Brainwave Responses Research Articles

Do Audible Sounds during a Lumbar Spine Thrust Manipulation Have an Impact on Brainwave Activity?

To manage pain and stiffness of the lumbar spine, thrust manipulation is commonly used. High-velocity, small-amplitude thrust manipulation often elicits audible sounds. What causes this audible sound remains unclear, and its clinical significance has not been shown. This study aimed to identify how audible sound affects brainwave activity following a side-lying right rotatory thrust manipulation in a group of healthy individuals. This was a quasi-experimental repeated measures study design in which 44 subjects completed the study protocol. A portable Bluetooth EEG device was used to capture brainwave activity. The environment was controlled during testing to minimize any factors influencing the acquisition of real-time EEG data. After a short accommodation period, initial brainwaves were measured. Following this, each subject underwent a lumbar 4-5 side-lying right rotatory thrust manipulation, immediately followed by a second brainwave measurement. A third measurement took place one minute later, followed by a fourth one at the three-minute mark. 21 subjects did not experience audible sounds, while 23 subjects experienced audible sounds. Both groups had significant changes measured by the 14 electrodes (p < 0.05). The audible group had more significant changes, which lasted only two minutes. The lack of brainwave response differences between the audible and non-audible groups implies no direct, measurable placebo or beneficial effect from the audible sound. This study could not identify a benefit from the audible sound during an HVLA manipulation of the subjects.

Neurogaming in Virtual Reality: A Review of Video Game Genres and Cognitive Impact

This work marks a significant advancement in the field of cognitive science and gaming technology. It offers an in-depth analysis of the effects of various video game genres on brainwave patterns and concentration levels in virtual reality (VR) settings. The study is groundbreaking in its approach, employing electroencephalograms (EEGs) to explore the neural correlates of gaming, thus bridging the gap between technology, psychology, and neuroscience. This review enriches the dialogue on the potential of video games as a therapeutic tool in mental health. The study’s findings illuminate the capacity of different game genres to elicit varied brainwave responses, paving the way for tailored video game therapies. This review contributes meaningfully to the state of the art by offering empirical insights into the interaction between gaming environments and brain activity, highlighting the potential applications in therapeutic settings, cognitive training, and educational tools. The findings are especially relevant for developing VR gaming content and therapeutic games, enhancing the understanding of cognitive processes, and aiding in mental healthcare strategies.

Brainwaves and Emotional Responses to Changes in Red Eye Shadow Brightness and Saturation

Purpose: Investigating how Munsell’s primary color (i.e., red eye shadow) influences human brain and emotional responses to establish foundational data for image formation. Methods: We analyzed the relative power differences in background brainwaves due to variations in five levels of brightness and saturation for each eye both in male and female individuals in their twenties. We used the coefficient of variation for brainwaves for our analysis. In addition, we assessed the preferences for altered red eye shadow and the emotional responses to determine the average preference index. We performed statistical analysis for brainwaves and emotional evaluations using repeated measure analysis of variance in SPSS, followed by post hoc testing with Tukey’s test at a 95% confidence level. Results: The brainwave and emotional responses obtained by presenting red eye shadow brightness and saturation modification-created stimuli revealed that both men and women exhibited beta and gamma wave activation and alpha wave inactivation upon low brightness and high saturation stimuli. Men were more sensitive to brightness stimuli, whereas women displayed higher-level variability in brainwave responses upon saturation changes. Both genders preferred red eye shadows with brightness and saturation levels of 8 and 2, respectively. The perceptual image responses indicated that stimuli with low or high brightness were perceived as modern and subtle or clear and cute, respectively. Medium or high saturation stimuli were perceived as clear and natural or associated with a modern image, respectively, by both genders. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the impact of various color stimuli on the human brain and emotions. We consider the obtained results as foundational data, which could be used in future image consulting or when crafting desired image presentations.

