Boys Age Research Articles

Prevalence of diseases of digestive organs in children in the Udmurt Republic

Introduction. Conducting targeted epidemiological studies allows objectively characterizing the health status of the population. Purpose of the work is to characterize current trends in the epidemiology of digestive diseases in children in the Udmurt Republic based on a special study. Materials and methods. Survey of 2516 children of age 6–17 years: 6–14 years — 1,482, 15–17 years adolescents — 1,034. The study was continuous, all students of two secondary schools in Izhevsk. Stages: survey of schoolchildren (n = 2,516) and parents; clinical examination (n = 2,516); laboratory and instrumental examination in children suspected of having pathology of the digestive organs based on the results of stages I and II; IV — summing up and forming a group of children with proven pathology of the digestive organs (n = 1,141). Assessment of the reliability of differences in indicators based on Student’s t-test. Results. The prevalence of gastroenterological diseases among all children does not have a gender component (p = 0.1). In the younger age group, girls and boys get sick with the same incidence. In adolescents, the prevalence of gastroenterological pathology in girls is higher than in boys (p < 0.001). The prevalence among boys of different ages does not have a statistical difference, and among girls of different ages, older schoolgirls are more often affected (p < 0.001). In the structure of pathology of the digestive organs in 6-17 years children dominated due to diseases of the stomach and duodenum. The prevalence of diseases of the hepato-pancreatic-biliary system and intestines was the same. The prevalence of digestive diseases is 453.5 ± 9.9 per 1000 subjects. The proportion of functional diseases is 9.9–96.7%, depending on age and the affected area of ​​the gastrointestinal tract. Conclusion. The true prevalence of digestive diseases exceeds official statistics. The structure is dominated by diseases of the gastroduodenal zone. Epidemiological features include an increase in the prevalence of pathology in girls of puberty. In children aged 6–14 years, functional diseases predominate; in children aged 15–17 years, the proportion of organic diseases increases.

The method of determining abdominal obesity by waist circumference in Ukrainian children

Background. The prevalence of obesity in children has a trend of constant growth. A third of the pediatric population suffers from excess body weight and obesity, which are associated with such pathological conditions as hypertension, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome (MS) and early cardiovascular dysfunction. Waist circumference (WC) measurement is a simple noninvasive screening tool to identify children with abdominal obesity, MS, and increased cardiovascular risk. The purpose of the study was to develop age- and gender-specific WC percentiles for Ukrainian children aged 10–17 years and to determine possible WC cut-offs for detecting abdominal obesity. Materials and methods. 1566 children aged 10–17 were examined, 759 boys and 807 girls. According to the WHO protocol, WC was measured using a flexible centimeter tape in a standing position midway between the lower rib and the upper front edge of the ilium. The threshold point for detecting abdominal obesity was WC ≥ 90th percentile of the distribution according to age and sex (IDF Consensus, 2007). Results. Age and gender percentiles of WC and cut-off at the level of the 90th percentile in Ukrainian children and adolescents are presented. The importance of gender assessment of WC lies in the reliable difference of indicators in children aged 10–12 and 15–17 years and growth of parameters with age in both boys and girls. The need for age assessment of WC is due to increasing the 90th percentile indicators in girls aged 10–17 from 76 to 90.5 cm and in boys from 75.9 to 94 cm. The data obtained can serve as a source for screening and identifying children with abdominal obesity, increased metabolic risk and a better understanding of current trends in childhood obesity. It has been suggested that new WC reference values should be added to clinical examinations to help pediatricians and family physicians reduce cardiovascular risk in children. Conclusions. In the diagnosis of MS in children, it is recommended to use the proposed specific percentiles of WC for sex and age, the values of which ≥ 90th percentile of the distribution should be utilized for detection of abdominal obesity and further diagnosis of MS. Measuring and evaluating WC in routine pediatric examinations is important.

