Braden Risk Assessment Scale Research Articles

Effectiveness of a Training Program for the Prevention of Pressure Ulcers on Caregivers of Elderly Patients.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of face-to-face education on pressure ulcer prevention and care provided to caregivers of patients with pressure ulcers in home healthcare services, specifically on the progression of the ulcers and their effects on the patients. This prospective, analytical intervention study assessed the training program implemented using the presentation teaching strategy for caregivers of patients with pressure ulcers, from the perspective of the patient and caregiver. The participants were 91 patients with pressure ulcers in the Home Health Care Unit and 91 caregivers. The data collection tool, consisted of questions regarding sociodemographic data prepared by researchers and questioning the knowledge of caregivers' knowledge about pressure ulcer. The Barthel Index, Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing, Braden Risk Assessment Scale, and Care Assessment Inventory provided by family members were used to assess the level of dependence in patients' daily living activities. The patients' average age was 77.21±13.26 years and 58.2% of them were women. The caregivers' average age was 53.32±11.45 years and 83.5% of them were women. A statistically significant increase was observed between knowledge scores before and after training (p<0.001). Indicating that the training positively affects the caregivers' level of knowledge. Factors such as a private room, caregiver support, caregiver competence, and caregiving difficulties were significantly related to changes in knowledge scores. Training programs for caregivers on pressure ulcer handling in home health care patients are effective and should be planned from a broader perspective to include caregivers within the family.

The frequency of pressure injury in level 3 intensive care units and determination of risk factors: A cross-sectional study

AimThis study was carried out to determine the prevalence of pressure injury and risk factors in patients hospitalized in a university hospital's level 3 intensive care unit. DesignIt is a descriptive, prospective, observational type study. MethodThe sample of the study consisted of 176 patients aged 18 and over who were admitted to the intensive care units of a University Hospital for at least 24 h. Patient Information Form and Braden Risk Assessment Scale, Glasgow Coma Scale were used to collect data. IBM SPSS Statistics 20 program was used to analyze the data. ResultsPresence of chronic disease in the development of pressure injury (22.7%), high-risk patients according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (21%), high-risk patients according to the Braden Risk Assessment Scale (84.2%), low hemoglobin (31%), low albumin levels (32.4%) and duration of stay in the intensive care unit until the day of evaluation were found to be independent risk factors (p < 0.05). The prevalence of pressure injury was determined to be 32.4%, and the rate of pressure injury due to medical devices was 7.4%. ConclusionPressure injuries are still common in adult intensive care patients. In terms of patient safety, it is important to give more space to care standards and awareness-raising research and training to prevent pressure injuries.

The effect of pH-compatible cleansing cloths on skin pH and the development of pressure ulcers

AimSkin care plays an important role in the prevention of the development of pressure ulcers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of skincare with a body pH-compatible cleansing cloth on the development time of pressure ulcers and on skin pH. MethodsThis experimental research was conducted with 156 patients hospitalized in intensive care clinics of a state hospital between September 2019 and 2020. The sample was calculated with a power of 80% and a significance level of 0.05 (α error) and as a result, 78 elderly patients formed the intervention group and another 78 elderly patients made up the control group. Data were collected using the Elderly Information Form, Braden Risk Assessment Scale, Pressure Ulcer Staging Tool and Skin pH Measurement Form. The pre- and post-care skin pH of both groups was measured with a skin pH meter. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsThe average development time for pressure ulcers was 14.9 days in the control group, 18.9 days in the intervention group and the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Skin pH decreased in the intervention group after the skin care routine was applied, whereas it increased in the control group. ConclusionIt can be said that care of one's skin with a body pH-compatible cleansing cloth has a positive effect on the development time of pressure ulcers and also positively changes the skin pH to acidic.

Medical device related pressure injuries in COVID-19 patients followed up in an intensive care unit

