Serum Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels Research Articles

Interplay of serum BDNF levels and childhood adversity in predicting earlier-onset post-traumatic stress disorder: A two-year longitudinal study

This longitudinal study explored the intricate relationships between serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (sBDNF) levels, exposure to childhood adversities, and the subsequent development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), distinguishing between earlier- and delayed-onset forms over a two-year follow-up period in individuals sustaining physical injuries. We recruited patients presenting with moderate to severe physical injuries at a trauma center, conducting baseline assessments of sBDNF levels and childhood adversities through the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire. Additionally, detailed socio-demographic and clinical data were compiled. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 was employed to diagnose PTSD at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injury. Binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses were applied to elucidate the interactions between sBDNF levels, childhood adversities, and PTSD onset patterns. Among 895 participants, PTSD was diagnosed in 107 individuals (11.9 %), with 76 (8.4 %) exhibiting symptoms indicative of earlier-onset PTSD and 31 (3.5 %) demonstrating delayed-onset PTSD. Significantly, lower sBDNF levels were associated with a higher risk of earlier-onset PTSD specifically in the context of childhood adversities. This association was not observed in individuals without childhood adversities or in those with delayed-onset PTSD. The findings suggest a complex and critical interplay between neurobiological factors, specifically sBDNF levels, and early life adversities in influencing the timing of PTSD onset, potentially deepening the understanding of PTSD etiology.

Serum and Oral Fluid Levels of Protein Markers and Hormones in Patients With Alcohol Dependence Syndrome

Background: The development of alcohol dependence syndrome is accompanied by disturbances of neuroplasticity in neural circuits, the imbalance of neurotransmitter metabolism and immune and hormonal statuses in the central nervous system, which are reflected in changes in peripheral markers. Therefore, determining neuropeptide levels in body fluids is a potentially promising strategy for laboratory monitoring of substance use.Objective: To determine characteristics of changes in oral fluid and serum levels of protein markers and hormones in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome during rehabilitation.Materials and methods: We formed 2 groups of male participants: a control group of apparently healthy volunteers (n = 30) and a group of patients with alcohol dependence syndrome, which was similar in size, age, and gender (20-40 years) to the controls. At the time of admission to the rehabilitation program and 3 months later, serum and oral fluid samples were collected. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor, neuropeptide Y, orexin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, corticotropin, and cortisol in the body fluids.Results: Laboratory findings revealed that it is possible to determine neuropeptides and hormones in the oral fluid. The wide variability of findings in the oral fluid and no statistically significant correlation with corresponding serum levels were characteristic of the most protein markers. Only the BDNF levels were statistically significantly reduced (3.2-fold decrease) in both the serum and oral fluid. Analysis of the serum and oral fluid BDNF and cortisol levels revealed a moderate correlation (r = 0.51, P = .0189).Conclusions: For laboratory monitoring of alcohol dependence syndrome, it is possible to determine oral fluid BDNF, which, like cortisol, has demonstrated a statistically significant moderate correlation between the serum and oral fluid levels.

Association Between the Enriched Environment Level and Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder.

To determine the relationship between the level of EE and serum BDNF in participants with MDD and healthy controls. Participants with MDD without antidepressant treatment and healthy controls were recruited, and their EE level and serum BDNF concentration were determined looking for correlations between their clinical characteristics and the cognitive, social, and physical activities according to the EEI. A total of 25 participants were recruited, of which 6 participants with MDD and the same number of controls were selected in a paired manner. Although no differences were found in the concentration of BDNF between the groups, positive correlations were observed between cognitive EE and BDNF (r = 0.62, p = 0.035), as well as negative social EE and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) (r = -0.86, p = 0.001). The sum between cognitive and social EE showed a positive correlation with the serum concentration of BDNF (r = 0.34, p = 0.0451). The level of EE is potentially modulating the presence and severity of MDD at a clinical level, but it can also influence at a neuroplastic level through promoting or limiting the concentration of BDNF.