Breastfeeding and Children's Cognitive Development up to the Age of 4 Years: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

Objective: Breastfeeding, depending on its duration, has been suggested to benefit children's cognitive development. We aimed to examine this issue by using the Japan Environment and Children's Study, a nationwide prospective birth cohort study. Methods: We evaluated the relationship between feeding methods and cognitive development in 2- and 4-year-old children. We classified the children based on the following feeding method during the first 6 months postpartum: (1) exclusive breastfeeding group, solely breastfeeding; (2) partial breastfeeding group, solely breastfeeding for ≤5 months and combination of breastfeeding/formula for the rest of months; (3) formula-fed group, solely formula feeding for ≥4 months; and (4) others. Cognitive development was assessed by trained testers using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development 2001. Results: Data on 1,329 boys and 1,398 girls were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis was performed using the exclusive breastfeeding group as the reference. Boys of age 2 years in the formula-fed group had significantly lower developmental quotients (DQs) in the language-social developmental (L-S) area (partial regression coefficient [B]: -4.624, p = 0.01), whereas no significant difference was observed in those of age 4 years. Girls of age 2 and 4 years in the formula-fed group had significantly lower L-S area DQ (B: -3.637, p = 0.03 and B: -3.414, p = 0.03, respectively). In the partial breastfeeding group, no significant differences in the L-S area DQ were observed in 2- and 4-year-old boys and girls. Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months postpartum may be more beneficial for verbal cognitive development in 4-year-old girls than solely formula feeding for ≥4 months. Furthermore, breastfeeding combined with formula for the first 6 months postpartum may not have a disadvantage on cognitive development in boys and girls of age ≥ 2 years, when compared with that observed with exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months postpartum.

Estimated human intake of endogenous and exogenous hormones from beef in the United States.

Endogenous and exogenous hormones may be present in beef. Human consumption of hormones has been linked to adverse health effects. To estimate daily intake of hormonal growth promotants (HGP) from beef consumed by the US population. We combined self-reported beef consumption information from a nationally-representative survey with concentrations of 12 HGP measured in 397 samples of retail beef/fat purchased in California. We defined typical, high, and maximum intake scenarios assuming self-reported consumed beef contained the mean, 95th percentile, and maximum concentrations of each HGP, respectively. We estimated distributions of usual (i.e., long-term) daily intake and short-term daily intake (µg/kg/day). We calculated the hazard quotient (HQ), or ratio of estimated intake to the World Health Organization's acceptable daily intake (ADI) for the HGP. The highest estimated HQs were found for melengestrol acetate (MGA). For usual daily intake under the typical intake scenario, no HQ exceeded 0.02 (0.00047 µg MGA/kg/day). Under the maximum intake scenario, the highest HQ was 0.29 (0.0087 µg MGA/kg/day), corresponding to the 99th percentile of intake among young boys (ages 1-5). The highest short-term intake estimates for MGA under the maximum intake scenario were the 99th percentile of intake among young girls and boys, which equaled (HQ = 1.00) or exceeded (HQ = 1.29) the ADI for MGA, respectively. Hormonal growth promotants (HGP) are used to increase beef production and have been linked to adverse reproductive effects. We estimated daily intake of MGA and several other HGP using US nationally-representative beef consumption data collected between 2015-2018 and HGP concentrations in retail beef. Estimated intake was highest for young children, but estimates were generally very low compared to current health-based intake limits. However, these limits are typically based on studies in adult animals, and further study of potential adverse effects during sensitive developmental periods, such as in early life, may be warranted to ensure recommended intake limits are health-protective.