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of medical device-related pressure injuries in COVID-19 patients.&#x0D; Material and Method: This study was conducted with a cross-sectional and retrospective design. The data of 436 patients who were followed up and treated in the Anesthesia and Reanimation Intensive Care Unit with the diagnosis of COVID-19 disease between 11.03.2020- 31.02.2021 in a Training and Research Hospital in İstanbul were included in the study. The sample of the study consisted of 32 patients out of 436 patients who met the sampling criteria. The data obtained by retrospective reviewing of the patient records were analyzed through the "Patient Information Form" and "Pressure Injury Stage" forms.&#x0D; Results: Medical device-related pressure injury developed in 32 (7.3%) of 436 patients examined in the study on the specified dates. 90.6% of these patients were male, and the average age was 67.5. 43.7% had comorbid diseases. According to the Braden Risk Assessment Scale, 25% of these patients had medium and 71.8% high risk. Medical devices that cause pressure injury were continuous positive airway pressure mask (n=13), intubation tube (n=7), nasogastric tube (n=5), nasal cannula (n=3), gel pads (n=3), and oxygen mask (n=1).&#x0D; Conclusion: In this study, the potential factors in the study that may have led to the incidence of medical device-related pressure injury specific to COVID-19 disease include the rapid increase in the need for respiratory support, ischemia caused by this infection, and the use of prone position.

Predictive Value of the Interface Pressure and Frequency of Pressure Ulcer in Elderly Patients in the İnternal Medicine Intensive Care Units

Aim: Pressure ulcers develop frequently in immobile elderly. Pressure is extrinsic factor and it plays a major role in ulcer development. Nurses use a pressure ulcer risk assessment tools and risk assessment effectives as a means to ulcers preventing. To determine frequency and predictive value of interface pressure in pressure ulcer development in elderly patients hospitalized in internal medicine intensive care units. Materials and Methods: The study involved 140 patients admitted to internal intensive care clinics between May 2018 and August 2018 without pressure ulcers and who stayed in the ICU for more than 72 hours. Participants were scored using the Braden scale and were examined for the risk level of pressure ulcers. The inclusion criteria were age over 65 years and having a high risk of developing pressing ulcers. Patients were evaluated by “Questionnaire Form,“ Braden Risk Assessment Scale” and “ Palm Q-Portable Interface Pressure Sensor” every two days during their stay in the clinic. Results: Pressure ulcer developed in 22.1% of the patients but it didn’t develop in any of the oral feeding patients. The mean time for ulcer to develop was 6.90 (standard deviation 2.9) days. In patients with pressure ulcers, while the mean interface pressure value was 47.75 (standard deviation 6.79) mmHg at the beginning of the final evaluation position, 51.25 (standard deviation 6.71) mmHg at the end of the position. Conclusion: In all interface pressure measurements of patients who developed pressure ulcer, the interface pressure values increased at the end of the position compared to the beginning of the position.

Incidence of Pressure Ulcers In The Patients On Mechanical Ventilation: A Prospective Study

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of pressure ulcers among the patients on mechanical ventilation.Methods: The type of the study was cross-sectional and prospective. It was carried out in 5 intensive care units of a state hospital located in Western Black Sea region of Turkey. The sample of the study included 260 patients who began to get mechanical ventilatory support. Pressure ulcer risk in patients was assessed by Braden Risk Assessment Scale at 10th hour, 1st week and 2nd week timepoints following the initiation of mechanical ventilatory support. Results: Mean age of the patients was 54±10 years; 52.7% were males; and 55.4% had a Body Mass Index within normal range. It was determined that 46.5% of the patients were hospitalized due to the diagnosis of a cerebrovascular event; the state of consciousness was confused in 52.3% and mean Braden Risk Assessment Scale was 11.0±2.64. It was observed that the incidence of pressure ulcers was 10.8% at 10th hour, 58.5% at first week and 71.15% at second week following the beginning of mechanical ventilation treatment. At the end of second week, stage1 pressure ulcer was developed on the sacrum in 30% and on coccyx area in 22.7% of the patients. Conclusion:It was found that the incidence of pressure ulcer development risk was significantly high among the patients who underwent mechanical ventilation treatment. Considering the effect of mechanical ventilator and other factors, taking primary protective precautions for preventing pressure ulcers was suggested to be very important.

The value of transcutaneous oxygen pressure/transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure monitoring in early warning of the observing patients in emergency department

