Brain Chips Research Articles

Neuroinflammation-on-a-chip for multiple sclerosis research: a narrative review.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory condition that impacts the central nervous system. It is distinguished by processes like demyelination, gliosis, neuro-axonal harm, and inflammation. The prevailing theory suggests that MS originates from an immune response directed against the body's own antigens within the central nervous system. The main aim of this research paper "Neuroinflammation-on-a-Chip" for studying multiple sclerosis is to enhance our comprehension of MS development, demonstrate the application of cutting-edge technology, and potentially provide valuable insights for therapeutic approaches. The available literature for this Narrative Review was searched on various bibliographic databases, PubMed, NCBI, and many other medical references using an individually verified, prespecified approach. Studies regarding the significance of MS and its neuroinflammatory pathogenesis in addition to the development and optimization of neuroinflammatory-on-a-chip and the advancement in innovations in this field have been reviewed in this research for a better understanding of "Neuroinflammation-on-a-chip for multiple sclerosis". The level of evidence of the included studies was considered as per the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine recommendations. Several studies have indicated that the brain-chip model closely mimics cortical brain tissue compared to commonly used conventional cell culture methods like the Transwell culture system. Additionally, these studies have clearly demonstrated that further research using brain chips has the potential to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and roles of blood-brain barrier (BBB) transporters in both normal and disease conditions. Understanding neuroinflammation processes remains essential to establish new MS treatments approaches. The utilization of brain chips promises to advance our understanding of the molecular processes involving BBB transporters, both in normal and diseased states. Further research needs to be addressed in order to enhance the performance and understanding of neuroinflammation on a chip, hence aiming to provide more effective treatments for all CNS diseases.

The Problem with the Anthropocene: Kainos, Not Anthropos

The Problem with the Anthropocene: <i>Kainos</i>, Not <i>Anthropos</i>

Brain Chips – A Novel Vision

Technology is helping us go back to our roots in order to address two big problems that humans are currently facing: the volume of data and the speed of data processing. Today’s rate of data production takes 10-20 minutes compared to the past few decades. A decade from now, it will be produced in 5-8 seconds, an undeniable fact no matter what technology we use. The importance of this relates to the fact that everything is becoming digital across the globe. This requires the de-velopment of brain chip interfaces which will improve the brain’s cognitive capacities. These interfaces can also be used for medical problems, such as for patients with neurological conditions including paralysis, stroke, or epilepsy. To assist those who lost control of their limbs or other physiological functions, a device was created. An implanted computer chip in the patient's brain tracks all brain activity and translates user intentions into computer commands.

THE GLOBALIZATION OF SUPERINTELLIGENCE: THE UNINTENTIONAL CONSEQUENCES AND SOLUTION

The dwindling financial performance and the constant pressure to reduce cost and human intervention from boring tasks and repetitive led to the complexity of software programming languages blurring the lines between digital, physical and biological spheres. As a result of solving the artificial intelligence problem resulted in technological singularity of making humans to remain irrelevant. The event of Covid-19 variants rapidly contributed to the globalization of superintelligence. To deal with the AI apocalypseis to ensure that the advent of digital super intelligence is symbiotic with humanity by increasing the brain bandwidth to make humans be at par with broadening AI’s scope. This study employed survey research design. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 298 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics (linear regression) were employed in testing the stated hypothesis. The study discovered that there exists a positive relationship between all of the indicators of brain chips implantation and making humans remain relevant. This study failed to accept the null hypothesis which state that implantation of artificial intelligence inside the brain does not make humans remain relevant. This study therefore concluded that brain computer interface significantly influences making humans remain relevant Thus, this study, recommends that implantation of brain chips to make humans more efficient and reduce cost of training of human workforce.

Elucidation of Regional Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissues Based on Cell Density

Research on the mechanical properties of brain tissue has received extensive attention. However, most of the current studies have been conducted at the phenomenological level. In this study, the indentation method was used to explore the difference in local mechanical properties among different regions of the porcine cerebral cortex. Further, hematoxylin-eosin and immunofluorescence staining methods were used to determine the correlation between the cellular density at different test points and mechanical properties of the porcine cerebral cortex. The frontal lobe exhibited the strongest viscosity. The temporal lobe displayed the lowest sensitivity to changes in the indentation speed, and the occipital lobe exhibited the highest shear modulus. Additionally, the shear modulus of different areas of the cerebral cortex was negatively correlated with the total number of local cells per unit area and positively correlated with the number of neuronal cell bodies per unit area. Exploration of the mechanical properties of the local brain tissue can provide basic data for the establishment of a finite element model of the brain and mechanical referential information for the implantation position of brain chips.