I'm not giving up on you: Exploring the roles of politicized trust and critical agency in the Scratch coding trajectory of two Black boys

AbstractThis article looks at how a Black informal STEM educator supported two Black boys' learning opportunities in coding, specifically investigating how the establishment of politicized trust between the informal STEM educator and youth supported their development of critical agency. Using the dual lenses of socio‐spatial relationality and politicized trust, we explore how the socio‐spatial relationality of place, materials, and educator–youth interactions allowed for the shifting of power dynamics that were foundational to supporting youth in navigating a coding process that centered who they were and their interests, in the moment. We employ participatory design research aimed at reducing power dynamics by remediating who has power within a setting, grounded in dismantling and disrupting traditional power hierarchies through actively involving the community in the design process. We present two case studies that map the learning trajectories of Donovan and Jabria, two middle‐school aged Black boys. Their learning trajectories include the following phases: tensions related to coding with Scratch, pivotal interaction with the educator, and development of critical agency. We unpack how the socially produced space supported Donovan, Jabria, and Worsley to critically read the world of coding, rewrite coding through political action, and establish politicized trust. Throughout this process, we see through Donovan and Jabria's interactions they were constantly editing and producing their interactions with coding which led to newly created learning opportunities by developing their critical agency in coding. Four main points were identified: continuous access to materials, sustained engagement to reimagine possibilities, understanding that all disengagement is not equal, and being explicit in communicating expectations followed by concrete action. Across these points, the salience of relational politicized trust between educator and youth was a cross cutting thread.

Central Precocious Puberty During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period: A Systematic Review of Literature.

Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a condition where the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis is activated earlier than normal, leading to premature development of secondary sexual characteristics before eight years of age in girls and nine years of age in boys. The purpose of this study was to critically and systematically evaluate the literature regarding CPP rise during the COVID-19 pandemic. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant articles using the following MeSH terms: "COVID-19, "precocious puberty," "early puberty," "pediatric endocrinology," and "pandemic effects." We included studies calculating the risk of CPP before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We excluded studies looking at patients with an identifiable cause for CPP or with peripheral precocious puberty. The primary outcome was the prevalence of central precocious puberty during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period. We analyzed data regarding anthropometric, biochemical, and pelvic ultrasound data between the two groups. Overall, 16 studies with 2.175 subjects were included, of which 1.818 were diagnosed with CPP. There was a rise in the number of new diagnoses of CPP during the COVID-19 pandemic (985 subjects) compared with the pre-pandemic period (833 subjects). The mean age of diagnosis in the first group was 7.42 years versus 7.54 years in the second group. Notably, CPPduring the pandemic was associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) compared with the group of the pre-pandemic period (17.50 versus 17.08). The pandemic and lockdowns led to changes in lifestyle habits, social isolation, sleep disturbance, excess screen time, and increased stress levels. We hypothesize that these alterations influenced the increase in CPP frequency.

Trajectories of personal agency by gender and pubertal development among adolescents in Kinshasa: Longitudinal evidence from the GlobalEarly Adolescent Study

BackgroundEmpowerment research has largely focused on adult women with little focus on younger adolescents. Additionally, despite recognition that empowerment is a process, few studies have longitudinally explored its development. MethodsWe used secondary data from four waves of the Global Early Adolescent Study to explore trajectories in the development of three domains of agency (i.e. the internal processes composing empowerment) - Freedom of Movement, Voice, and Decision-Making - for 1188 boys and 1153 girls in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Respondents were age 10–14 at enrollment and followed through age 14–18. We created scales for each domain and conducted gender- and age-stratified latent growth curve modeling with random effects, comparing age 10–14 to age 15–18, accounting for clustering within individuals over waves. We examined the role of puberty within each domain in the analysis of age 10–14. ResultsScores across all domains increased with age for boys and girls, with the exception of Voice amongst boys 10–14. Rates of change varied by age group and gender; for boys, scores increased at a faster rate for older boys relative to younger boys for Freedom of Movement (ß(10-14): 3.98 versus ß(15-18): 6.12) and Voice (ß(10-14): .50 versus ß(15-18): 2.54). Relative to younger girls, scores amongst older girls increased at a faster rate for Freedom of Movement (ß(10-14): 1.76 versus ß(15-18): 3.72) and a slower rate for Decision-Making (ß(10-14): 6.41 versus ß(15-18): 2.80). Puberty was associated with significant increases in scores across all domains for both genders, with the exception of Decision-Making for girls. InterpretationYoung people develop/acquire different forms of agency at different stages of adolescence and development is not uniform across forms. Gender inequalities in agency amplify at puberty, signaling the need to intervene at or before this critical stage of development.