Objective To analyze the relevant factors of early warning in emergency patients with high risk of acute sores, explore the application value of transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) and transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure (TcPCO2) monitoring in the early warning of emergency patients with pressure ulcers. Methods This was a study of 186 consecutive emergency patients who were under care in the emergency department. The transcutaneous oxygen/carbon dioxide pressure monitor was used in monitoring the oxygen saturation of the skin of sacrococcygeal region and the chest. Meanwhile, the Braden scale was used in assessing risk factors for pressure ulcers and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was applied to evaluate the early prediction of pressure sore with TcPO2/TcPCO2 monitor. Results Implementing the logistic regression model with six indicators, this research concluded that TcPO2 CV and PO2 were independent risk factors for the development of Braden scale in patients with high risk. The area under the ROC curve showed that TcPO2 CV had a excellent predictive value for the high-risk group and determined its cut-off value to be 20%. Which means patient with both a value of TcPO2CV over 20% and a high risk of Braden scale had a larger possibility of pressure ulcers. Conclusions TcPO2 CV was an independent risk factor for patients under emergency care to develop pressure ulcers. A value of TcPO2CV over 20% indicated a high risk of pressure ulcers. Key words: Braden Risk Assessment Scale; Emergency observation; Transcutaneous oxygen pressure/transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure; Pressure injury; Variation coefficient of transcutaneous oxygen pressure

Investigation of the prevalence of pressure ulcers and patient-related risk factors in hospitals in the province of Erzurum: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundPressure ulcers are a significant health care problem all across the world due to their associated high mortality and morbidity rates and high health care costs. The prevalence of pressure ulcers serves as one of the most important indicators of the quality of nursing care. Study aimThis study aims to determine the prevalence of pressure ulcers and patient-related risk factors in inpatients receiving treatment in the province of Erzurum, located in the eastern part of Turkey. DesignThis is a cross-sectional study. Participantswhich included 832 inpatients hospitalized for at least 24 h after admission in five hospitals in the province of Erzurum. All of the study patients were 18 years of age or older and agreed to participate in the research. Patients hospitalized in the obstetric, emergency, and pediatric clinics were excluded from the study (due to the low probability of pressure ulcers in these clinics). InstrumentsFor the collection of data, the “Introductory Information Form” was used to learn the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, and the “Braden Risk Assessment Scale” was used to determine the risk of pressure ulcers. The stage of the pressure ulcers of the patients was determined according to the classification of the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP). MethodsSince the study was planned as a point prevalence study, research data were gathered by the researchers and interviewers on a single day designated for each hospital during the first week of October 2016. ResultsAmong the patients included in the study, 53.1% were male, mean age was 56.62 ± 17.95, 57.2% were treated in internal clinics, and the mean hospital stay was 9.02 ± 13.36 days. In terms of the patients' risk of pressure ulcers, it was determined that 28% were at risk. The overall prevalence of pressure ulcers was calculated to be 12.7% (for stages I-IV), with the overall prevalence decreasing by 6.7% when the patients with stage-I were excluded. Furthermore, it was found that 48.3% of the pressure ulcers were stage-I, and that the sacral region (37.3%) was the most affected region. According to the logistic regression analysis conducted to determine the factors, along with their weights, that affect the development of pressure ulcers, the age of the patient, the duration of the hospital stay, the presence of incontinence, albumin level problems, and a Braden score below 17 were found to have an impact (p < 0.05). ConclusionIn this study, the prevalence of pressure ulcers was calculated to be 12.7%, with the highest prevalence found in intensive care clinics (35.3%). The age of the patient, the duration of the hospital stays, the presence of incontinence, albumin level problems, and a Braden score below 17 were found to be effective in the development of pressure ulcers.

Risks and prevalence of pressure ulcers among patients in an acute hospital in Finland.

To quantify pressure ulcer (PU) prevalence and to describe and identify the PU risk factors in acute hospital wards. A descriptive quantitative study was performed in 13 wards in a central hospital in Finland. The study included PU risk evaluation using the Braden risk assessment method, and full skin and medical assessment of consenting adult patients. Patients in paediatric, maternity and psychiatric wards, and in the intensive care unit were excluded. Patient's PUs were examined on the ward, and evaluated and classified using the international European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP/NPUAP) Pressure Ulcer Classification System. Demographic data, the Braden risk assessment scale, skin assessment, and the location and severity of PUs were also recorded. A sample of 229 inpatients was examined for signs of PUs on one day in 2013. The overall PU prevalence was 8.7% (20 patients). Of those assessed as 'at risk of developing PUs', four patients (1.7%) were considered at 'very high risk', 39 patients (17.0%) at 'high risk', and 60 patients (26.2%) with a 'moderate risk'. The patient's age and length of treatment period were associated with PU risk, while only length of treatment period was associated with PU prevalence. Older patients had a higher risk of PUs than younger ones. The longer the hospital stay, the higher the PU risk was. In addition, patients with a long hospital stay more often had a PU. According to the study, PUs occur with significant frequency in acute hospital wards. It is important to carry out PU prevention actions among all patient groups, but risk increases among older patients and those who, for any reason, stay in hospital for a longer period of time.