Serum BDNF Increase After 9-Month Contemplative Mental Training Is Associated With Decreased Cortisol Secretion and Increased Dentate Gyrus Volume: Evidence From a Randomized Clinical Trial

BackgroundIn this study, we investigated whether mindfulness- and meditation-based mental training that improves stress regulation can upregulate BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), an important promoter of hippocampal neuroplasticity, and examined cortisol reduction as a mediating pathway. MethodsIn a randomized clinical trial, 332 healthy adults were randomly assigned to one of the 3 training cohorts or a passive control cohort. Training participants completed up to three 3-month-long modules targeting attention-based mindfulness, socio-affective skills, or socio-cognitive skills. We examined change in serum BDNF levels after each 3-month training interval; evaluated whether training effects were linked to reduced cortisol release in the long-term, diurnally, and when acutely stress-induced); and explored associations with hippocampal volume changes. ResultsIn the combined training cohorts, BDNF increased significantly and cumulatively after 3-, 6-, and 9-month training relative to the pretraining baseline (3 month: t516 = 3.57 [estimated increase: 1353 pg/mL], 6 month: t516 = 3.45 [1557 pg/mL], 9 month: t516 = 3.45 [2276 pg/mL]; all ps < .001). After 9 months, training cohort BDNF was not higher than control cohort BDNF, which displayed unexplained variance. However, moderated mediation analysis showed that only training effects, and not control cohort BDNF change, were partially mediated by simultaneously reduced long-term cortisol release (3-month averages) measured in hair (15.1% mediation, p = .021). Individually greater BDNF increase after training correlated with more reduced long-term and stress-induced cortisol release. Moreover, greater BDNF increase after 9 months of training correlated with dentate gyrus volume increase (t108 = 2.09, p = .039). ConclusionsLongitudinal contemplative training may promote a neurobiological pathway from stress reduction to increased BDNF levels to enhanced hippocampal volume. However, single-serum BDNF measurements are unreliable for assessing long-term neurotrophic effects in healthy adults. Future studies should investigate nonspecific measurement effects before considering preventive health care applications.

The Effect of Two Somatic-Based Practices Dance and Martial Arts on Irisin, BDNF Levels and Cognitive and Physical Fitness in Older Adults: A Randomized Control Trial.

Maintaining healthy brain function during ageing is of great importance, especially for the self-sufficiency of older adults. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of dance and martial arts on exerkines Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and irisin blood serum levels. This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of dance and martial arts on serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and irisin levels, as well as cognitive function, mood, and physical measures in older adults. Seventy-seven independently living older adults (mean age 70.3±3.8 years) were randomized into three groups: dance (DG), martial arts (MaG), and control (CG), followed over 12weeks. Generalized linear models were used to assess the interventions' effects. There was a significant increase in BDNF levels in both the DG (1.8 ± 4.9, p < 0.05) and MaG (3.5 ± 6.3, p < 0.05), while CG experienced a decrease (-4.9 ± 8.2, p < 0.05). Between-group effects were significant for BDNF, with DG and MaG showing higher levels than CG (p < 0.05). No significant changes in irisin levels were found. Cognitive performance, particularly attention and mental flexibility (measured by the Trail Making Test A and B), significantly improved in the DG compared to CG (p < 0.05). Additionally, participants in DG showed improved mood based on the Geriatric Depression Scale (p < 0.05) compared to CG. Anthropometric T-scores were significantly associated with changes in irisin levels (p < 0.05) after intervention. The study found that dance and martial arts upregulated BDNF levels, with dance showing notable improvements in cognitive function and mood in older adults. Changes in anthropometric measures were linked to increased irisin levels. These findings suggest that both dance and martial arts may promote healthy brain function in aging populations. NCT05363228.

Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation for post-stroke sleep disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to systematically assess the clinical efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) for treating post-stroke sleep disorders (PSSD). We conducted thorough literature search across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, EmBase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, China Biology Medicine (CBM); China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI); Technology Periodical Database (VIP), and Wanfang Database, focusing on RCTs examining NIBS for PSSD. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 14. Eighteen articles were reviewed, including 16 on repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), one on Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS), and two on transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Meta-analysis results indicated that rTMS within NIBS significantly improved the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score (MD = -1.85, 95% CI [-2.99, -0.71], p < 0.05), the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) score [MD = -2.85, 95% CI (-3.40, -2.30), p < 0.05], and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels [MD = 4.19, 95% CI (2.70, 5.69), p < 0.05], while reducing the incidence of adverse reactions [RR = 0.36, 95% CI (0.23, 0.55), p < 0.05]. TBS significantly improved the PSQI score in patients with PSSD (p < 0.05). Conversely, tDCS significantly improved the HAMD-17 score in PSSD patients [MD = -1.52, 95% CI (-3.41, -0.64), p < 0.05]. Additionally, rTMS improved sleep parameters, including Stage 2 sleep (S2%) and combined Stage 3 and 4 sleep (S3 + S4%) (p < 0.05), while tDCS improved total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE) (p < 0.05).Subgroup analysis results indicated: (1) Both LF-rTMS and HF-rTMS improved PSQI scores (p < 0.05). (2) Both rTMS combined with medication and rTMS alone improved PSQI scores (p < 0.05). Compared to the sham/blank group, the rTMS group showed improvements in SE, sleep latency (SL), S1%, S3 + S4%, and REM sleep (REM%). The rTMS combined with medication group showed improved SL compared to the medication-only group (p < 0.05). NIBS effectively improves sleep quality, structure, depression levels, and BDNF levels in PSSD patients, while also being safe. Further investigations into the potential of NIBS in PSSD treatment may provide valuable insights for clinical applications. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, CRD42023485317.