7795 Gender based differences in peripubertal growth patterns may offer insight into the twofold representation of boys compared to girls among children referred for growth hormone stimulation tests

Abstract Disclosure: Y. Dekel: None. L. Horowitz : None. R. Gendelman: None. M. Cohen: None. Background: Growth hormone (GH) stimulation tests are essential in the diagnostic assessment of pediatric GH deficiency (GHD). However, the tests bare multiple limitations, resulting from both intrinsic and child-related factors. Thus, referral decisions are key in making a correct diagnosis. Several studies demonstrated a gender bias in referral for short stature evaluation with a higher proportion of boys referred and diagnosed with GHD. Moreover, the boys had higher height z-scores upon referral. About 100 GH stimulation-tests are conducted annually at our pediatric endocrinology unit. We aimed to characterize the children that underwent GH stimulation-testing between 2017-2021, specifically focusing on differences based on: 1) gender 2) GH secretion status (deficient vs. sufficient). Methods: A retrospective review of charts of children aged 0-18 years that performed GH stimulation-tests at the Rambam pediatric endocrinology unit between the years 2017-2021 was conducted. Children followed at an outside clinic that had a first GH stimulation-test elsewhere, were excluded. Data was collected through the electronic database and by manually screening medical charts. The IBM SPSS statistics package 21 version was used for analysis. Results: Four-hundred children were included in the study, 266 boys (66.5%) and 134 girls (33.5%). Mean age 8.8±4.2 years, mean height z-score -2.3±0.7 and mean mid-parental height standard-deviation-scores (MPH-SDS) -0.6±0.7. The mean difference between MPH-SDS and child height-z-score was 1.7±0.8 SDS. Mean age was younger in girls compared with boys, 7.3±3.3 and 9.6±4.4 years respectively (p<0.001). Age distribution differed between genders, while refferals peaked between 3-4 years of age in both girls and boys, a second peak at 13-14 years of age was evident only in boys. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between boys and girls in height z-score, difference from MPH-SDS or rates of GHD. Overall, 93 (23.3%) children were diagnosed with GHD, 32 girls (24%) and 61 boys (23%). Children with GHD were younger and had higher BMI-SDSs compared to GH sufficient children, age 7.8±3.8, 9.2±4.3 years respectively (p=0.003), BMI z-score 0.17±1.38, -0.47±1.15 respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: Twice as many boys than girls were referred for GH stimulation tests in our cohort. Based on differences in age distribution, the peripubertal physiologic growth deceleration that occurs later in boys, likely contributes to this finding. This male-to-female ratio is similar to ratios reported in the literature regarding short stature referrals; however, in contrast to the literature, in our cohort it could not be explained by an anthropometric bias in referral criteria. Presentation: 6/3/2024

“Buy him some Tesla stocks for his baptism”: Gender differences among young savers

This paper investigates gender roles in children’s savings, specifically defined as differences pertaining to age, capital invested, financial activity and portfolio composition, using a sample of 58,000 children. We observe gender differences between young female and male account holders. The average age and activity level of boys are significantly higher whereas girls hold more capital in their accounts. We note that activity interacts with both gender, age and capital, and is decisive in explaining financial behaviour, especially that of boys. We conclude that girls have a lower share of saving in direct-owned stock already before the age of one and among teenagers, particularly ages 15–17 years. We discuss our findings applying structuration theory, differentiating between implicit and explicit parental impact prevailing among adolescents, and the definite caring regarding younger children. For policymakers and managers, awareness that gender differences regarding financial behaviour prevail is an important insight.

Analysis of growth pattern of temporal bone pneumatization using 3D reconstructed computed tomography.