Evaluation of risk factors for pressure injuries in home care unit patients

The author aimed to evaluate the risk factors for pressure injuries in those receiving home care units. This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in 786 patients who were served from home care unit between 1st March 2016 and 31st April 2016. Patients’ pressure injury was evaluated with Braden risk assessment scale. The mean age of seven hundred eighty six patients was 71.22 ± 16.23 y; 51.3% of them were female. In home care unit patients, the pressure injury prevalence is 29.8%. It was observed that in patients who had 11.9 ± 3.0 point averages from the Braden risk assessment scale. It was seen the pressure injury evaluation and in patients who had 21.1 ± 3.4 point averages it was not seen any evaluation of the pressure injury (t=14.6, p=0.000). In home care patients, the pressure injury prevalence is found in 29.8% age, having chronic illness, nutrition status are risk factors to pressure injury in home care patients. Patients who were served in home care unit had high risk for pressure injuries. In this respect, in home care patients should be evaluated for pressure injuries.

Pressure ulcers and their associated factors in nursing home inmates.

To assess pressure ulcers and the associated risk factors, among the individuals who stayed at Yozgat Rehabilitation Care Center in Turkey. A descriptive study. Yozgat Rehabilitation Care Center, Turkey, from August to September 2011. One hundred and seventy five individuals participated in the study who received care at the above nursing home and agreed to participate in the study. The data were collected with an information form of descriptive characteristics (the form included a total of 15 questions asked to get information about socio-demographic characteristics) and Braden risk assessment scale. For the data evaluation, Mann-Whitney U-test, Krushall-Wallis Variance analysis, Logistic Regression analysis were used. Statistical significance was defined by a probability level of p < 0.05. The mean score of Braden risk assessment scale of the individuals was 15.0 ± 3.3 and 16.0% were under very high risk. Nine (5.1%) had pressure ulcers. The average duration of stay was 2.17 ± 0.80 years. Participants who were underweight, had lived at the rehabilitation center for a longer time, and were fed on regime 1, had a higher risk of developing pressure ulcers (p < 0.001). Individuals who stayed in nursing home were under very high risk of pressure ulcer. Pressure ulcers are preventable by the elimination of some risk factors and good nursing care. Such individuals should be periodically assessed in terms of risk.

The application of implementation science for pressure ulcer prevention best practices in an inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation program

ObjectivesTo implement pressure ulcer (PU) prevention best practices in spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation using implementation science frameworks.DesignQuality improvement.SettingSCI Rehabilitation Center.ParticipantsInpatients admitted January 2012 to July 2013.InterventionsImplementation of two PU best practices were targeted: (1) completing a comprehensive PU risk assessment and individualized interprofessional PU prevention plan (PUPP); and (2) providing patient education for PU prevention; as part of the pan-Canadian SCI Knowledge Mobilization Network. At our center, the SCI Pressure Ulcer Scale replaced the Braden risk assessment scale and an interprofessional PUPP form was implemented. Comprehensive educational programing existed, so efforts focused on improving documentation. Implementation science frameworks provided structure for a systematic approach to best practice implementation (BPI): (1) site implementation team, (2) implementation drivers, (3) stages of implementation, and (4) improvement cycles. Strategies were developed to address key implementation drivers (staff competency, organizational supports, and leadership) through the four stages of implementation: exploration, installation, initial implementation, and full implementation. Improvement cycles were used to address BPI challenges.Outcome MeasuresImplementation processes (e.g. staff training) and BPI outcomes (completion rates).ResultsFollowing BPI, risk assessment completion rates improved from 29 to 82%. The PUPP completion rate was 89%. PU education was documented for 45% of patients (vs. 21% pre-implementation).ConclusionImplementation science provided a framework and effective tools for successful pressure ulcer BPI in SCI rehabilitation. Ongoing improvement cycles will target timeliness of tool completion and documentation of patient education.

