Bradburn Affect Balance Scale Research Articles

AN INDIVIDUAL’S RELATEDNESS TO OTHER PEOPLE AND FACTORS AFFECTING IT

The article examines what personal characteristics, qualities or factors contribute to the establishment of trusting relationships between people, their support, contributing to the satisfaction of the need for relatedness, in positive relationships with others, in creating a real circle of close people. The article purpose: to identify the features of relatedness estimated with two indicators - using the indicator “positive relationships with others” of C. Riff’s six-factor scales of psychological well-being by and using the test proposed by Bekker M.H.J., van Assen M.A.L. namely by the indicator “sensitivity to others” - and find personal characteristics, qualities or factors that affect these indicators. Sampling and methods. The study involved 220 respondents with average age of 33 years, students, and specialists in various professions. To study the personality traits of respondents who showed high values ​​for the studied parameters, we used the following methods: the General Self-efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem), Folkman and Lazarus' Ways of Coping Questionnaire, Wiesbaden Inventary for Positive Psychotherapy and Family Therapy (WIPPF), S. Maddi's Hardiness Scale, Test-Questionnaire of Self-Attitude of V.V. Stolyn, S.R. Panteleyev, Social behavior and the orientation inventory (B.M. Bass), Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Study of the quality of life of a person, N. Bradburn's Affect Balance Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (E. Diener et al.). Results and conclusions. Positive relationships with others do not always correlate with personal autonomy and maintain good psychological well-being. The result depends on an individual’s position: subordinate or equal. In the first case, people try more to please their families or friends, other close people. This can be due to excessive connections with significant others or due to a lack of self-confidence. Such people are not inclined to take responsibility for their choice, shifting it to others; painfully afraid that the rejection of other’s opinions and actions at their own discretion will affect the relationship, and people will become lonely; they passively fulfils requests and orders, show blind obedience; in their actions, they rely on external or impersonal motivation. As a result, their quality of life is low, and their affect balance is rather negative and psychological well-being is bad. If relations with others are based on positions of equality, then they bring real pleasure to all sides of interaction and do not interfere with the manifestations of autonomy. An individual involved in an equal relationship is not afraid to show their love, care; is able to perceive themselves and others, in particular, their partners, as they are, to treat them positively, to trust them, to see them as a personality. At the same time, the desire to have people close in spirit does not interfere with acting on the basis of one’s own motives and views, planning one’s actions, taking responsibility for them and for one’s life path as a whole. Therefore, such relationships contribute to a feeling of psychological well-being and happiness, a high quality of life.

A Comparative Study of Factors Associated with Relapse in Alcohol Dependence and Opioid Dependence.

Background:Alcohol and opiates are among the most addictive substances posing significant public health problems due to the biopsychosocial impact that they have on individuals. Research shows that majority of abstinent alcohol and/or opioid dependence subjects relapse within 1 year. It has also been estimated that 26–36 million people worldwide abuse opiates, with exceptionally high-relapse rates. The purpose of this study was to compare the sociodemographic factors and correlates relapse in alcohol dependence and opioid dependence.Methodology:This research uses a cross-sectional comparative study design with a sample size of 60 drawn from a population of clinically diagnosed patients of alcohol dependence (n = 30) or opioid dependence (n = 30) and seeking treatment for relapse. In addition to collecting sociodemographic data, other factors such as craving, affect, self-efficacy, and expressed emotions were measured using standardized instruments including brief substance craving scale, Bradburn affect balance scale, drug avoidance and self-efficacy scale and family emotional involvement, and conflict scale. The data were statistically analyzed.Results:Disparity in sociodemographic factors was seen in both the groups with opioid group being more likely to be single, unemployed, belonging to lower socioeconomic status, and having a criminal record (P = 0.025). Among factors associated with relapse, the opioid group scored significantly higher on craving, perceived criticism (P = 0.0001), and lower on self-efficacy (P = 0.016). Most common reason cited for relapse in both the groups was desire for positive mood.Conclusion:This study highlights the role of social determinants in drug dependence and relapse. Relapse was found to be a complex multifactorial phenomenon. Despite differences in presentation, somewhat similar relapse mechanisms were seen in both groups.