Demonstration of colored noise on brainwave activity during reading tasks: An electroencephalogram study

This study investigates the effects of different types of colored noise on brainwave activity during reading task, with a unique intent to use this research as a practical demonstration for the participant to learn about acoustics. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data from 29 participants were obtained and analyzed to assess brainwave activity across all channels when exposed to these colored noises. After brainwave recording process, participants were invited to view their recorded individual brainwave activities and topo mapping, so that they could learn the different colored noises might affecting their brainwave responses. The study found that most of the participants are interested to learn more about how the colored noise affects their daily activity. Besides demonstration to get participants interested in learning noise effects on brainwave activity, our brainwave study revealed that pink noise significantly influenced theta, low alpha, high alpha, low beta, and high beta frequencies during the reading tasks. In comparison, white noise had a notable impact on low and high alpha frequencies, while brown noise yielded significant changes in theta brainwave activity. This research points out that colored noise, could alter brainwave activity. It is potentially affecting cognitive engagement such as alertness and focus. By involving different major students as participants, we demonstrated the tangible effects of acoustics on cognitive functions, fostering a more profound understanding of the subject matter.

Effect of Changes in the Area Ratio of Red/Blue Green Eyeshadow on Cognitive Processing in the Brain

Purpose: To conduct electroencephalography (EEG) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) measurements to establish quantitative data on brainwave responses to changes in eyeshadow color, specifically the area ratio of red (R) and blue green (BG) eyeshadows.Methods: A study was conducted on 60 males and females in their 20s using R, BG eyeshadow to determine brainwave responses via spontaneous EEG and VEPs while presenting stimuli with changes in area. The analysis focused on brainwave responses to changes in area.Results: The brainwave responses to color stimuli demonstrated the maximum activity in the occipital lobe. Specifically, the results of the EEG analysis indicated the highest level of psychological relaxation response at the golden ratio (1.61) of the eyeshadow area. Furthermore, when participants wore BG eyeshadow, their brainwave responses remained stable, with consistent alpha wave activation. The presentation of stimuli using only the R eyeshadow resulted in a significant increase in arousal and attention levels among the participants. Perceptual responses exhibited variations based on the ratio of the main color and point color in the color contrast, and rapid VEPs responses were observed specifically under high saturation conditions. Furthermore, the study revealed a high correlation between the brainwave response results and color images, indicating that an optimal ratio of color areas can maximize the impact of the color image.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that by adjusting the area ratio of colors, it is possible to scientifically determine and achieve the desired color effects in color planning. The brain cognitive responses, resulting from variations in eyeshadow area, can serve as valuable quantitative data for image-making purposes, and can be applied to various fields in the beauty industry to expand their usability

Brainwave and Emotional Responses Based on Application of Five Kinds of Eyeliners on Big and Small Eyes

Purpose: This study aims to obtain scientific data for establishing female images based on results from an evaluation of brainwaves and emotions, after applying five different forms of eyeliners on big and small eyes.Methods: We comparatively analyzed coefficients of variations for the brainwaves and average preference indexes (API) of 60 males and females (age 21–29), after applying five different kinds of eyeliners on big and small eyes.Results: The brainwave responses in males and females were examined by applying five kinds of eyeliners to their big and small eyes. This showed that the activity of the γ-wave was entirely higher in people when they were stimulated by pin-up eyeliner (PU) and the α-wave was less reduced than other frequency bands. The stimulation by the forms of eyeliners, rather than by those of the eyes of the people, could be a factor influencing the brainwave responses. The active sites of the brains of the males and females were examined. The results showed that each stimulus caused prominent activity in the brain, especially in the prefrontal lobe (Fp1, Fp2, Fpz). Differences were found only in the active sites and the degree of activity among their responses to each stimulus, but their response trends were similar. The API responses by various forms of eyeliners indicated negative emotional responses only when the eyes of the people were stimulated by PU, while the other API responses indicated positive emotional responses.Conclusion: The results of the comparative analysis on differences in brainwave and emotional responses, by applying different forms of eyeliners to people with big and small eyes, are thought to suggest a basic direction for expressing facial images. Therefore, it would be possible to collect huge scientific data for establishing female images, if the correlation among physiological and emotional responses can be drawn by applying eyeliners to people with big and small eyes.