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is Associated with Self-Reported Cognitive Function in Adults with HIV.

Background: People with HIV (PWH) are at risk of developing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) despite receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in cognitive function and neuroplasticity, but its role in HIV-related neuroinflammation remains understudied. Methods: This study analyzed data from the CHAMPS study, assessing BDNF serum levels and cognitive function in 140 adults with HIV at baseline. Cognitive function was evaluated using the PROMIS Applied Cognition-Abilities 8-item questionnaire. BDNF levels (pg/ml) were measured using high sensitivity Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) kits. Linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the associations between BDNF levels, cognitive function, and AIDS diagnosis, adjusting for demographic variables. Results: A significant positive association was found between BDNF levels and cognitive function scores in PWH (p = .03). Additionally, PWH with a history of AIDS diagnosis showed significantly lower BDNF levels (p = .02). Other demographic factors did not significantly impact cognitive function or BDNF levels in this cohort. Conclusions: Our results highlight the potential of BDNF as a biomarker for cognitive decline in PWH and suggest its relevance in understanding HAND pathophysiology. Further research is warranted to explore the multifaceted interactions influencing cognitive outcomes in this population and to develop targeted interventions for improving cognitive health in PWH.

Molecular biomarkers of dysphagia targeted exercise induced neuroplasticity: A review of mechanistic processes and preliminary data on detraining effects

While molecular adaptations accompanying neuroplasticity during physical exercises are well-established, little is known about adaptations during dysphagia-targeted exercises. This research article has two primary purposes. First, we aim to review the existing literature on the intersection between resistance (strength) training, molecular markers of neuroplasticity, and dysphagia rehabilitation. Specifically, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of two potential molecular markers: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Second, we present preliminary data on the effects of two weeks of detraining on circulating serum BDNF, IGF-1 levels, and expiratory muscle strength. This subset is a part of our more extensive studies related to dysphagia-targeted resistance exercise and neuroplasticity. Five young adult males underwent four weeks of expiratory muscle strength training, followed by two weeks of detraining. We measured expiratory strength, circulating levels of BDNF, and IGF-1 at post-training and detraining conditions. Our results show that expiratory muscle strength, serum BDNF, and IGF-1 levels decreased after detraining; however, this effect was statistically significant only for serum BDNF levels. Oropharyngeal and upper airway musculature involved in swallowing undergoes similar adaptation patterns to skeletal muscles during physical exercise. To fully comprehend the mechanisms underlying the potential neuroplastic benefits of targeted exercise on swallowing functions, mechanistic studies (models) investigating neuroplasticity induced by exercises addressing dysphagia are critical. Such models would ensure that interventions effectively and efficiently achieve neuroplastic benefits and improve patient outcomes, ultimately advancing our understanding of dysphagia-targeted exercise-induced neuroplasticity.

Reduced serum neurotrophic factors and monoamine neurotransmitters in epilepsy patients with comorbid depression.