Confirmatory Analysis of the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale and its Relationship with Morale in Older Canadian Adults

The measurement of psychological constructs depends upon clear definitions and demonstrated relationships among items, scales, and relevant theories. In this study, we examined these relationships for the measurement of affect as reflected in the popular Bradburn Affect Balance Scale (ABS). Results of confirmatory analyses of data from 187 older Canadian adults (Mean age, 69.7 years) showed that a two-dimensional structure fitted the item data much better than the unidimensional, bipolar model suggested by the original scoring key. The two dimensions showed parallel patterns of correlations with two measures of morale and with a measure of social desirability, but these patterns differed from that of the conventional unidimensional ABS score. Results suggested that the ABS should be used with caution and with scoring for two distinguishable dimensions.

Religiousness, Religious Coping, and Psychological Well-Being in Nursing Home Residents

To measure the importance of religion among nursing home residents, describe their use of religious coping strategies, and examine the association between religiousness, religious coping, and psychological well-being. Cross-sectional study. Two nursing facilities in Boston, Massachusetts. One hundred forty cognitively intact to moderately impaired long-stay nursing home residents. Subjects rated religion as either "not important," "somewhat important," or "very important." Use of religious coping strategies was measured using the 14-item Brief RCOPE. The outcome measure, psychological well-being, was measured with the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. Covariates included demographic variables and a measure of social engagement, comorbidity, functional status, and mental status. Linear regression was used to examine the association between religious importance and psychological well-being after adjusting for covariates. Subjects rated the importance of religion as follows: very important (54%), somewhat important (27%), and not important (19%). The mean score on the Affect Balance Scale was 5.9 +/- 2.1 (SD) (range 2-9). After multivariate adjustment, viewing religion as somewhat or very important (versus not important, P=.0019) and absence of negative religious coping strategies (P=.0083) were associated with better psychological well-being (with higher scores on the Affect Balance Scale) (P=.007). Religion was important to most older residents living in 2 religiously affiliated long-term care facilities. Residents for whom religion was somewhat or very important and who did not use negative religious coping strategies are more likely to have better psychological well-being.

A Dual Process Model of Grief Counseling

Summary This paper tests Stroebe and Schuf s Dual Process Model of Bereavement using data from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC), a prospective study of 1,532 married persons over the age of 65. This analysis focused on a weighted sample of 104 widowers and 492 widows at six months, 18 months, and four years later. Bradburn's Affect Balance Scale was used as the dependent variable, and the independent variables were based on Stroebe and Schut's bereavement model. The multiple regression analyses revealed that loss- and restoration-oriented activities were important throughout bereavement. Implications for bereavement counseling are discussed.

Well-being as a moving target: measurement equivalence of the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale.

Although the Bradburn Affect Balance scale (ABS) is a frequently used two-factor indicator of well-being in later life, its measurement and invariance properties are not well documented. We examined these issues using confirmatory factor analyses of cross-sectional (adults ages 54-87 years) and longitudinal data from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Stability of the positive and negative affect factors was moderate across a 3-year period. Overall, factor loadings for positive affect items were invariant over time with the exception of the pleased item. Negative affect items were time invariant. However, age-group comparisons between young-old and old-old groups revealed age differences in loadings for the upset item at Time 1. Finally, gender groups differed in loadings for the top of the world and going your way items. Thus a pattern of partial measurement equivalence characterized item response to the ABS. Our results suggest that group comparisons and longitudinal change in ABS scale scores of positive and negative affect should be interpreted with caution.

Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years.