BASINÇ YARASINDA NE DURUMDAYIZ?: PEDİATRİ YOĞUN BAKIM ÜNİTEMİZDEKİ SON BİR YILLIK VERİ

OZET Amac: Bu arastirma, bir universite hastanesinin pediatri yogun bakim unitesine (PYBU) 1 Ocak 2013-31 Aralik 2013 tarihleri arasinda yatan hastalarda olusan basinc yarasi oranini, basinc yarasinin ozelliklerini ve sonuclarini degerlendirmek amaciyla retrospektif ve tanimlayici olarak gerceklestirildi. Yontem: Ilgili birimlerden gerekli izinler alindiktan sonra yapilan arastirmada, veri toplama araci olarak literatur isiginda arastirmacilar tarafindan hazirlanan “Hasta Tanilama Formu” ve Braden Risk Degerlendirme Olcegi kullanildi. Verilerin analizi SPSS 17.0 paket programinda tanimlayici istatistiksel yontemlerden sayi ve yuzdelik hesaplamalar kullanilarak yapildi. Bulgular: Elde edilen verilere gore; uniteye toplam 321 hastanin kabul edildigi; %72.5'inin (n=233) yuksek riskli grupta yer aldigi; bu hastalardan, %10.7’sinde (n=25) basinc yarasinin olustugu; basinc yarasi gelisen hastalarin, %60’inin (n=15) erkek, %48’inin (n=11) 1 ay-1 yas arasinda, %84’unun 1. evrede oldugu; basinc yarasinin en cok ayak topugunda (%24) ve oksipital bolgede (%20) olustugu; hastalarin %32’sinde, olusan basinc yarasinin bakim ve tedavide kullanilan alet/malzeme (%12'si flaster, %8’i idrar sondasi ya da saturasyon probu) nedeni ile basinc yarasi olustugu saptandi. Sonuc: Uniteye kabul edilen hastalarin %10.7'sinde (n=25) basinc yarasi gelistigi ve hastalarin %60’inin basinc yaralarinin iyileserek baska bir servise transfer edildigi goruldu. Basinc yarasinin onlenebilmesinde, gecerli ve guvenilir tanilama araclarinin kullaniminin saglanmasi ve surdurulmesi; onleyici hemsirelik bakimi protokollerinin olusturularak kullanilmasi onemlidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Basinc yarasi; pediatri yogun bakim; hemsirelik. ABSTRACT Where We are on Pressure Ulcers?: Data of Last Year in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Objective: This research was conducted retrospective and descriptive in pediatric intensive care unit of a university hospital between January 1, 2013 to 31 December 2013. The aim of study was to describe the frequency of pressure ulcers, and to evaluate the results and characteristics of the pressure ulcers were performed. Method: After obtaining the necessary approvals from the relevant units in the research, data collection tool developed by the researchers in the literature as Patient Assessment Form and Braden Risk Assessment Scale was used. Data analyzed with SPSS 17.0 package program number and percentage of descriptive statistical calculations were performed using the method. Result: According to the data obtained; A total of 321 patients in the unit are accepted; 72.5% (n=233) that takes place in high-risk groups; of these patients, 10.7% (n=25) in which the formation of pressure ulcers; of patients developing pressure ulcers, 60% (n=15) were male, 48% (n=11) between 1 month and 1 year of age, 84% of which is in phase 1; In most of heel pressure ulcers (24%) and occipital regions (20%) occurred; 32% of patients in the resulting pressure ulcer care and treatment tools used / materials (12% plaster, 8% of the urinary catheter or saturation probe) as a result of pressure ulcers occurred was determined. Conclusion: The patients admitted to the unit of 10.7% (n=25) who developed pressure ulcers and pressure ulcers in 60% of patients recovered and were found to be transferred to another service. The prevention of pressure ulcers, the use of valid and reliable diagnostic tools to ensure and maintain; The use of protocols establishing preventive nursing care is important. Keywords: Pressure ulcer; pediatric intensive care; nursing.

The Evaluation of Daily Living Activities, Pressure Sores and Risk Factors

This study was conducted to assess daily living activities, pressure sores and risk factors. This was a descriptive study. The study was conducted at a rehabilitation center with 188 individuals participating in the study. Data were collected with a questionnaire form, Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADLS), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADLS) and Braden Risk Assessment Scale (BRAS). Among the participants, 48.9% were dependent according to activities of daily living and 71.8% were dependent on instrumental activities of daily living. It was noted that 4.8% had pressure sores and 38.8% were at high risk. A strong and positive correlation was found among ADLS, IADLS, and BRAS scores (p < .001). Participants who had a low body mass index, had lived at the rehabilitation center for a long time, and were fed on regime 1 or 2, had a higher risk of developing pressure sores (p < .001). Individuals who were dependent according to ADLS and IADLS were at increased risk for the development of pressure sores. Individuals who are treated at rehabilitation centers should be periodically assessed in terms of risk. Pressure sore development can be prevented with appropriate nursing interventions. To reduce the risk of developing pressure sores, nurses should describe the individual's degree of dependency according to ADLS and IADLS and initiate preventive nursing care.

