italy. Chemical analyses were complemented by the performance of a bioassay for the determination of the estrogenic activity in the extracts based on the transactivation of estrogen receptor α-transfected reporter HeLa-ERE-Luciferase-Neomycin cell line. Activity was generally low with maximum estrogenicity of 13.6 pg/L estradiol equivalents.

Endocrine disruptor activity in bottled mineral and flavoured water

A panel of reporter gene assays (RGAs) coupled with a single solid phase extraction (SPE) step was developed and used to screen bottled mineral water for the presence of four classes of endocrine disruptors (EDs), oestrogens, androgens, progestagens and glucocorticoids.Fourteen brands of bottled mineral water in triplicate (42 samples) were analysed. Overall, hormonal activity was found in 78% of the samples. Oestrogenic, androgenic, progestagenic and glucocorticoid activity was found in 38%, 38%, 36% and 55% of the samples, respectively at an average concentration of 10ng/l 17β-estradiol equivalent (EEQ), 26ng/l testosterone equivalent (TEQ), 123ng/l progesterone equivalent (PEQ) and 13.5ng/l hydrocortisone equivalent (HEQ).The level of oestrogenic, androgenic and progestagenic activity observed is not considered a matter of concern for the consumers’ health. It is unknown whether the glucocorticoid levels observed are safe. The ED source, long term exposure and mixture effects remain to be investigated.

Nicotine occurrence in bottled mineral water: Analysis of 10 brands of water in Spain

The presence of pharmaceuticals in surface and drinking water has been evidenced in numerous studies. Despite representing one of the most common consumption sources, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in bottled mineral water. Pollution of these sources not only could pose a serious human health risk, but would also warn about the quality of the water in our aquifers, a vital and vulnerable source of water, essential for the future water supply. Fifty eight pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) belonging to the 12 main therapeutic groups were analyzed in 10 bottled mineral water brands produced in Spain. Nicotine was detected in concentrations ranging from 7ngL−1 to 15ngL−1 in 5 of 10 bottled mineral waters. Despite the low nicotine concentration measured, the presence of this compound in bottled water still raises concern. Health risk assessment researchers have postulated that the risk to adult healthy humans from oral intake of nicotine at low levels is negligible. However, no studies have been conducted to assess the human health risk of vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and newborns. This population is the target of advertising on the purity and quality characteristics of bottled mineral water.

Major and trace elements in German bottled water, their regional distribution, and accordance with national and international standards

The market for mineral water has been growing steadily over the last few years. Germany is the country with the highest number of bottled mineral water brands (908 bottled water samples from 502 wells/brands were analyzed). The per capita consumption of mineral water in Germany in 2003 was 129 L. A wide range of values of one to seven orders of magnitude was determined for 71 elements in the bottled water samples analyzed by ICP-QMS, ICP-AES, IC, titration, photometric, conductometric and potentiometric methods. A comparison of the element concentrations and the legal limits for both bottled and tap water (EU, Germany, US EPA, WHO) shows that only 70% of the 908 mineral water samples fulfill the German and EU drinking water (i.e., tap water) regulations for all parameters (not including pH) for which action levels are defined. Nearly 5% of the bottled water samples not fulfill the German and EU regulations for mineral and table water. Comparison of our results with the current German and European action levels for mineral and table water shows that only 42 of the bottled water samples exceed the limits for one or more of the following elements: arsenic, nitrate, nitrite, manganese, nickel and barium concentrations. Ten of the bottled water samples contain uranium concentrations above the 10 μg/L recommended limit. A selection of existing water quality classification systems was used in order to characterize the different mineral water types. For example, the relationships among selected variables were examined using Durov, Piper and van Wirdum diagrams. Univariate and multivariate (component analysis) statistical methods were used to analyze the data to characterize the bottled water from the different well regions of Germany. Maps of the element distributions are presented. Most of the elements show a clear regional dependency. The bottled water shows conspicuous geochemical influences by the limestone aquifers of the Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic), the sandstone aquifers of the Bunter and Keuper (Lower and Upper Triassic), the gypsum of the Keuper, and the aquifers in gneiss basement rocks.

AGE-DEPENDENT DOSE ASSESSMENT OF 226Ra FROM BOTTLED WATER INTAKE

Water may present a source of prolonged exposure to naturally occurring radionuclides. One of the most frequently occurring radionuclides in natural mineral and spring waters is 226Ra and its decay products. The contribution of drinking water to the total exposure is very small, at about 5% of the average effective dose attributable annually to natural background radiation, but that exposure contributes to the risk of adverse health consequences. In this study the mean values of 226Ra concentration determined in natural mineral and spring bottled waters range from 6 to 412 mBq L(-1), which is in accord with Croatian legislation. 226Ra effective doses per year from spring water consumption range up to 86 microSv, while 226Ra effective doses per year from mineral water consumption show much higher values. The highest 226Ra effective doses per year from mineral waters consumption, which are up to seven times higher than the dose recommended by WHO (100 microSv), were found in infants and teens. Based on this study, drinking of certain brands of bottled mineral water is not recommended for these age groups because assessed 226Ra effective doses per year exceed the recommended limits. From other research it is known that testosterone appears in elevated concentration during these life periods and affects bone calcification. Therefore, testosterone could affect the retention of 226Ra into the bone. To make more precise conclusions further research is necessary. Adults and especially elderly people are much less susceptible to the presence of 226Ra. According to the results obtained in this study, 226Ra effective doses per year assessed for these age groups were considerably lower (i.e., 10 microSv).

Natural radioactivity in Brazilian bottled mineral waters and consequent doses

The natural activity concentration levels of 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb were analyzed in 17 brands of bottled mineralwaters commercially available in the Southeast region of Brazil. Concentrationsup to 647 mBq . l —1 and 741 mBq . l —1were observed for 226 Ra and 228 Ra, whereas 210Pb concentrationsreached 85 mBq . l —1

TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF MINERAL WATER SAMPLES BY PIXE AND ICP-MS

Trace elements present in bottled mineral water have been studied by PIXE and ICP-MS. Samples from ten different brands of bottled mineral water were prepared by preconcentration techniques. Measurements were carried out using the 2 MeV proton beam obtained from 3 MV Tandem pelletron accelerator at the Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar. Our results are compared with Indian standard packaged natural mineral water specifications, World Health Organisation (WHO) and European guidelines for drinking water standards. Concentration of aluminium was found to be more in one of the brands. In general, our results are comparable to the above standards.

Bottled mineral waters polluted by protozoa in Mexico.

A survey of protozoa polluting bottled mineral water in Mexico was carried out using samples obtained form the three best-selling brands of bottled mineral water in the country. The organisms were concentrated through filtration procedures and subsequently cultured in the sterile media. The cultures were observed over four weeks, with identification to the level of genus and species. Most commonly found were the amoebae Naegleria gruberi, Acanthamoeba astronyxis, and Vahlkampfia vahlkampfi (trophic as well as cystic stages) plus one flagellate, Bodomorpha minima. No ciliates were detected. The public health importance of the findings is obvious, since some strains of Naegleria and Acanthamoeba have the potential to cause human disease that may lead to death.