Relaxation response with gentle stream sound: A study using brainwave

Respite place in healthcare facility has been introduced and promoted in USGBC LEED to reduce stress and fatigue for caregivers, patients, and their families. Studies showed that people stay in natural environment can experience a sense of wellbeing and also suggested gentle stream water sound is highly associated with “relax” listening impression. Thus, as gentle stream is one of the familiar nature elements and is often used as a landscape architecture element for relaxation along with greens in respite place, the objective of this study was to learn the effect of the relaxation state with gentle stream water sound by studying the alpha brainwave response and physiological responses such as heart rate and blood pressure of 20 participants. During the evaluation, stress inducing period and relaxation period were conducted. Two-sample t-test was used to find out if there were any significant changes in participants’ brainwave and physiological responses. The results showed that based on alpha brainwave, more female participants experienced relaxation state than males. After listening to the water sound, the systolic blood pressure showed the most obvious changes, and heart rate is slower.

Brain Hemispheres Swap Dominance for Processing Semantically Meaningful Pitch.

The question of what determines brain laterality for auditory cognitive processing is unresolved. Here, we demonstrate a swap of hemisphere dominance from right to left during semantic interpretation of Chinese lexical tones in native speakers using simultaneously recorded mismatch negativity response and behavioral reaction time during dichotic listening judgment. The mismatch negativity, which is a brain wave response and indexes auditory processing at an early stage, indicated right hemisphere dominance. In contrast, the behavioral reaction time, which reflects auditory processing at a later stage, indicated a right ear listening advantage, or left hemisphere dominance. The observed swap of hemisphere dominance would not occur when the lexical tone was substituted with a meaningless pure tone. This swap reveals dependence of hemisphere labor division initially on acoustic and then on functional cues of auditory inputs in the processing from sound to meaning.

Effects of Computerized Working-Memory Training with EEG-Based Assessment—

Because training appears to affect working memory, early evaluation and training may help to improve working memory capacity. The aim of this study was to develop a computerized platform that employs electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate the effects of working-memory training. The platform included two systems: (i) in the assessment system we designed n-back paradigms and estimated synchronization index between the theta and gamma bands with working memory index (WMI) verification, while (ii) in the improvement system we designed working-memory training tasks based on three categories—a numerical version of a complex-span task, a figure-based version of a task-switching task, and a matrix version of a pattern task. Twenty-eight healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to the passive control and experimental groups. Significant correlations between WMI and level of difficulty were found for the numerical complex-span task and the pattern-integration task which suggested that training can improve working memory performance. Furthermore, the EEG coupling analysis revealed significantly different in the theta-band phase and high-gamma-band power (i.e., 70–90 Hz) at FC1 which could be used to uncover relationships with the working memory. The system estimating the brainwave responses provided a complementary way of quantifying the degree of working memory other than using a psychophysical questionnaire. Furthermore, it could be simply and rapidly modified for implementing different training tasks, with features of flexibility, low cost, and minimal development time.

The enhancement of appetite through the use of colored light in case of a cake: Preliminary evidence from event‐related potentials

AbstractAppetites are strongly affected by the color of the food and it has been found that different colors can affect the brain reflexes that impact the appetite. In this study, event‐related potential was used as a measurement tool to detect brain wave responses to assess foods under different colors of light, and to compare the appetite performance of participants. The food samples were captured under incandescent lights and colored lights (red and green lights under 5200 K). The incandescent lights were divided into the differential color temperature (2700, 4000, 6500 and 7500 K). Seventeen participants were invited to the experiment. The event‐related potential results showed that the warm incandescent light (4000 K) significantly increased appetite. Moreover, the red light enhances the late positive component amplitude and enhances the consumer's visual attraction and impression. The conclusions showed that the color of lighting can affect consumers' emotions, behaviors, psychology, and even appetite, and preliminary scientific evidence has been obtained from event‐related potential.