Positive and negative affect, measured by the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, were studied in a longitudinal sample spanning from 1971 to 1994. The sample (N = 2,804) represented 4 generations of families. Linear trend analyses compared generations over time for positive and negative affect and also examined the possible influences of neuroticism and extraversion on initial levels of affect and patterns of change in affect. Negative affect decreased with age for all generations, although the rate was attenuated among the oldest adults. Higher neuroticism scores also attenuated the decrease in negative affect across time. For positive affect, the younger and middle-aged adults showed marked stability, but the older group evidenced a small decrease over time. Higher levels of extraversion were related to more stability in positive affect.

Sociopolitical control and empowerment: An extended replication

Although much of the empowerment research and literature deals with the individual in his immediate environment, there is clearly a branch that focusses more on the wider community and sociopolitical empowerment. Zimmerman and Zahniser (1991) developed an integrative measure of sociopolitical control containing two indices—Leadership Competence and Political Control, and they reported three tests of their measure. This study reports the use of the measure, as well as the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale (Bradburn, 1969) and a measure developed for measuring a sense of Community Belonging. The Pearson correlations for these measures were compared with Pearson correlations for measures of participation and decision-making for two similar groups of activists in the same community; one group had been active for two years longer than the second group. The comparison shows statistically significant differences between the two groups. Not only are the sociopolitical control indices of Zimmerman and Zahniser found to be effective, but they and other community empowerment measures are shown to be sensitive to the passing of time and accumulation of experience. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Sociopolitical control and empowerment: An extended replication

Although much of the empowerment research and literature deals with the individual in his immediate environment, there is clearly a branch that focusses more on the wider community and sociopolitical empowerment. Zimmerman and Zahniser (1991) developed an integrative measure of sociopolitical control containing two indices—Leadership Competence and Political Control, and they reported three tests of their measure. This study reports the use of the measure, as well as the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale (Bradburn, 1969) and a measure developed for measuring a sense of Community Belonging. The Pearson correlations for these measures were compared with Pearson correlations for measures of participation and decision-making for two similar groups of activists in the same community; one group had been active for two years longer than the second group. The comparison shows statistically significant differences between the two groups. Not only are the sociopolitical control indices of Zimmerman and Zahniser found to be effective, but they and other community empowerment measures are shown to be sensitive to the passing of time and accumulation of experience. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

DEPRESSION, QUALITY OF LIFE, AND LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

736 Introduction: There is increasing interest in documenting and optimizing quality of life in the post-transplantation period. The present study investigates the prevalence of mood symptoms interfering with function and the relationship between such symptoms and quality of life for transplant recipients. Method: Cross-sectional interview and self-report questionnaire survey of 100 consecutive attendees at T.T.H. liver transplant outpatient followup clinic. After obtaining informed consent, participants were interviewed using subsections of the well validated Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IIIR to assess mood symptomatology, both current and since transplant and a structured interview developed for this study with respect to: demographics; their past personal and family history of depression prior to transplantation; strategies used to cope with mood symptomatology. Participants then completed self-report questionnaires measuring quality of life (Medical Outcome Study-Short Form 36, Liver Disease Specific Quality of Life Index, Illness Intrusiveness Questionnaire) and mood symptomatology (Beck Depression Inventory, Bradburn Affect Balance Scale). Results: 100 participants completed the study. 54 M, 56F, average age 50.4 ± 12.1, time since transplant 26.1 ± 27.9 months. Using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IIIR, 4% currently met criteria for a DSM-IIIR major depressive episode, 22.7% did not currently meet criteria but had done so at some point since transplant, and 70.7% reported mood symptoms interfering with social or occupational functioning since their transplant. Current self-reported depressive symptomatology was endorsed by 29.7% of the sample. Less than half of the sample had reported their mood symptoms or psychosocial dysfunction to the transplant team. Depressive symptomatology was significantly associated with a prior history of psychiatric hospitalization, and poor self-reported quality of life. Discussion: Mood disturbances are extremely common in liver transplant recipients and are not frequently reported to the transplantation team. Depressive symptomatology and disorders are strongly associated with poorer quality of life. While no directionality can be inferred given the cross-sectional nature of this study, it did not appear that depressed patients reporting poorer quality of life had evidence of worse physical status. There is a need for prospective studies in to better delineate the relationships between mood, psychosocial dysfunction, and medical status. In the interim, given that depression is treatable, it is important to identify and treat depressed transplant recipients.