This study aimed to investigate the roles of neurotrophic factors (NTFs), monoamine neurotransmitters, and inflammatory processes in the pathophysiology of the comorbidity of epilepsy and depression. A retrospective analysis was conducted with 57 epilepsy patients (PWE), 50 patients with epilepsy and comorbid depression (PWECD), and 47 healthy controls (HC) admitted between June 2020 and June 2024. Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, BDNF and GDNF levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were analyzed from selected patients in the PWE and PWECD groups. Serum BDNF levels were significantly lower in both PWE and PWECD groups compared to HC, while no differences between the former two groups. GDNF levels were lower in PWECD compared to HC, but not between PWE and HC. Serum 5-HT was significantly reduced in PWECD compared to both HC and PWE groups. No significant differences were observed in serum DA, NE, and IL-6 levels across the groups. Serum IL-1β levels were elevated in the PWECD group compared to the HC group. The Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) score negatively correlated with serum 5-HT and GDNF levels. In terms of predictive ability, serum BDNF demonstrated higher accuracy for the diagnosis of epilepsy [area under the curve, AUC = 0.701, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 0.601 ~ 0.801], while serum 5-HT was the best marker for predicting the development of depression in epilepsy patients (AUC = 0.727, 95% CI 0.632 ~ 0.821). No significant correlation was found between serum and CSF BDNF levels within the same subject (r = 0.155; p = 0.221; Spearman correlation), and CSF GDNF levels were too low to be clinically informative. The findings suggest the involvement of NTFs, monoamine neurotransmitters, and inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and depression. Decreased serum BDNF levels correlate with epilepsy but not necessarily with comorbid depression, while serum GDNF and 5-HT show potential clinical value in diagnosing this comorbidity. However, the deficient levels of NTFs in CSF suggest a need for more sensitive detection methods.

Effect of a 12-Week High Intensity Interval Training on Serum Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor of Obese Undergraduates

The study investigated the effect of a 12-week High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Serum Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) among obese undergraduates of the University of Benin. The pretest-posttest randomized experimental design was employed for the study. The study involved a population of one hundred and twenty obese undergraduates, with a sample of twenty-four selected using simple random sampling. The participants’ anthropometric profiles were analyzed descriptively using mean and standard deviation, and the hypothesis was tested using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with statistical significance set at a p-value of &lt;0.05. The Bonferroni post-hoc test was conducted to pinpoint the source of the differences between the groups. The results showed a significantly higher increase in Serum BDNF levels (2.07 ± 1.9 vs. 2.38 ± 2.1) in the experimental group. This suggests that the HIIT protocol had a notable impact on the serum BDNF concentration of the obese undergraduates. Therefore, HIIT may serve as an effective intervention for elevating BDNF levels and potentially enhancing brain health. The study recommends that policymakers in Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African nations should prioritize addressing obesity due to its potential cognitive complications.

Ultra-processed foods intake in relation to metabolic health status, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and adropin levels in adults

BackgroundIn recent years, there has been a lot of discussion over the impact of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) intake on overall health of subjects. However, the association between UPFs intake and metabolic unhealthy (MU) status is still in a state of ambiguity. The current study assessed the relationship between UPFs intake and MU status with regard to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and adropin levels.MethodsA sample of Iranian adults (aged 20–65 years) was selected to participate in this cross-sectional study using a multistage cluster random-sampling method. UPFs intake was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire and NOVA classification. Concentrations of metabolic parameters, BDNF and adropin were determined through fasting blood samples. MU status was assessed according to the criteria proposed by Wildman.ResultsThe overall prevalence of MU phenotype among study participants (n = 527) was 42.5%. Higher intake of UPFs was associated with elevated odds of MU status in multivariable-adjusted model (ORT3 vs. T1=1.88; 95%CI: 1.02–3.45). Moreover, a positive association was observed between UPFs intake and hypertriglyceridemia after controlling all confounders (ORT3 vs. T1=2.07; 95%CI: 1.15–3.73). However, each tertile increase in UPFs intake was not significantly associated with serum BDNF (\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\beta\\:$$\\end{document}=0.15; 95%CI: -0.05, 0.34; P = 0.14) and adropin (\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\:\\beta\\:$$\\end{document}=-1.37; 95%CI: -6.16, 3.42; P = 0.58) levels in multivariable-adjusted linear regression models.ConclusionOur findings suggested that higher consumption of UPFs was related to increased likelihood of MU status among a sample of Iranian adults. Further longitudinal studies are needed to verify the directionality and generalizability of the results to all adult populations.