Возраст и микробиота: эпигенетическая и диетическая защита, эндотелиальная и сосудистая реабилитация, новая управляемая здоровая биомикробиота

The main modern tools and techniques of epigenetic, dietary and biomicrobiotic protection of healthy ageing have been studied. Artificial intelligence, brain-microbiota neural networks allow to control interaction of genetic and epigenetic programs of ageing and healthy longevity. The new managed healthy biomicrobiota and personalized functional and balanced nutrition of ‘brain and microbiota’ is a long-term medical program of the patient, which allows the combined application of nutritional epigenetics and pharmacepigenetics, and the main thing to carry out prevention of polypragmasia. Multimodal tools, biochyping, neural and brain chips, next-generation (new) sequencing technologies create biomarkers to manage the structure of healthy biomicrobiota and functional nutrition, depending on the targets achieved. A functional food product using biomarkers and artificial intelligence technologies is a target breeding ground for both the body in general and biomicrobiota in particular. Chronomedical technologies are mathematical models and artificial intelligence that predict human biological age using DNA methylation data, histone modifications, nucleosome remodeling, and microRNA, and are the most accurate biomarkers of the aging process. Epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation, histone modifications, ncRNAs) are interconnected and form an ‘epigenetic network’. Lifestyle factors and environmental exposures leave epigenetic marks on our DNA that impact gene expression; some have protective effects while others are harmful. Genetic and epigenetic factors that ensure longevity and super-longevity require a reasonable new human interaction with nature and society, and responsibility for future healthy generations.

Современные инструменты и методики эпигенетической защиты здорового старения и долголетия Homo sapiens

The human brain is the main tool and the most valuable resource on our planet. New epigenetics Homo sapiens and H. sapiens brain manage the interaction of genetic and epigenetic programs of aging and healthy longevity. Epigenetic clocks are mathematical models and artificial intelligence that predict the biological age of a person using DNA methylation data and are the most accurate biomarkers of the aging process. Genetic and epigenetic factors that limit a person’s life expectancy are relevant in biogerontological, biophysical and neurophysiological studies, especially from the point of view of the medical economy. Cerebrovascular aging can be considered from several points of view, including changes in vascular density (number of capillaries and arterioles), vascular plasticity (dynamic regulation of vascular density or structure) and vascular reactivity (adaptation of vessels to acute metabolic changes in tissues). The main control mechanisms in the cerebral circulation are unique in comparison with other vascular channels and include, but are not limited to such features as the blood-brain barrier, perivascular innervation, intracellular communication between neurons, perivascular glial cells and smooth muscle cells, high tissue metabolism, lack of anoxic tolerance and the presence of collateral arteries. Multidisciplinary and multimodal interaction in the triad brain-eyes-vessels makes it possible to identify early biomarkers of both general accelerated and pathological aging, and to diagnose neurodegeneration in a timely manner, and to carry out effective neurorehabilitation of cognitive impairment. Biochipping, neural and brain chips, the next (new) generation sequencing technology will allow the study of the expression of thousands of genes that will be used as biomarkers. Combined and hybrid methods of neuroimaging in collaboration with artificial intelligence technologies are modern tools for the diagnosis and prevention of cognitive impairment and healthy aging of the H. sapiens brain.

A Memristor Neural Network Using Synaptic Plasticity and Its Associative Memory

The passivity, low power consumption, memory characteristics and nanometer size of memristors make them the best choice to simulate synapses in artificial neural networks. In this paper, based on the proposed associative memory rules, we design a memristor neural network with plasticity synapses, which can perform analog operations similar to its biological behavior. For the memristor neural network circuit, we also construct a relatively simple Pavlov’s dog experiment simulation circuit, which can effectively reduce the complexity and power consumption of the network. Some advanced neural activities including learning, associative memory and three kinds of forgetting are realized based on the spiking-rate-dependent plasticity rule. Finally, the Simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis is used to simulate the circuit. The simulation results not only prove the correctness of the design, but also help to realize more efficient, simpler and more complex analog circuit of memristor neural network and then help to realize more intelligent, smaller and low-power brain chips.

Science Rewritten to Accommodate its Origin

A ferroelectric phase transition in ice at ~72 K releases latent energy as λ ~ 4 μ infrared laser light, ‘ice light’, energizing selected targets. Polarized by multiple reflection[22], it photophosphorylated deoxynucleotides, turning tropical waters into a noodle soup of chiral DNA. tRNA analogues ‘transport DNAs’, tDNAs embedded in Alexander Oparin’s lightning-charged coacervates[23] formed H-bond lined pores. Absorbed ice light created an electric field, driving a ratchet mechanism which actively imported charged carrier-substrate complexes.&#x0D; All life descends from the first cell to replicate a tDNA and depends on the trace element requirements of 64 tDNA variants. They constitute life’s atomic alphabet, their substrate complexes its molecular vocabulary. The inviolable rules of active transport predate protein synthesis and enzyme catalysis. Medical, veterinary and pharmaceutical data are consistent with nine independent metabolic pathways. My account of water transport contradicts Peter Mitchell’s chemiosmotic hypothesis.[24] Trace element deficiencies disabling active transport cause most mental and physical maladies, supplements could prevent them.&#x0D; ‘Differentiation DNAs’, dDNAs selecting tDNAs control cells’ substrate uptake, c.f. mRNAs encode protein synthesis by selecting tRNAs. Barrels of α-helices[25] supplement tDNAs and tDNA genetics governs familial inheritance of metabolic disorders, a minion-based data base would facilitate their diagnosis. Trace element supplements would prevent heart attacks, strokes, cancers, diabetes, Alzheimer’s dementia and rarer conditions, improve health and reduce NHS expenditure.&#x0D; The 189*18 arrays of proton ordered H-bonds connecting amino acid ω-amines to DNA phosphates on ‘minions’ control metabolism, serve as biological clocks, memory stores and personality biased brain chips and are basis for reinterpreting scientific dogma. Nine parallel metabolic pathways reflecting their 9-fold symmetry control metabolism. Oscillating H-bonds accelerate protons along minion tunnels, driving molecular scale nuclear fusion. Trapping the γ-rays released at source could solve current energy and pollution crises. Computers and data-bases modelled on minions promise human-friendly artificial intelligence satisfying Turing’s criteria.[26]&#x0D; Comparing cybernetics, psychology and traditional wisdom suggested ‘minions’, the name connotes subservience. They comprise 189 anti-parallel β-sheet hairpins[27] with alternate neutral and basic amino acid residues and proline forming an asymmetric U-bend. They hold nine DNA base pairs flat, forming a nine-coil abacus. Evolved to pack DNA on chromosomes for efficient replication, they underpin philosophy and science, account for human intelligence and resolve many questions. My mutually consistent arguments contradict accepted dogma.