Social Role Quality and Psychological Well Being

This study examined relationships among job, partner, and parent role quality and psychological well being in midlife black (n = 51) and white (n = 56) women employed in occupations varying by socioeconomic status (SES). Oversampling for black women ensured balanced occupational representation, allowing investigation uncontaminated by SES. Instruments included Baruch and Barnett's Rewards and Concerns Scales, Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Better well being scores were reported by black women than whites, and by professionals than non-professionals. However, when race, occupational group, and menopausal status were held constant in a multiple regression analysis, partner role quality was significantly related to both well being scores, parent role quality was related to life satisfaction only, and job role quality was not related to either. Nurses in the workplace can help women identify problematic aspects of their multiple social roles, and facilitate resolution of problems to improve worker health.

Relationships Among Life Events and Psychological Well-Being: More Evidence for a Two-Factor Theory of Well-Being

Relationships between 11 major life events and changes in psychological well-being were examined in a three-generation sample: grandparents, their adult children, and their young adult grandchildren. Psychological well-being was measured using the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. Life events included marriages; divorces; births of children; deaths of spouses, children, and parents; health declines; hospitalizations; improved standard of living; retirement; and retirement of one's spouse. Both positive and negative affect demonstrated similar stability over 14 years and were equally predictable from the life events. However, consistent with a two-factor conceptualization of psychological well-being, for all generations, desirable life events predicted change in positive affect whereas undesirable events predicted change in negative affect; cross-domain prediction was minimal. Results further indicated that whether life events are expected may be more important in predicting subsequent psychological well-being than whether they are desirable or undesirable.

The influence of demographic characteristics, menopausal status, and symptoms on women's attitudes toward menopause.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of demographic characteristics, including ethnicity, socioeconomic status, marital status, and number of children, as well as menopausal status, physical symptoms, and psychological symptoms on midlife women's attitudes toward menopause. A random sample of 149 women, aged 35 to 65 and stratified by occupation, age, and race, was selected from employee lists. A 20-item, 7-point semantic differential Menopause Attitude Scale was administered. Menopausal status was determined by self-report and serum hormone levels of estradiol and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Symptoms were assessed by a 28-item Symptom Index, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. Overall the majority of women, regardless of ethnicity or socioeconomic status, had neutral feelings toward menopause. Postmenopausal women reported the most positive attitudes toward menopause, which may indicate that once women have gone through menopause they find it to be less troubling than they anticipated earlier in life. Negative attitudes toward menopause were related to psychological symptoms with higher scores on the depression scale, suggesting that these women may be at higher risk for a difficult midlife transition.

Measuring subjective well-being: Unfolding the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale

Factor analysis of the items in the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale has repeatedly shown that the positive and negative affect items are unrelated. Despite this, negative affect scores are routinely subtracted from positive affect scores to derive Affect Balance Scale Scores that apparently provide a valid measure of a sense of well-being. In this paper we offer a resolution to this paradox — and so justify the use of Affect Balance Scale Scores — by showing that the positive and negative affect items each form a single cumulative scale, and that the two cumulative scales taken together form one unidimensional unfolding scale. This explanation is based on a hypothesis by Coombs and Kao (1960) — later proved mathematically by Ross and Cliff (1964) — that when data that are unfoldable in r dimensions are factor-analyzed, r+1 significant factors will be found. In an empirical test, Bradburn Affect Balance Scale data collected from ten countries in the 1981 and 1990 European Values Study surveys were analyzed. The results clearly support the hypothesis that the data form a single unidimensional unfolding scale, although two of the ten Affect Balance Scale items are not homogenous with the rest.

