Brake Failure Research Articles

Regenerative braking fault compensation control of distributed electric vehicle considering random wheel fault degree

Distributed drive electric vehicles can reduce range anxiety through regenerative braking. However, if the wheel motor torque output fails, it will form an additional yaw moment to the vehicle, causing instability, or deviation and threatening its safety. To solve this problem, the research object is an electric vehicle driven by a four-wheel hub motor. A braking force compensation distribution strategy for front and rear axles is proposed, which combines electronic hydraulic braking (EHB) system compensation control and deviation auxiliary control. Firstly, a fault detection module is established, and the motor’s output torque is estimated by designing a torque observer to obtain the fault degree information of the motor. Secondly, to fully use the motor’s regenerative braking force, the fault-free and faulty electro-hydraulic braking force distribution strategies are designed in the coordinated distribution layer of the electro-hydraulic braking system. The corresponding electro-hydraulic braking force compensation method is selected according to the fault degree of the regenerative braking function, the position of the faulty wheel, and the braking strength. Then, a deviation auxiliary controller is designed based on the model predictive control, and the intervention time of the auxiliary controller is determined according to the vehicle’s state. Finally, the control method is verified based on CarSim/Simulink co-simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform. The test results show that the designed control method can effectively compensate for the regenerative braking failure of random wheel and ensure the braking safety of the vehicle.

Research on the Influence of Biomimetic Patterns Surface on the Surface Temperature of Drum Brake Lining

Vehicles need to brake frequently on long downhill sections. In this case, the surface of the friction lining is prone to accumulating a large amount of heat, which will reduce the performance of the braking material and lead to braking failure. This article analyzes the heat generation and dissipation mechanism during the braking process of drum brakes based on the law of energy conservation, and establishes a thermal conductivity differential equation. Subsequently, with the honeycomb texture as the biomimetic target, circular, square, and honeycomb patterns with different parameters were designed on the surface of the friction lining, and a finite element model was established using Ansys Workbench. Thermodynamic coupling analysis shows that patterned friction lining can reduce the maximum temperature of the braking surface. Honeycomb patterns have better heat dissipation effects than circular and square patterns. Compared with non patterned brake pads, honeycomb patterns can reduce the maximum surface temperature of brake pads by 14.6%. When the surface area ratio of the honeycomb is 56.8%, its heat dissipation effect is the best.

Design of brake failure control on motorcycle disc brakes through an integrated cooling system

The increasing number of traffic accidents is a challenge for driver safety. The biggest factor in traffic accidents in terms of vehicles, one of which is brake failure. The number of cases of failed brakes was 7,083 cases and increased in the following year by 32% or 9,333 cases. The main cause of brake failure is the temperature condition in the brake calipers which overheats, triggering the occurrence of brake vapour lock. So, there is an urgent need for innovative solutions that can overcome the failure of the brakes on motorcycles due to the lack of effectiveness of the cooling system in the callipers. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of E-BRACE (electronic brake cooling control system) in preventing brake failure and to describe the design and innovation of E-BRACE as a technology for controlling brake failure through an integrated cooling system. The research was experimentally carried out with functionality tests to describe the effectiveness of E-BRACE. The test revealed that E-BRACE was very effective in stabilizing the temperature in the 9th to 15th-minute range. The highest E-BRACE effectiveness in the 15th minute is 55 %.

Electro-hydraulic composite stability control for regenerative braking failure of in-wheel motors drive electric vehicle

The in-wheel motor simplifies the structure of drive system and improves dynamic performance of vehicle. However, the regenerative braking failure of unilateral motor could greatly reduce braking strength and cause the instability of vehicle. The existing control methods are difficult to guarantee the braking performance and driving stability at the same time. To resolve this fail-safe problem, an electro-hydraulic composite stability control method is proposed and verified. Firstly, the vehicle model, the in-wheel motor model, and the hydraulic braking system model are built. Secondly, the electro-hydraulic composite stability control method is proposed and a stability controller based on model predictive control algorithm is designed to solve the problems of model uncertainty and external interference in the control process. Thirdly, the control effect of proposed method is compared with torque truncation control, hydraulic compensation control, and yaw stability control. Finally, the electro-hydraulic composite stability control method proposed in this paper is verified and tested on the real vehicle. The results show that the combination of the torque truncation control, the hydraulic compensation control, and yaw stability control could improve the driving stability of vehicle and meet the demand of braking intensity.

