Brain Of Freshwater Fish Research Articles

Assessment of DNA Damage and Apoptosis in the Brain of Freshwater Fish <i>Oreochromis mossambicus</i> Exposed to Tannery Effluent Wastewater

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of tannery effluent on the fingerlings of freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus. The fishes were maintained at 10% concentration of tannery effluent for a period of 30 days. Apoptosis was studied by activity of caspases. Caspase 3 and 9 activity showed significant alteration. DNA seperation by agarose gel electrophoresis shows difference in intensity of genomic DNA between 750-1000 bp in fishes exposed to tannery effluent. DNA damage was also confirmed by Comet assay which showed an increase in DNA damage and tail migration was indicated by increase in percentage of mean DNA comet tail length formation.

Secondary Metabolites and Aspartic Acid in the Brain of the Frog Rana temporaria as Low-Temperature Adaptogens

Previously, we have demonstrated that such secondary metabolites as phosphoethanolamine (PE) and phosphoserine (PS) are low-temperature adaptogens specific to the brain of freshwater fish, in contrast to taurine which serves as an adaptogen in fish muscles and blood plasma. Here, we carry on investigating the role of PE, PS, taurine and proteinogenic amino acids in adaptation of poikilothermic animals to low temperatures. PE and PS were discovered in the brain of the frog Rana temporaria, and their pools were shown to increase by the onset of hibernation compared to the summer period almost in a similar manner (PE—from 0.22 to 1.65, PS—from 0.29 to 1.98 µmol/g wet weight). Unlike the fish brain, in the R. temporaria brain, the PE/PS ratio was almost indistinguishable in the winter compared to the summer. In contrast to fish, in the R. temporaria brain, the taurine level increased from 0.77 µmol/g in the summer to 1.37 µmol/g in the winter. The level of aspartic acid, which was missing in the fish brain during the winter, in the R. temporaria brain sharply increased by the onset of hibernation from 0.86 to 4.60 µmol/g. Thus, there is ground to believe that such secondary metabolites as PE, PS, taurine and proteinogenic aspartic acid play the role of low-temperature adaptogens in the brain of anuran amphibians.

Impact of Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos on Protein and Amino Acid Contents in Liver, Kidney and Brain of Exotic Teleost Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1973)

Pesticides are one of the most potentially harmful toxic chemicals introduced into the environment and human ambient. These pesticides are utilized widely to ensure agricultural harvests against the harm brought about by different sorts of irritations. Anyway, these chemicals may reach non focused on biological systems like lakes and waterways through rain and wind, influencing numerous different organisms. Biochemical factors show explicit reactions to specific types of ecological pressure. The methodology of present work was to assess toxic effects of an insecticide, chlorpyrifos on biochemical constituents like protein, and Amino acid in liver, kidney and Brain of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. The fish exposed to chlorpyrifos showed a decrease the protein and increase the amino acid levels for 15 and 45 days in liver, kidney and brain compared to control. The objectives of the present work was to observe the effect of chlorpyrifos on protein and amino acid levels in the liver, kidney and brain of teleost fish Channa punctatus.

ВТОРИЧНЫЕ МЕТАБОЛИТЫ И АСПАРАГИНОВАЯ КИСЛОТА В МОЗГЕ АМФИБИЙ R. TEMPORARIA КАК НИЗКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫЕ АДАПТОГЕНЫ

Previously, we have demonstrated that such secondary metabolites as phosphoethanolamine (PE) and phosphoserine (PS) are low-temperature adaptogens specific to the brain of freshwater fish, in contrast to taurine which serves as an adaptogen in fish muscles and blood plasma. Here, we carry on investigating the role of PE, PS, taurine and proteinogenic amino acids in adaptation of poikilothermic animals to low temperatures. PE and PS were discovered in the brain of the frog Rana temporaria, and their pools were shown to increase by the be- ginning of hibernation compared to the summer period almost in a similar manner (PE – from 0.22 to 1.65, PS – from 0.29 to 1.98 μ mol/g wet weight). Unlike the fish brain, in the R. temporaria brain, the PE/PS ratio is almost indistinguishable in winter compared to summer. In contrast to fish, in the R. temporaria brain the taurine level increases from 0.77 in summer to 1.37 μ mol/g in winter. The level of aspartic acid, which is missing in the fish brain during winter, in the R. temporaria brain sharply increases by the beginning of hibernation from 0.86 to 4.60 μmol/g. Thus, there is ground to believe that such secondary metabolites as PE, PS, taurine and proteinogenic aspartic acid play the role of low-temperature adaptogens in the brain of anuran amphibians.

VIII.—On a Tetracotyle (T. phoxini) in the Brain of the Minnow

During the course of experiments on the toxic effects of tetrachlorethane on minnows, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), Mr J. Wilson Dougal, B.SC., found “cellular bodies” in a portion of the brain tissue of a dead minnow which he had spread on a microscopic slide. Sections of the head of the minnow were subsequently made by Mr Richard Muir and submitted to me for an opinion on the nature of the bodies. Examination showed that they were immature Trematodes of the family Holostomidæ. I handed the sections and a living minnow, sent at the same time (May 1923), to Miss Bannerman for further study, remarking that the only Trematode hitherto recorded as occurring in the brain of fresh-water fish in Britain was a Tetracotyle in the brain of the lamprey and the ammocœte. I subsequently directed her attention to Mataré's account (1910) of a similar worm which had been found in the brain of minnows collected in Switzerland and in Germany. Miss Bannerman studied numerous examples of the parasite during June and July 1923 and in September 1925, but she had to leave in October 1925, before the work could be completed, to take up a post in India. The comparison with previously recorded species of Tetracotyle, the discussion on the morphology of the ventral sucker, the account of the excretory canals, and a number of details in other parts have been added since she left.—J. H. A.