Features of Pressure Ulcers in Hospitalized Older Adults

The objectives of this study were to examine the prevalence and risk of pressure ulcers (PrUs) among hospitalized patients 65 years or older in a university hospital setting and to assess the potential for prevention and healing in that population. The retrospective study conducted at the general medicine departments of Ege University Hospital in Izmir, Turkey, included 209 patients (115 females, 94 males) 65 years or older, who had been admitted to the hospital for a variety of reasons between April 1, 2011, and October 1, 2011. The following tools were used to collect data: a data collection form to identify the sociodemographic and medical characteristics of the patients, the Braden Risk Assessment Scale to assess the risk of PrUs, and a form to monitor PrUs, which included the site of the PrU, the category, and the PUSH (Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing) score, a tool for tracking changes in PrUs status applied at weekly intervals. The mean patient age was 73 (6.4) years. The prevalence of PrUs was 5.8% during the hospital stay. Pressure ulcers appeared most frequently in the ischeal tuberosity area (40%), and 45.2% of all PrUs observed were category II. The comorbidities of the patients who had PrUs were as follows: rheumatoid arthritis, 40% (n = 5); acute renal failure, 24% (n = 3); multiple myeloma, 8% (n = 1); chronic renal failure, 8% (n = 1); pneumonia, 8% (n = 1); and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 8% (n = 1). Pressure ulcers are a common healthcare complication in the older adult population, with potentially severe consequences. The most important intervention that healthcare professionals can make to reduce PrUs is to determine and address risk factors.

Pressure Ulcer Prevalence in Turkey

The purpose of this study was to identify pressure ulcer prevalence among hospitalized patients in a university hospital setting. The study setting was medical and surgical inpatient wards and critical care units in a university hospital in Adana, Turkey. The sample population comprised 404 patients who were aged 18 years or older and admitted to the intensive care units and internal and surgery units at least 24 hours before data collection. Each participating patient's skin was assessed and pressure ulcers were classified according to the National Pressure Ulcers Advisory Panel grading system. Pressure ulcer risk was assessed using the Braden Scale. Data were recorded on a patient observation form designed for this study. The following tools were used to collect data: (a) data collection form in identifying sociodemographic and medical characteristics of the patients, (b) the classification developed by the National Pressure Ulcers Advisory Panel in identifying the phases and localization of pressure ulcers, and (c) Braden Risk Assessment Scale in assessing risks. The average age of patients was 51.22 ± 0.84 years (mean ± SD); 51.7% were male. The mean hospital length of stay was 9.6 ± 0.5 days. Pressure ulcer risk assessment revealed that 34.2% of the patients were at increased risk. The prevalence of pressure ulcers was 10.4%. Pressure ulcers occurred most frequently in the sacral area (43.9%); 45.2% of them were stage (grade) II. The pressure ulcer prevalence identified in this study is comparable with studies conducted in other countries.

Application of crisis threshold reporting system and management in prevention of bedsores

Objective To investigate the role of crisis threshold reporting system and management in preventing and reducing the occurrence of bedsores of hospitalized patients. Methods Hospitalized patients were qualitatively evaluated with Braden Risk Assessment Scale, and the individual nursing measures made based on the risk factors were taken effectively and timely. Those patients with a high risk of severe bedsores which were defined as the scores of Braden no more than 9 were managed with crisis threshold reporting system and conducted with process control and management. Results After implementing crisis threshold reporting system and management for hospitalized patients, the occurrence of inevitable bedsores (2.6％) was lower than before the implementation (6.2％) (x2 = 6.356, P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions Crisis threshold reporting system and management could effectively prevent and reduce the occurrence of bedsores of hospitalized patients, and increase nurse's risk awareness and responsibility; therefore it is an effective management method for preventing bedsores. Key words: Pressure ulcer; Prevention; Crisis threshold reporting system; Management

Evaluating the effects of using the mobility assessment sub-scale within the Braden Scale on pressure ulcer incidence and preventive interventions in adult acute care settings: A systematic review.