A numerical investigation of disc brake by providing slots on rotor disc

Brake failure is a major safety concern in vehicles, particularly in two-wheelers, and can lead to accidents. To improve the safety of two-wheelers, this study proposes a new design for brake disc rotors with slots that can withstand the stresses and heat generated during the braking process. The performance of the rotor was analyzed using ANSYS 16 software through a combination of static structural analysis and transient thermal analysis. Static structural analysis was conducted by applying a braking force to a specific area while keeping the brake mount points fixed, and transient thermal analysis evaluated the effects of temperature changes on the brake system over time. The study considered various materials, including Grey cast iron, Ti6Al4V, and AISI 6150. Based on the analysis of von-mises stresses, shear stresses, strains, deformations, and total heat flux, AISI 6150 was identified as the best material for the brake disc rotors, as it can increase the performance of disc rotors and potentially reduce accidents. The findings of this study have practical implications for the design and manufacture of safer and more efficient brake systems in vehicles.

Brake Failure Detection and Application of Auxiliary Braking System

Brake Failure Detection and Application of Auxiliary Braking System

Arduino Uno-based Brake Safety Design for Matic Motorcycles

Failed brakes are an event or damage to a motorized vehicle component that can cause an accident as well as be a life threat to the driver. There are several factors that can cause brake failure, including thin or worn brake pads, and clogged brake fluid hoses. The problem that often occurs is overheating in the brake system which causes brake failure (fading). Failed brake events are more common in hilly descent areas, these accidents make brake failure the second most common accident after driver negligence such as drowsiness. One of the efforts to prevent the failure of the brakes to occur is to make a brake safety system on an automatic Arduino Uno motorbike. The method applied includes planning, manufacturing, and testing of tools. This detector uses the DS18B20 sensor as input, Arduino uno as a microcontroller, 16 x 2 LCD as direct monitoring, and the output is an LED light and a buzzer. The working principle of this tool is that the temperature of the brake calipers has started to heat up, so the DS18B20 sensor works by generating data that will be displayed on the LCD, and when it reaches the temperature limit of 100 degrees Celsius at the same time the buzzer sounds and the LED light turns on and the water pump functions which will spray part of the system. braking. During the heating process, the temperature will be monitored via the LCD display on the vehicle. The test results of this tool will be affected by the hot temperature of the DS18B20 sensor.

Internet of Things (IoT) Innovation and Application to Intelligent Governance Systems: A Case Study on DISHUB for Transport Vehicles

Vehicles can be used to facilitate humans in carrying out their daily activities. Motorized vehicles are divided into 3: land, sea, and air. Apart from the many benefits that can be obtained, motorized vehicles have dangers related to high-risk accidents. The highest cause of motorized vehicle accidents on land is road damage due to overload vehicles. Brake failure due to overload vehicles also contributes to vehicle accidents. This research aims to create an Internet of Things (IoT) based application to detect motorized vehicle load conditions. It was combined with several other technologies to produce a tool for detecting motor vehicle load conditions. The Extreme Programming Method is being used in this research. The Extreme Programming method is considered more suitable for completing this research because the communication with stakeholders is quite different. The Extreme Programming Method enables it to go back to the next step if discrepancies are encountered in making the system. The result of this research is an IoT-based tool called e-overload. It can detect vehicle loads, provide information for the drivers, and inform the results to related officers at the same time. E-overload tool will enable the drivers to get real-time information on the load on their vehicles. Officers will get additional evidence and the latest position of the vehicle to carry out actions against motorists who operate their vehicles with excessive loads.