Association between the Val66Met (rs6265) polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, BDNF protein level in the blood and the risk of developing early‑onset Parkinson's disease.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the maintenance of dopamine level and the survival of dopaminergic neurons, which may affect the functionality of brain structures responsible for motor and cognitive function. The aim of the study was to assess the association of individual and combined single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the rs6265 BDNF (Val66Met), rs397595 DAT (SLC6A3), and rs4680 COMT (Val158Met) genes with early‑onset of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Moreover, we assessed the association between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and the level of BDNF protein in the serum of patients with PD and controls. The study involved 163 patients with idiopathic PD divided into early onset (<55 years) and late‑onset (>55 years) groups and 91 healthy age‑matched people (Control). The SNP were determined using the TaqMan Real‑Time PCR method. Serum BDNF levels were determined by ELISA assay. The risk of developing early PD in people with the BDNF genotype AG increases threefold in comparison with the carriers of the BDNF genotype GG. In PD patients and healthy people with the BDNF genotypes AG and AA, a lower serum BDNF level was found compared to those with the BDNF genotype GG in both groups. The results of our study indicate that the presence of the Val66Met BDNF gene polymorphism is associated with reduced blood BDNF levels and an elevated risk of developing early‑onset PD. This effect appears to be more pronounced in men.

Association Between Dietary Magnesium Intake with Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Adropin Levels and Metabolic Health Status in Iranian Adults.

Given the sparse conclusive findings regarding the association of magnesium intake with metabolic health status and limited evidence relating magnesium intake to metabolic biomarkers, our objective was to evaluate the association of metabolic health status, adropin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in relation to dietary magnesium intake. In this cross-sectional study, 527 male and female adults were investigated in Isfahan City. The data regarding usual dietary intakes were gathered using a valid and reliable 168-item food frequency questionnaire. Biochemical variables, anthropometric indices, and blood pressure were assessed following standard methods. The criteria suggested by Wildman et al. were used to classify participants as metabolically unhealthy (MU) and metabolically healthy (MH). Moderate magnesium intake was associated with 71% reduced odds of MU (OR T2 vs. T1 = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.12-0.70). In the stratified analysis, the inverse association between moderate intake of magnesium and MU was seen only in overweight/obese subjects but not in normal-weight ones. A significant difference was found in serum levels of adropin between the first and second tertile of dietary magnesium intake among overweight/obese subjects (62.74 ± 4.99 vs. 50.13 ± 2.54, P = 0.03). After adjustment for potential covariates, this association became attenuated (59.06 ± 3.47 vs. 50.02 ± 3.64, P = 0.20). No statistically significant link was obtained between dietary intake of magnesium and circulating BDNF levels. Moderate dietary intake of magnesium may exert beneficial effects on metabolic health and serum levels of adropin, especially in obese/overweight individuals. Further prospective studies will be required to approve our findings.

Aerobic exercise improves spatial memory in a rat model of meningitis

Infections of the nervous system, such as acute bacterial meningitis, pose serious health problems that require immediate intervention. In experimental animals, exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is used to induce meningitis. Aside from drug intervention to reduce inflammation in meningitis, aerobic exercise helps to maintain the regulatory mechanisms of brain homeostasis through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), apoptosis, and spatial memory. A four-week experimental study was conducted using 18 rats, which were randomly divided into three different groups (six rats per group): healthy rats as negative controls (non-meningitis), a treatment group treated with antibiotic treatment (meningitis group), and a third group (aerobic exercise group) treated with antibiotics and aerobic exercise following LPS-induced meningitis. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, and the comparison between groups used the Bonferroni post-hoc test. The results showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced MDA (p&lt;0.001), NF-κB (p=0.035), and apoptosis (p=0.020) while increasing the serum levels of IGF-1 (p&lt;0.001), eNOS (p=0.011), and BDNF (p=0.001) levels. Improvement in spatial memory was significant in the aerobic exercise group (p&lt;0.001). This study suggested that aerobic exercise could be a promising adjunct therapy in meningitis management strategies, particularly due to its effect on improving spatial memory. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings for clinical use.

Serum BDNF and pro-BDNF levels in alcohol use disorders according to depression status: An exploratory study of their evolution two months after withdrawal