Review objective The objective of this review is to establish whether using the Braden subscale mobility assessment is comparable to using the full Braden assessment scale. The specific review questions to be addressed are: 1. What preventive pressure ulcer nursing interventions are initiated based on assessment of mobility impairment alone or in comparison with the full Braden risk assessment scale? 2. What is the effect of using mobility assessment alone on incidence of hospital acquired pressure ulcers? Inclusion criteria Types of participants This review will consider studies that include adult patients, 18 years and older, in acute care setting who are at risk of developing pressure ulcers. At risk patients are those identified using Braden risk assessment scale as ‘at risk’, ‘moderate risk’, ‘high risk; and ‘very high risk’ for developing pressure ulcer6, 9 or the sub scale for impaired mobility as ‘completely immobile’, ‘very limited’ and ‘slightly limited’. Studies involving children only and studies conducted in the emergency department only or in the operating room only will be excluded from the review as they are not consistent with the review objective. Types of intervention(s)/Phenomena of interest This review will consider studies that include pressure ulcer risk identified using assessment of the subscale mobility impairment compared with full Braden scale assessment where available. Types of outcomes This review will consider the following primary outcome measures: • Whether patients in either study arm are more or less likely to receive appropriate preventative interventions, including, but not limited to protective mattresses, creams and skin barriers, vitamin supplements, patient positioning etc • Incidence of hospital acquired pressure ulcers Secondary outcome measures: • Reliability of mobility assessment ± Braden assessment • Frequency of assessment

Patient Risk Factors for Pressure Ulcers During Cardiac Surgery

Patients undergoing cardiac surgery have increased risks for developing pressure ulcers. The researchers conducted this study to identify preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers among patients undergoing cardiac surgery at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. The significant factors associated with pressure ulcer development in the study patients were presence of diabetes mellitus and other significant comorbid conditions; low preoperative Braden Risk Assessment Scale scores; lower preoperative hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum albumin levels; presence of intraaortic balloon pumps in the postoperative period; being turned less often; and more rapid returns to preoperative body temperatures. By incorporating vigilant observation and timely nursing interventions throughout patients' surgical experiences, perioperative nurses can help prevent the development of pressure ulcers and promote optimal patient outcomes.

Products to treat decubitus ulcers

Pressure ulcers are a significant health care problem all across the world due to their associated high mortality and morbidity rates and high health care costs. The prevalence of pressure ulcers serves as one of the most important indicators of the quality of nursing care.This study aims to determine the prevalence of pressure ulcers and patient-related risk factors in inpatients receiving treatment in the province of Erzurum, located in the eastern part of Turkey.This is a cross-sectional study.which included 832 inpatients hospitalized for at least 24 h after admission in five hospitals in the province of Erzurum. All of the study patients were 18 years of age or older and agreed to participate in the research. Patients hospitalized in the obstetric, emergency, and pediatric clinics were excluded from the study (due to the low probability of pressure ulcers in these clinics).For the collection of data, the “Introductory Information Form” was used to learn the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, and the “Braden Risk Assessment Scale” was used to determine the risk of pressure ulcers. The stage of the pressure ulcers of the patients was determined according to the classification of the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP).Since the study was planned as a point prevalence study, research data were gathered by the researchers and interviewers on a single day designated for each hospital during the first week of October 2016.Among the patients included in the study, 53.1% were male, mean age was 56.62 ± 17.95, 57.2% were treated in internal clinics, and the mean hospital stay was 9.02 ± 13.36 days. In terms of the patients' risk of pressure ulcers, it was determined that 28% were at risk. The overall prevalence of pressure ulcers was calculated to be 12.7% (for stages I-IV), with the overall prevalence decreasing by 6.7% when the patients with stage-I were excluded. Furthermore, it was found that 48.3% of the pressure ulcers were stage-I, and that the sacral region (37.3%) was the most affected region. According to the logistic regression analysis conducted to determine the factors, along with their weights, that affect the development of pressure ulcers, the age of the patient, the duration of the hospital stay, the presence of incontinence, albumin level problems, and a Braden score below 17 were found to have an impact (p < 0.05).In this study, the prevalence of pressure ulcers was calculated to be 12.7%, with the highest prevalence found in intensive care clinics (35.3%). The age of the patient, the duration of the hospital stays, the presence of incontinence, albumin level problems, and a Braden score below 17 were found to be effective in the development of pressure ulcers.