Study on the mechanism of expanded graphite to improve the fading resistance of the non-asbestos organic composite braking materials

To improve the anti-fading performance and braking reliability of non-asbestos organic composite braking materials (NAOCBM) and to decrease vehicle driving risks due to braking failure, we studied the addition of expanded graphite (EG) to NAOCBM. The properties were optimized when the EG dose was 4 wt%. The reason for improvement was that the local flexible internal stress due to graphite expansion at high braking temperature partially offset the crack expansion, and thereby significantly decreased the damages of delamination wear to braking materials and braking performances. These results uncover the mechanism of EG addition to the performance optimization of braking materials, and provide an effective method to improve the reliability of braking materials and to reduce the probability of traffic accidents.

Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Aluminum Matrix Nano-Composite Automobile Disc Brake Rotor Using Finite Element Method.

Analysis of mechanical and thermal behaviors during braking has become an increasingly important issue in many transport sectors for different modes of transportation. Brake failure generated during braking is a complex phenomenon confronting automobile manufacturers and designers. During braking, kinetic energy is transferred to thermal energy, resulting in the intense heating of disc brake rotors that increases proportionally with vehicle speed, mass, and braking frequency. It is essential to look into and improve strategies to make versatile, thermally resistant, lightweight, high-performance discs. As a result, this study uses the finite element method to conduct a thermo-mechanical analysis of aluminum alloy and aluminum matrix nano-composite disc brake rotors to address the abovementioned issues. The FEA method is used for the thermo-mechanical analysis of AMNCs for vented disc brake rotor during emergency braking at 70 km/h. From the results obtained, aluminum base metal matrix nano-composites have an excellent strength-to-weight ratio when used as disc brake rotor materials, significantly improving the discs’ thermal and mechanical performance. From the result of transient thermal analysis, the maximum value of heat flux obtained for aluminum alloy disc is about 8 W/mm2, whereas for AMNCs, the value is increased to 16.28 W/mm2. The result from static analysis shows that the maximum deformation observed is 0.19 mm for aluminum alloy disc and 0.05 mm for AMNCs disc. In addition, the maximum von Mises stress value of AMNC disc is about 184 MPa. The maximum von Mises stress value of aluminum alloy disc is about 180 MPa. Therefore, according to the results, the proposed aluminum base metal matrix nano-composites are valid for replacing existing materials for disc brake rotor applications.

Heavy-Duty Vehicle Braking Stability Control and HIL Verification for Improving Traffic Safety

The braking failure of heavy vehicles under long downhill or curved conditions may cause traffic crash and reduce road traffic efficiency. Therefore, to improve the traffic safety and braking stability of vehicles under special road conditions, a braking dynamic model and control system based on the interval uncertainty analysis are proposed, and the safety of the active control model is verified by experiments (HIL). Firstly, the interval uncertain dynamic model is established based on the Monte Carlo method, and the braking failure simulation analysis of the right front wheel of heavy vehicles is carried out in the set of three uncertain intervals. Secondly, the fuzzy PID and sliding mode controller based on yaw and centroid error are designed to find the optimal control strategy from the two kinds of control strategies for HIL experiments. Finally, the actual control effect and feasibility of these control algorithms for heavy vehicle braking under special road conditions are verified by HIL experiments. The experimental results show that under the action of the fuzzy PID control strategy, the running stability of the vehicle is significantly improved compared with no control, which effectively reduces the risk of vehicle braking failure and improves the active safety and stability of the vehicle.