Temporal bone pneumatization (TBP) is influenced by age, sex, and race, and it seems to progress rapidly to puberty. However, the extent of TBP in childhood remains unclear. To investigate the progression of TBP in children aged 1-18 years via three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) images. A total of 432 temporal bones of 216 individuals aged 1-18 years with well-pneumatized mastoid antra on both sides were included in this retrospective work. We created 18 age groups, each with six boys and six girls. Surface rendering of air density was performed using -290 HU to obtain TBP. Statistical analysis employed SPSS version 24.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The linear regression equations that considered age and volume for all cases (ya), male (ym) and female (yf) were ya = 384.42x + 1790.40, R2 = 0.425; ym = 431.54x + 1440.9, R2 = 0.501; and yf = 337.26 x + 2140.5, R2 = 0.355. Both male and female individuals showed an increase in the average value of pneumatization until the age of 17, and the values ​​of pneumatization at specific ages for boys and girls showed differences. The mean male and female TBP levels differed significantly at 3, 11, and 18 years of age (P < 0.05). TBP in boys was greater than that of girls at adolescence. It was possible to identify the specific periods of significant variation in the degree of pneumatization of temporal bone.

Age Determination Based on Open Apex Measurement in the Developing Dentition: Comparing the Accuracy of the Belgrade Age Formula (BAF) with the European Formula on a Bosnian Children Population.

The aim was to test the Belgrade age formula based on the calculation of open apices of two permanent mandibular teeth on a Bosnian children population and compare its accuracy with European formula. We included 412 panoramic images of children (204 female and 208 male) 7 to 13 years of age. We assessed the performance of both methods (the European formula and the BAF) and compared their results in both sexes. The results showed a high point of average understanding between the age estimated by chronological age and the European formula (ICC=0.927, 95% CI 0.904-0.944, p<0.001)., BAF also confirmed a high point of agreement with chronological age in boys (ICC=0.941, 95% CI 0.922-0.955, p<0.001) and girls (ICC=0.913, 95% CI 0.886-0.934, p<0.001). BAF was better than the European formula in estimating age in males (0.4448±0.9135 vs. 0.9807±0.9422). The Belgrade Age Formula (BAF) demonstrates comparable accuracy to the European formula for age determination in Bosnian children, while offering the advantage of being easier and faster to use. This makes the BAF a practical alternative in clinical and research settings where efficiency and reliability are essential.

Lived experiences of children who stutter in their own voices

IntroductionSignificant research has explored the lived experiences of adults who stutter, but less research exists regarding the lived experiences of children who stutter. The opinions and ideas of children who stutter may differ from those of adults, making it important for clinicians and researchers to obtain information directly from children who stutter. Asking children directly can lead to treatment outcomes and research questions that better align with the children's needs and values. Method: Interviews with 18 children who stutter (9 girls/9 boys) ages 8–17 were sourced from the Voices of Children Who Stutter database located at Talkbank.org. Interview questions asked the children about living with a stutter, participating in stuttering support organizations (SSOs), and their perspectives on treatment. Qualitative, phenomenological analysis was performed on their answers following standardized qualitative procedures. Results: Analysis of 910 total utterances yielded 7 themes and 9 subthemes. Themes indicated that the children: (a) had significant knowledge regarding their own stuttering, (b) had opinions regarding what constituted worthwhile treatment outcomes, (c) were clear about desirable clinician characteristics for working with kids who stutter, and (d) saw the benefits of being part of a community. Conclusions: Themes revealed that overall, children who stutter exhibit deep understanding regarding their experiences with stuttering, which clinicians can harness in person-centered goal setting. Additionally, the participants express the importance of participating in stuttering support organizations.