BackgroundAlcohol use disorders (AUDs) are complex pathologies with a myriad of molecular actors involved in both disease progression and remission. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is suspected to be one such actor due to its neurotrophic effects. The BDNF precursor, pro-BDNF, has different effects, as it mainly promotes neuronal apoptosis. Both forms also play a role in depression and depressive episodes (DE). The aim of this exploratory study was to compare serum BDNF and pro-BDNF levels in patients with AUDs after withdrawal and according to DE status with those of controls without AUDs or DE. Materials and methodsNinety-nine AUD patients and 40 controls were included. Questionnaires were used to assess both alcohol and psychiatric domains: the severity of hazardous alcohol consumption was assessed using Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), craving was assessed using Obsessive and Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), anxiety was assessed with Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and depression with Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Blood samples were collected during two visits: at the time of alcohol withdrawal (M0) and two months later (M2). ELISAs to measure serum BDNF and pro-BDNF levels were performed. AUD patients were categorized according to depression status at M2. Forty-five patients remained abstinent whereas 54 relapsed. BDNF serum levels rose after alcohol withdrawal, but pro-BDNF levels did not vary between M0 and M2. ResultsAUD subjects without DE at M2 had higher BDNF levels at both M0 and M2 than AUD subjects with DE at M2. AUD subjects showed lower MADRS and OCD scores at M2 than at M0. AUD subjects without DE had lower BDNF levels at M0 than controls but not at M2, regardless of abstinence maintenance. ConclusionBDNF serum levels were reduced in AUD patients compared to controls and were further reduced in patients with both AUDs and DE. Alcohol withdrawal treatment was sufficient to induce an increase in serum BDNF levels after 2 months, regardless of whether abstinence was maintained during this time period.

Assessment of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Level and Its Relation to Psychiatric Morbidity in Vitiligo Patients and the Effect of Vitiligo on the Quality of Life

Abstract Background Vitiligo is a chronic skin disorder with depigmentation of skin patches. Vitiligo exerts a huge burden on the psychiatric health and quality of life of affected patients. Several factors contribute to the pathogenesis of psychiatric morbidity in vitiligo patients, of which neurotrophins as Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was identified. Aim of the Study The aim of the present study is to assess serum levels of BDNF and their possible relation to the effect of vitiligo on the quality of life and with psychiatric comorbidities in vitiligo cases. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional case control study was conducted and included 50 patients suffering from vitiligo and 50 apparently healthy controls. All included participants were subjected to full history taking, complete general examination and full dermatological assessment and scoring of vitiligo using VETI and VIDA scores. After that, assessment of subjects’ psychiatric condition and quality of life was performed. Estimation of serum BDNF level was done using ELISA assay. Results BDNF level revealed significantly lower levels in cases compared to controls irrespective of the disease extent or vitiligo activity. The effect of vitiligo on psychiatric health and quality of life was marked as 76% of vitiligo cases had depressive symptoms in comparison to only 42% of controls. In addition, the physical health, social relations and environmental aspects showed significantly lower scores in patients compared to controls. Conclusion BDNF serum levels were lower in vitiligo cases. These levels are not related to either the vitiligo disease characteristic or the psychological burden of vitiligo on the patients' life.

Assessment of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and irisin concentration in children with chronic kidney disease: a pilot study

Patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) are particularly placed at risk of multiorgan complications. One of them is malnutrition, which adds up to a higher mortality factor among them. This study was designed to determine the usefulness of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and irisin assays in the assessment of CKD development. The study group included 28 children with CKD at stages 2-5 treated conservatively. The outcome of our study revealed decreased serum BDNF and irisin levels in CKD patients, whereas urine concentrations were increased for BDNF and decreased for irisin, comparing to healthy controls. There was a positive correlation between anthropometric measures and urine BDNF concentration, as well as anthropometric measures and both serum and urine irisin levels in the study group, however no dependence of the tested markers on the stage of CKD was observed. In recent years, a role of myokines was described as vital for maintaining metabolic homeostasis therefore we suspect a potential role of these multifaceted markers in detecting malnutrition in CKD children.

Low brain-derived neurotrophic factor and high vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels are associated with chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Energy imbalance and inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of CKD. We examined the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on CKD in patients with type 2 DM. Patients with type 2 DM were enrolled for this cross-sectional study. Fasting serum was prepared to measure the BDNF and VCAM-1 levels. An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 was used as the criterion for identifying patients with CKD. Of the 548 enrolled participants, 156 had CKD. Patients with CKD exhibited significantly lower BDNF (median of 21.4 ng/mL, interquartile range [IQR]: 17.0-27.0 ng/mL vs. median of 25.9 ng/mL, IQR: 21.0-30.4 ng/mL, P <0.001) and higher VCAM-1 (median of 917 ng/mL, IQR: 761-1172 ng/mL vs. median of 669 ng/mL, IQR: 552-857 ng/mL, P <0.001) levels than those without CKD. Serum BDNF levels were inversely correlated with VCAM-1 levels (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = -0.210, P <0.001). The patients were divided into four subgroups based on median BDNF and VCAM-1 levels (24.88 ng/mL and 750 ng/mL, respectively). Notably, patients in the high VCAM-1 and low BDNF group had the highest prevalence (50%) of CKD. Multivariate logistic regression revealed a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) of CKD in the high VCAM-1 and low BDNF group (OR = 3.885, 95% CI: 1.766-8.547, P <0.001), followed by that in the high VCAM-1 and high BDNF group (OR = 3.099, 95% CI: 1.373-6.992, P =0.006) compared with that in the low VCAM-1 and high BDNF group. However, the risk of CKD in the low VCAM-1 and low BDNF group was not significantly different from that in the low VCAM-1 and high BDNF group (P =0.266). CKD in patients with type 2 DM is associated with low serum BDNF and high VCAM-1 levels. BDNF and VCAM-1 have a synergistic effect on CKD. Thus, BDNF and VCAM-1 can be potential biomarkers for CKD risk stratification in patients with type 2 DM.