Discussion on Cause Analysis and Inspection of Elevator Braking Failure

Discussion on Cause Analysis and Inspection of Elevator Braking Failure

FACTORS CAUSING TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS BASED ON THE TRIP MAKER PERCEPTION: COMPARISON BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL ROADS

Traffic accidents can occur due to drivers, vehicles, infrastructure, and the environment. Of the three factors that cause it is necessary to know what attributes have a strong correlation as part of the factors that can cause the accident. This study aims to obtain and compare what factors cause traffic accidents on urban and rural roads. The data used in this study is not based on accident data but trip makers' perception data by conducting interviews. The target respondents are trip makers who have been involved in traffic accidents. The perception data is used to obtain the factors that cause other traffic accidents that are not recorded in conventional accident data. In this research, the causative factors are grouped into two conditions: factors causing accidents on urban roads and rural roads. Identification of these causes is by sorting out which attributes directly affect the likelihood of a traffic accident based on the perception of the trip makers. The analysis uses the Partial Least Square statistical approach to get the intended results. The results show that the dominant cause of accidents based on human factors on urban roads is fatigue, while on rural roads is due to high speed (aggressive). From the vehicle factors, a flat tire is a cause that may cause an accident. Brake failure is one of the causative factors for rural roads not found on urban roads. Side friction such as the buildup of material on the roadside, on-street parking, street vendors, and indiscriminate pedestrians have great potential to cause accidents on urban roads. Sharp curve conditions are the dominant cause on rural roads.

BRAKE FAILURE INDICATOR AND ENGINE OVER HEATING ALARAM

Abstract-The aim is to design and develop a control system based an electronically controlled automatic brake failure indicator and engine over heating alarm by using heat sensor is called “BRAKE FAILURE INDICATOR AND ENGINE OVER HEATING ALARM”. Automatic brake failure indicator and engine over heating alarm is consists of Arduino Uno circuit, Heat sensor, Control Unit and frame. The sensor is used to detect the Heat of the Engine. There is any disconnection of the brake wire or cutting of any few turns of brake wire, the control signal to the alarm unit. Similarly the heat sensor is fixed to the engine and this heat is measured and giving the alarm signal when the engine heat exceeds the setted temperature limit. Keywords: Braking system, Sensors, Microcontroller, Stepdown Transformer, Bridge Rectifier

Study on Risk of Long-Steep Downgrade Sections of Expressways Based on a Fuzzy Hierarchy Comprehensive Evaluation

The long-steep downgrade sections of expressways are characterized by a large elevation difference, poor horizontal and vertical alignment, and the easy failure of brakes on large trucks. They are sections with a high overall operation safety risk. It is necessary to strengthen the research on traffic risk evaluation. In order to study the traffic safety risks of long-steep downgrade parts of expressways, the fuzzy hierarchical comprehensive evaluation method is used to establish the calculation model. First, an evaluation index system including the target level, rule level, first-level index level and second-level index level is established. The qualitative and quantitative indicators are processed by the set value statistical method and the linear standard method, respectively, so that all indicators can be quantitatively evaluated together. Then, each indicator is assigned a score and divided into five risk levels, and a ridge-shaped fuzzy distribution is used to constitute a membership function for each level. A hierarchical structure model is established with the analytic hierarchy process to determine the affiliation between the upper and lower levels, and the relative weight of each level to the upper level also can be obtained. Finally, according to the hierarchical relevance of each evaluation indicator, a three-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is constructed. The traffic risk evaluation level for long-steep downgrade sections can be obtained, and the probability of the corresponding risk evaluation level can be calculated. Through the risk evaluation of the long-steep downgrade sections of the Fuzhou Yinchuan Expressway in China, this shows that the risk evaluation conclusion obtained by using this evaluation method is consistent with the actual traffic safety situation, which shows that the traffic safety risk evaluation model based on a fuzzy hierarchy comprehensive evaluation is operable.

Development of a Model for Predicting Brake Friction Lining Thickness and Brake Temperature

Road traffic injuries and deaths are a growing public health concern worldwide, majorly in developing countries. Brake failure constitutes to be one of the primary reasons for accidents. The majority of brake failures are caused due to overheating of the brakes, while wear of lining is another big share-holder. Early detection of such causes can prevent these accidents. This study puts forth a model that can be used for onboard monitoring of drum/disc temperature & lining/pad thickness by taking velocity & road inclination in real-time as inputs. Many quantities are interdependent and vary with respect to time/temperature. Therefore, an incremental approach is used. The model is implemented in the Simulink software. Many standard profiles are also fed to compare results for different terrains and driving conditions. The drivers can also be classified based on their driving behavior. The thermal model can give us an early warning about the brake overheating. This model can be used to study the energy distribution while braking. Researchers and designers can also use this model to study & optimize the brake system.