Self-perception of efficacy and attitudes towards physical activity and sport in schoolchildren

This study aimed to know the self-perception and attitudes towards physical activity and sport in Primary Education (PE) and Secondary Education (SE) schoolchildren from educational centres in Cantabria, depending on sex and educational stage. A total of 1,164 students participated (387 from 5th and 6th years of PE and 777 from SE) aged between 10 and 17 years (M = 12.92; SD = 1.92). An ad hoc questionnaire of 11 questions on self-perception (6 items) and attitudes towards physical activity and sport (5 items) was used. PE students have a better self-perception and attitude towards physical activity and sport than SE students in all the variables studied, except for the attitude that “The practice of physical-sports activity is good for health” (p = .197). In the gender factor, boys perceive themselves as having greater physical condition and capacity than girls in terms of physical activity and sports (p &lt; .001) and better performance when compared with boys of the same age and same sex (p &lt; .001). PE students perceive themselves as having better attitudes and more competence than SE students, at the same time that they have more fun and enjoy themselves and would be more willing to practice more physical activity and sport. In terms of gender, boys perceive themselves as better than girls and enjoy and have more fun than girls.

Detecting Age Prone to Growth Retardation in Children Through a Bi-Response Nonparametric Regression Model with a Penalized Spline Estimator.

The growth of children aged 0-60 months can impact their subsequent growth and development. This study aims to identify the vulnerable age for boys and girls, who experience growth retardation within this age range. The study design used was a cross-sectional approach in which each child's measurement data was only taken once. The data were obtained from weighing results at the Health Integrated Service Post in South Sulawesi Province in 2022. The number of data analyzed was 698 children, namely 369 boys and 329 girls by considering the factors of age, weight, and height. We used a nonparametric bi-response regression model estimated using a penalized spline. The knots used are 12, 24, 36, and 48 on each model. The value of the penalized spline regression coefficient in the model indicates that the child's growth is slowed down and is not within normal limits. This can be seen in the weight and height of boys from the age of reaching 12 months to 24 months, only increasing by about 0.3 kg and 0.3 cm. For girls, the problem occurs from the age of 24 to 36 months, namely their weight increases by about 0.6 kg, and their height increases by about 1 cm. The analysis results show that boys' growth slows down at 2 years of age and continues until 5 years of age. In the case of girls, their growth begins to slow when they are 3 years old until they reach 5 years old.

Community Awareness and Knowledge About Precocious Puberty in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.

Background Puberty is the process of physical maturation where an adolescent reaches sexual maturity and becomes capable of reproduction. On average, puberty typically begins between 8 and 13 years old in females and 9 and 14 years oldin males. The traditional definition of precocious puberty is the development of secondary sexual characteristics before eight years of age in girls and nine years in boys. In this study, we aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of Riyadh residents in Saudi Arabia about precocious puberty and its complications. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the awareness and knowledge among Riyadh residents about precocious puberty and its complications; 426 participants were included in this study. Participants completed a pretested self-administered questionnaire that included sociodemographic data, knowledge about precocious puberty definition, risk factors, complications, and treatment. Results This study enrolled 426 participants. Overall, 10.1% were correct about the precocious puberty age for girls, and 8.5% knew about the precocious puberty age for boys. The overall mean knowledge score among the study sample was 5.56 (SD = 2.79), with poor knowledge being prominent and constituting 68.8%, while fair and good knowledge were 30% and 1.2%, respectively. Working in a non-medical field was the sole independent significant predictor of incorrect answers of knowledge about precocious puberty. Conclusions Awareness strategies are needed to increase awareness among the community to encourage prevention and treatment for precocious puberty as the awareness and knowledge of Riyadh residents in Saudi Arabia about precocious puberty and its complications are low.

Longitudinal Relationships of Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Muscular Fitness with Body Fatness in Preschoolers.