P18: BDNF levels and affective disorders as a marker of vulnerability to developing cognitive impairment in the Chilean adult population

Summary: Disorders related to progressive cognitive decline constituting an important cause of global death and disability-adjusted life years because conditions are also associated to impairment of several brain functions, psychological and behavioral changes, regardless of economic status. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin highly relevant in memory, learning and neuroplasticity processes in adults. The amount of plasma BDNF has been considered to partly reflect its secretion in the brain. Its deficiency is associated with affective disorders and neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson’sdisease.The aim of this study was to identify quantifiable biomarkers (serum levels of BDNF) and clinical marker (state of depression and anxiety) that allow early detection of cognitive impairment risk. We made an analytic and transversal study with a representative sample (n:307) of the population over 50 years old in the south of Chile (X region). We determine the cognitive condition of the population by applying cognitive functionality tests, such as the minimental status examination (MMSE) test and identify demographic and psychosocial characteristics that constitute impairment cognitive risk. Subsequently, we determined depression status (scale of Yesavage) and anxiety status (Beck inventory), and finally we made a quantitative determination of human BDNF at the blood level using ELISA technique.Our results revealed that 26.7% of the participants exhibited some degree of cognitive impairment, being higher in women (55.7%) with average age of 70,7. A 18,2% of subjects manifested indicators of depression and 33,2% have a very hight level of anxiety. The correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between MMSE test (p &lt; 0.001) and both BDNF plasma levels (p &lt; 0.001) and education level (p &lt; 0.001) scores. The results additionally indicated a negative correlation between cognitive functions and age range/anxiety state, suggesting low age level/hight level of anxiety in subjects with more pronounced cognitive decline (p &lt; 0.001),. In consistent, the results of our study point towards decreases plasma BDNF levels and hight levels of anxiety in cognitive impairment subjects compared with cognitive normal subjects, which may be due to the early and middle stages of neurodegeneration process.

The Levels of Biomarkers Interleukin 1 (IL-1) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Non-Invasive Conventional Rehabilitation and Robotic Rehabilitation Among Brain Injury Patients: A Narrative Review.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is becoming increasingly common in Malaysia as a result of a rise in both strokes and accidents. The present review aims to explore the levels of serum inflammatory markers of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) following conventional and robotic rehabilitation regimes among ABI patients and the association between serum biomarkers with the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale for muscle strength. Online databases, namely ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar were utilized by using search terms such as 'Definition of brain injury', 'Epidemiology of brain injury', 'Interleukin-1 in stroke', 'BDNF in stroke', 'Interleukin-1 in traumatic brain injury', 'BDNF in traumatic brain injury', 'Interleukin-1 level and robotic rehabilitation', 'BDNF and robotic rehabilitation', 'Interleukin-1 level and neurorehabilitation', and 'BDNF and neurorehabilitation'. All types of articles with different levels of evidence were included along with other relevant review articles. Articles that were not in English and were not available in the full text were excluded. The review identifies similar and no significant improvement in the treatment between conventional rehabilitation and robotic rehabilitation concerning serum biomarkers IL-1and BDNF. This review also identifies that muscle strength and endurance training improved the levelof serum BDNF in brain injury patients. Therefore, this review provides evidence of the levels of IL-1 and BDNF in non-invasiveconventionalrehabilitation and robotic rehabilitation among brain injury patients, as well as their relation with the MRC scale, to give a good functional outcome that will enhance the quality of life of these groups of individuals.