Does the use of the Geriatric Depression Scale make redundant the need for separate measures of well-being on geriatrics wards?

Patients (n = 321) on geriatrics wards were asked to complete two or three of four well-being measures: the Geriatric Depression Scale, Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale, Southampton Self-esteem Scale and the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. Analyses, including factor analysis, correlations and box-and-whisker plots, were carried out to investigate similarities In patient profiles provided by the different scales. The GDS showed similar profiles to the other measures, particularly the self-esteem scale, discriminating at the 'high' as well as 'low well-being' ends of the scales. These results indicate that, as far as clinical practice is concerned, additional use of such well-being measures may be unnecessary. Examination of different approaches to assessing well- being in clinical practice is required, for example measures of 'life strengths'.

Older women's constructs of their lives: a quantitative and qualitative exploration.

In the present article, the lifespan construct model was applied to the lives of older women by administering the life drawing to a sample of seventy-eight community-dwelling elderly women. Respondents also completed the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale and the Nowicki-Strickland locus of control measure. Correlations were examined among measures derived from the life drawing (time perspective, affect, and content), affect, and locus of control. Quantitative findings indicated that the more positively adjusted older women were those who maintained an external locus of control, were future-oriented, and whose lifespan constructs were defined in terms of family. The qualitative data provided further support, as the women who described their lives in positive terms were those who seemed to define themselves in terms of their families. The findings were interpreted in terms of Erikson's theory and feminist approaches to understanding women's lives.

Everyday indicators of impaired cognition: Development of a new screening scale

Development of the Everyday Indicators of Impaired Cognition (EIIC) Scale to assess nursing home residents for performance errors in four domains of cognitive functioning is reported. The EIIC had strong content validity, with indices ranging from .7 to 1.0. Factor analyses of data from two independent samples (N = 198, N = 107) confirmed four factors: abstract thinking, judgement, language, and spatial skills. Cronbach's alpha for subscales ranged from .67 to .92; test-retest reliabilities ranged from .49 to .80 with higher reliabilities occurring when time of retest matched time of original testing. Overall EIIC scores correlated to the short Memory-Orientation-Concentration (MOC) test and the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) at values supporting convergent validity (r = .67 and -.74, respectively). Evidence for divergent validity is a small, negative, nonsignificant correlations (r = -.15, -.18) of the EIIC at Times 1 and 2 to the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale.

Psychometric properties of Bradburn's Affect Balance Scale among elderly persons.

Some psychometric properties of the Affect Balance Scale have been tested on a random sample of 354 elderly people in the Netherlands. Internal reliability estimates were comparable with prior ones, and the 8-wk. test-retest reliability is reasonable for these 5-item measures.

Age Differences and Correlates of Worrying in Young and Elderly Adults

A cross-sectional investigation compared worry and its correlates in elderly people (N = 89) and in college students (N = 74). Consistent with prediction, the elderly adults expressed significantly fewer worries than the college students about finances and social events. Both groups were equally worried about health issues. The elderly scored higher on the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, scored in the external direction on the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, and were more oriented toward the past and present than the future. Worry in the elderly was related to less favorable attitudes toward the future, and among college students worry was related to negative attitudes toward the present. For both age groups, an external locus of control was associated with higher worry scores.

Genetic and environmental influences on positive and negative affect: Support for a two-factor theory.

Genetic and environmental etiologies of positive and negative affect, as measured by the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale, were studied to gain understanding of a two-factor theory of well-being. It was hypothesized that negative affect would demonstrate significant genetic and environmental variance and positive affect would be explained primarily by environmental influences. Data were combined from 105 pairs of twins (ages 18-72) and 220 multigenerational families (ages 16-98). Simultaneous model fitting indicated significant heritable effects for negative affect and a significant effect of common environment for twins. Significant effects for positive affect included common environment (for parents and offspring and for twin pairs) and assortative mating. These results, documenting differential genetic and environmental influences on positive and negative affect, provide further support for their being separate components of well-being.