Brain Waves and Emotional Responses in Males and Females Derived from the Application of Various Eyeliners to Sloe Eyes

Purpose: To establish quantitative data through brain waves and emotional responses by applying eyeliners to sloe eyes in males and females in their twenties. Methods: This study created stimulants by applying five eyeliners to eyes whose shapes were changed by raising their tails. Using stimulants, the coefficient of variation for brainwaves and average preference indices were obtained from males and females in their twenties, and then were positioned on an adjective image map. It is also suggested how to scientifically analyze make-up images based on a correlation between preference and beta. Results: The evaluation of brain waves and emotions collected from stimulants showed that, for both males and females, a θ wave was activated using the NL stimulation, and α wave was less decreased using the AA stimulation. The activation rates of β and γ waves were most increased by PU stimulation. Although the activation of β and γ waves in males were higher than those in females, the brain wave response tendency stimulated by eyeliners was similar in individuals with both genders. The emotional responses to sloe eyes in individuals with both genders were commonly feminine. The preference indices in both males and females were high for the NL stimulation, and the valuation index of the AA simulation was also good. The preference indices of eyeliners in the males and females were low for the PU stimulation. Among the stimulants to which five eyeliners were applied, those of PU allowed regular the positioning of positive and negative images. Conclusion: There were no discrepancies in the brain waves and emotional responses of the males and females derived from stimulants of eyeliners applied to sloe eyes. The results suggest that it is possible to draw quantitative images from a make-up that is conducted based on a qualitative evaluation. If the data of correlations between emotional responses and brain waves are further collected, they would be efficiently used in the beauty industry.

Individuals With Autism Have No Detectable Deficit in Neural Markers of Prediction Error When Presented With Auditory Rhythms of Varied Temporal Complexity.

The brain's ability to encode temporal patterns and predict upcoming events is critical for speech perception and other aspects of social communication. Deficits in predictive coding may contribute to difficulties with social communication and overreliance on repetitive predictable environments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Using a mismatch negativity (MMN) task involving rhythmic tone sequences of varying complexity, we tested the hypotheses that (1) individuals with ASD have reduced MMN response to auditory stimuli that deviate in presentation timing from expected patterns, particularly as pattern complexity increases and (2) amplitude of MMN signal is inversely correlated with level of impairment in social communication and repetitive behaviors. Electroencephalography was acquired as individuals (age 6-21 years) listened to repeated five-rhythm tones that varied in the Shannon entropy of the rhythm across three conditions (zero, medium-1 bit, and high-2 bit entropy). The majority of the tones conformed to the established rhythm (standard tones); occasionally the fourth tone was temporally shifted relative to its expected time of occurrence (deviant tones). Social communication and repetitive behaviors were measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale and Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised. Both neurotypical controls (n = 19) and individuals with ASD (n = 21) show stepwise decreases in MMN as a function of increasing entropy. Contrary to the result forecasted by a predictive coding hypothesis, individuals with ASD do not differ from controls in these neural mechanisms of prediction error to auditory rhythms of varied temporal complexity, and there is no relationship between these signals and social communication or repetitive behavior measures. LAY SUMMARY: We tested the idea that the brain's ability to use previous experience to influence processing of sounds is weaker in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than in neurotypical individuals. We found no difference between individuals with ASD and neurotypical controls in brain wave responses to sounds that occurred earlier than expected in either simple or complex rhythms. There was also no relationship between these brain waves and social communication or repetitive behavior scores.