Becoming Borg to Become Immortal: Regulating Brain Implant Technologies

Revolutions in semiconductor device miniaturization, bioelectronics, and applied neural control technologies are enabling scientists to create machine-assisted minds, science fiction's “cyborgs.” In a paper published in 1999, we sought to draw attention to the advances in prosthetic devices, to the myriad of artificial implants, and to the early developments of this technology in cochlear and retinal implants. Our concern, then and now, was to draw attention to the ethical issues arising from these innovations. Since that time, breakthroughs have occurred at a breathtaking pace. Scientists, researchers, and engineers using differing methodologies are pursuing the possibilities of direct interfaces between brains and machines. Technological innovations as such are neither good nor evil; it is the uses devised for them that create moral implications. As there can be ethical problems inherent in the proper human uses of technologies and because brain chips are a very likely future technology, it is prudent to formulate policies and regulations that will mitigate their ill effects before the technologies are widespread. Unlike genetic technologies, which have received widespread scrutiny within the scientific community, national governments, and international forums, brain–machine interfaces have received little social or ethical scrutiny. However, the potential of this technology to change and significantly affect humans is potentially far greater than that of genetic enhancements, because genetic enhancements are inherently limited by biology and the single location of an individual, whereas hybrids of human and machine are not so restricted. Today, intense interest is focused on the development of drugs to enhance memory; yet, these drugs merely promise an improvement of normal memory, not the encyclopedic recall of a computer-enhanced mind combined with the ability to share information at a distance. The potential of brain chips for transforming humanity are astounding. This paper describes advances in hybrid brain–machine interfaces, offers some likely hypotheses concerning future developments, reflects on the implications of combining cloning and transplanted brain chips, and suggests some potential methods of regulating these technologies.We are grateful to Prof. Michah D. Hester for helpful comments on this article.

Looking forward

With the rapid acceleration of technology, fundamental changes in the science of surgery are emerging within the lifetime of a surgeon's practice. This review includes the technologies of information systems, robotics, virtual reality, simulation and training, directed-energy surgical instruments, photonics, and brain chips, as well as their impact on the practice of surgery. Also considered are those technologies that may replace surgery, such as genetic engineering, tissue engineering, suspended animation, and nanotechnology. The evidence for each of these technologies is presented as preliminary reports of their success in research laboratories.

The Forgotten Era of Brain Chips

The Forgotten Era of Brain Chips

The challenge of including social and ethical aspects in the development of nanobiotechnology

Nanotechnology as an enabling technology for many future medical applications touches on issues such as sensitivity of genetic information, the gap between diagnosis and therapy, health care resources and tensions between holistic and functional medicine. On the other hand nanotechnology will add a new dimension to the bio (human) and non-bio (machine) interface such as brain chips or implants, which eventually might raise new ethical issues specific to NanoMedicine. This requires careful analysis of ethical aspect in view of existing standards and regulations by ethics committees at the European scale. At the same time new nanomedical inventions have to be evaluated for new ethical aspects by Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects — specialists. The most crucial point in this regard is an early proactive analysis of new technological developments to identify and discuss possible issues as soon as possible. This requires a close collaboration and co-learning of technology developers and ethics specialists assisted by communication experts to ensure open and efficient information of the public about ethical aspects (old or new) related to nanomedicine. This co-evolution will ensure a socially and ethically accepted development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic tools in NanoMedicine.

Treatment, enhancement, and the ethics of neurotherapeutics

Emerging neurotechnologies, including psychopharmaceuticals, brain stimulation, implantable brain chips, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and brain imaging raise a number of ethical questions. One of the most contentious is the proper role of these technologies in improving or increasing mental and neurological traits and skills in those with no identifiable pathology. The “enhancement” debate centers around a number of concerns and philosophical approaches to the proper role of medicine, therapeutics, and desirable human qualities. Arguements for and against neurological enhancement are reviewed, and historical and social perspectives are offered.

Brain Chips: Postpone the Debate

Brain Chips: Postpone the Debate