Nonlinear Predictive Motion Control for Autonomous Mobile Robots Considering Active Fault-Tolerant Control and Regenerative Braking.

To further advance the performance and safety of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs), an integrated chassis control framework is proposed. In the longitudinal motion control module, a velocity-tracking controller was designed with the integrated feedforward and feedback control algorithm. Besides, the nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) method was applied to the four-wheel steering (4WS) path-tracking controller design. To deal with the failure of key actuators, an active fault-tolerant control (AFTC) algorithm was designed by reallocating the driving or braking torques of the remaining normal actuators, and the weighted least squares (WLS) method was used for torque reallocation. The simulation results show that AMRs can advance driving stability and braking safety in the braking failure condition with the utilization of AFTC and recapture the braking energy during decelerations.

Accident Analysis and Method Comparison of Finding Black Spots on M-2(Lahore-Islamabad) Motorway, Pakistan

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to locate the black spot on the Lahore-Islamabad Motorway and investigate the elements that contribute to traffic accidents (M2). The National Highways and Motorway Police (NHMP), Pakistan, provided 10 years of road accident data for this research. A total of 375 kilometres of M-2 were included in this study's database of sixteen hundred fifty two traffic accidents. Time, sector, beat, severity, casualty, severity index, weather, and other variables are taken into account while analysing the 2010-2020 crash data for M-2. The accident patterns and trends on various road segments have been analysed. Cars (50 percent), trucks (15 percent), buses (eight percent), and Hiace (seven percent) are the most susceptible vehicles (7 percent). More than two-thirds of accidents are caused by reckless driving (28%) or sleeping at the wheel (27%) or tyre bursts (11%) or mechanical faults (8%) or slick roads (5%) or incorrect pedestrian crossings (5%). (4 percent). In both Europe and Asia, several methodologies are used to identify problem areas. An overview of the approaches employed in Austria, Belgium, and India is presented in this work. Kallar Kahar (Salt Range) was classified as a "black spot" as a consequence of these approaches due to the large number of accidents that occur there (223 km, 224 km, 225 km, 229 km, 234 km, 195 km, and 283 km). Vehicle braking failure is the leading cause of car accidents. Because human error is a key component in car accidents, teaching drivers about traffic safety via traditional and new media may help reduce the number of collisions. Alarms and tyres monitoring gauges are advised to prevent mishaps caused by sleeping and tyre rupture. Keywords: Road Traffic Accidents, Traffic Safety, Black Spots, Motorway, Dozing alarms.

An Analysis of the Coupling Between Temperature and Thermal Stress of Disc Brakes Based on Finite Element

Disc brakes have been more widely used in recent years due to its many merits such as fast heat absorption and dissipation, and resistance to water fade. Since it’s difficult to describe the failure of brakes under complex working conditions in only a few times of thermal-structural coupling simulations, this paper analyzed the coupling between temperature and thermal stress of disc brakes under multiple continuous braking conditions. At first, a 3D model of bus disc brake was built in ABAQUS, and its braking motion and dynamic parameters, heat flux density, convective heat dissipation coefficient, heat flux distribution coefficient, and other thermodynamic parameters were calculated. Then, the numerical simulation of the temperature field of disc brake and the coupling analysis of thermal stress under different braking conditions were completed. At last, experimental results gave the analysis results of the temperature distribution characteristics of brake disc surface, and the comparison and demonstration of the finite element analysis were conducted.

Analysis of Elevator Brake Failure Reasons and Test Countermeasures

Analysis of Elevator Brake Failure Reasons and Test Countermeasures