From knowing the game to enjoying the game: EEG/ERP assessment of emotional processing

PurposeIn highlighting brain wave responses of emotional processing, the purpose of this study is to investigate (1) the effect of sport participation involvement on affective reaction in viewing photos; and (2) the association between affective reaction and behavioral intentions.Design/methodology/approachUsing lateralized event-related potentials, the authors examined how brain wave reactions are different based on different sport involvement between two groups where one group had varsity sport experience while the other expressed that they were not fans of the sport.FindingsResults indicated a significant difference in lateralization between groups. Brain responses were greater in the high involvement group and positively correlated with the intention to attend future games.Originality/valueThe findings in this study elucidate the linkage between one's history of sport involvement and affective brain wave responses. Implications from neurophysiological evidence provide means to further dissect the multifaceted construct of involvement in the field of sport marketing.

He had it Comin': ERPs Reveal a Facilitation for the Processing of Misfortunes to Antisocial Characters.

Human sociality and prosociality rely on social and moral feelings of empathy, compassion, envy, schadenfreude, as well as on the preference for prosocial over antisocial others. We examined the neural underpinnings of the processing of lexical input designed to tap into these type of social feelings. Brainwave responses from 20 participants were measured as they read sentences comprising a randomly delivered ending outcome (fortunate or unfortunate) to social agents previously profiled as prosocial or antisocial individuals. Fortunate outcomes delivered to prosocial and antisocial agents aimed to tap into empathy and envy/annoying feelings, respectively, whereas unfortunate ones into compassion for prosocial agents and schadenfreude for antisocial ones. ERP modulations in early attention-capture (100-200 ms), semantic fit (400 ms), and late reanalysis processes (600 ms) were analyzed. According to the functional interpretation of each of these event-related electrophysiological effects, we conclude that: 1) a higher capture of attention is initially obtained in response to any type of outcome delivered to a prosocial versus an antisocial agent (frontal P2); 2) a facilitated semantic processing occurs for unfortunate outcomes delivered to antisocial agents (N400); and 3) regardless of the protagonist's social profile, an increased later reevaluation for overall unfortunate versus fortunate outcomes takes place (Late Positive Potential). Thus, neural online measures capture a stepwise unfolding impact of social factors during language comprehension, which include a facilitated processing of misfortunes when they happen to occur to antisocial peers (i.e., schadenfreude).

Consumer Grade Brain Sensing for Emotion Recognition

For several decades, electroencephalography (EEG) has featured as one of the most commonly used tools in emotional state recognition via monitoring of distinctive brain activities. An array of datasets have been generated with the use of diverse emotion-eliciting stimuli and the resulting brainwave responses conventionally captured with high-end EEG devices. However, the applicability of these devices is to some extent limited by practical constraints and may prove difficult to be deployed in highly mobile context omnipresent in everyday happenings. In this study, we evaluate the potential of OpenBCI to bridge this gap by first comparing its performance to research grade EEG system, employing the same algorithms that were applied on benchmark datasets. Moreover, for the purpose of emotion classification, we propose a novel method to facilitate the selection of audio-visual stimuli of high/low valence and arousal. Our setup entailed recruiting 200 healthy volunteers of varying years of age to identify the top 60 affective video clips from a total of 120 candidates through standardized self assessment, genre tags, and unsupervised machine learning. Additional 43 participants were enrolled to watch the pre-selected clips during which emotional EEG brainwaves and peripheral physiological signals were collected. These recordings were analyzed and extracted features fed into a classification model to predict whether the elicited signals were associated with a high or low level of valence and arousal. As it turned out, our prediction accuracies were decidedly comparable to those of previous studies that utilized more costly EEG amplifiers for data acquisition.

An exploratory approach for using EEG to examine person-environment interaction

ABSTRACTThis study uses psychophysiological measures, alpha and beta waves, to examine the appropriateness of videos as visual media to represent a human-made lake. Results indicate that alpha brainwaves are associated more with peaks in the on-site condition than with peaks in the video condition, whereas beta waves show the opposite pattern. The findings suggest that people respond differently to a real lake and its video simulation. Moreover, the relationships between the brainwave responses of the participants across time and the environmental features shown in the video are identified. The findings show that four categories of landscape features may be associated with significant bursts of beta rhythms: conjunction/turns of paths, ambiguous water features, disadvantageous landscapes, and obtrusive artifacts. Design implications are discussed based on the results.

F110. Using brain fingerprinting in the detection of concealed information in Egyptians

Introduction Brain fingerprinting is a forensic science technique that uses electroencephalography (EEG) to determine whether specific information is stored in a subject’s brain. It does this by measuring electrical brainwave responses to pictures that are presented on a computer screen; P300 wave is a specific event-related potential (ERP) component that has the potential for detecting concealed information in the brain. Objectives: this work aimed to evaluate the appearance of P 300 wave in response to relevant visual stimuli and its absence to irrelevant ones and to evaluate the latency and amplitude of P300 wave in response to well-known persons and places. Methods This is a cross sectional prospective study carried out on 225 normal individuals at Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. It comprised both sexes aged from 18 to 70 years old; participants were divided into 3 groups. An endogenous ERP;P300 wave was seen evoked in response to rare, presented, recognized, meaningful stimulus, the peak amplitude was calculated and peak latency was measured from the time of stimulus onset. Results A photo of a person or place known to the test subject elicited a well-marked P300 response, while that of an unknown personality or place didn’t generate noticeable response. P300 wave latency and amplitude was recorded. There was a significant association between P300 amplitude and latency with age and educational level. Conclusion P300 wave is valuable in detecting concealed knowledge stored in the participant’s brain and is an objective and reliable test.

Brainwave Classification of Visual Stimuli Based on Low Cost EEG Spectrogram Using DenseNet

The paper presents the classification of brainwave response based on low-cost Electroencephalograph (EEG) spectrogram. The low-cost EEG can record EEG data, but it performs significantly worse than the medical device. The purpose of our research is to understand the way of images are perceived by people based on their brain waves. Based on the EEG, we investigate two paradigms in mind-brain research that is: the valence-arousal plane and the universal symbol. The experiments are done using two paradigms to generate EEG data based on visual stimuli and convert it into spectrogram. For brainwave response classification based on EEG spectrogram, we use the recent deep learning architecture that is DenseNet. Furthermore, we compare the training performance between two brain-mind paradigms. The experiment results show that: (i) the EEG signal classification of visual stimuli based on valence-arousal model framework is not reliable, (ii) the universal symbol paradigm gives a promising result in generating visual stimuli for brainwave response classification based on low-cost EEG data.

Brain Wave Response to Bottle Color of Herbicides and Non-selective Herbicides in Korea

Brain Wave Response to Bottle Color of Herbicides and Non-selective Herbicides in Korea

Tell me sweet little lies: An event-related potentials study on the processing of social lies.

In reading tasks, words that convey a false statement elicit an enhanced N400 brainwave response, relative to words that convey a true statement. N400 amplitude reductions are generally linked to the online expectancy of upcoming words in discourse. White lies, contrary to false statements, may not be unexpected in social scenarios. We used the event-related potential (ERP) technique to determine whether there is an impact of social context on sentence processing. We measured ERP responses to target words that either conveyed a social "white" lie or a socially impolite blunt truth, relative to semantic violations. Word expectancy was controlled for by equating the cloze probabilities of white lying and blunt true targets, as measured in previous paper-and-pencil tests. We obtained a classic semantic violation effect (a larger N400 for semantic incongruities relative to sense making statements). White lies, in contrast to false statements, did not enhance the amplitude of the N400 component. Interestingly, blunt true statements yielded both a late frontal positivity and an N400 response in those scenarios particularly biased to white lying. Thus, white lies do not interfere with online semantic processing, and they do not engage further reanalysis processes, which are typically indexed by subsequent late positivity ERP effects. Instead, an N400 and a late frontal positivity obtained in response to blunt true statements indicate that they were treated as unexpected events. In conclusion, unwritten rules of social communicative behavior influence the electrical brain response to locally coherent but socially inappropriate statements.