There is still insufficient knowledge about the potential benefits of physical activity and fitness or the adverse impact of sedentary behaviours on body composition at preschool age. Therefore, we aimed to study the relationships of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time (ST), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and muscular fitness (MF) with body fat percentage (BF%) in boys and girls. Participants were investigated twice: in the final year of kindergarten, when the boys' median age was 7 years and the girls' median age was 6 years (p = 0.240), and again in the first grade of school. MVPA and ST were measured with an accelerometer, BF% was derived from skinfold thicknesses, CRF was measured with a 20 m shuttle run test, and MF was represented by the mean z-scores from standing long jump and relative upper-limb strength. In girls, higher ST (β = 0.587, p = 0.021) and lower MF (β = -0.231, p = 0.009) at preschool age were related to higher BF% in the first grade of school after adjustment for confounders. MVPA and CRF in preschool children were unrelated to BF% in school among boys and girls. In conclusion, sitting less and having greater muscular fitness at preschool age appear to be beneficial for lower body fatness in the first grade among girls, but not in boys. MVPA and CRF at preschool age are unrelated to body fatness at school age in boys and girls. Our results indicate that girls may especially benefit from decreasing sedentary behaviours and increasing upper- and lower-limb muscular strength at preschool age for a healthy weight profile in the first grade of school.

Investigating the Effect of Educational Film Presentation on the Anxiety Level of Mothers Visiting the Preoperative Anesthesia Clinic

With the increasing number of pediatric surgeries and the transfer of caregiving roles to parents, appropriate preparation and reduction of their stress levels for proper care of children before and after surgery is essential. If parental anxiety can be reduced through various methods, not only can it improve parental performance and their comfort, but it can also prevent the impact of anxiety on the child. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of educational film presentation on the anxiety level of mothers visiting the obstetric anesthesia clinic at the Children's Medical Center in 2020. This study was a randomized double-blind controlled trial conducted as an intervention. Sampling was done randomly, and the study population consisted of two groups of 38 individuals, whose children were candidates for MRI. The intervention group watched the educational film, while the second group served as the control group. Subsequently, their anxiety levels were assessed and compared using the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The data were entered into SPSS Ver. 21 software and analyzed accordingly. The mean age of mothers in this study was 33.41 years with a standard deviation of 7 years. The mean age of children was 3.79 years with a standard deviation of 3.4 years. Among the children, 30 were girls (39.5%) and 46 were boys (60.5%). The mean age of girls was 4.35 years with a standard deviation of 4.16 years, while the mean age of boys was 3.433 years with a standard deviation of 2.787 years. Overall, 39 participants (50.6%) watched the educational film, while 38 participants (49.4%) were in the control group. The mean score of anxiety level according to the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was 9.47 with a standard deviation of 9.77. The level of anxiety was significantly higher in the intervention group who watched the educational film compared to the control group (P=0.012). The results of the present study indicated that parental anxiety increased after watching the educational video on anesthesia methods. It is recommended that alternative strategies be considered for reducing parental anxiety in future studies.

Periocular calcinosis cutis in teen age due to hyperparathyroidism – A rare situation with a mini review

Ocular calcinosis cutis of metastatic type is very rare. Metastatic calcinosis due to chronic renal failure is common than other causes. There are very few reports of such disorder due to hyperparathyroidism and mostly related to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Our patient was a teen age boy with single lesion in both lower lids due to primary hyperparathyroidism and was managed by surgical excision.

MEDIATING ROLE OF PRENATAL ANDROGENS, MUSCLE STRENGTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON AGGRESSION IN OBESE AND OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Obesity in children and adolescents is a global health problem associated with behavioral issues like aggression which can lead to developmental problems. High levels of prenatal androgens may play a role between obesity and aggression. This study examined the relationship between obesity, aggression and the mediating role of prenatal androgens, muscle strength and physical activity in children and adolescents. 118 healthy boys ages 9 to 17 participated and researchers measured their height, weight, body composition, muscle strength, second to fourth finger ratio, physical activity level using PAQ, and aggression using BPAQ. Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation, stepwise linear regression, and Sobel's test were used to examine relationships between variables and test mediation, seeking to identify factors affecting aggressiveness. The study found that aggression is directly related to weight, BMI, muscle mass, body fat and WHR. Obese people were more likely to be aggressive compared to non-obese people. Regression analysis showed that 2D:4D ratio, muscle mass and BMI can predict aggression. The results also showed that only muscle strength mediates the relationship between body mass and aggression. The study found a direct link between aggression and body mass in boys which may be because muscle strength mediates this relationship. The findings agree with the idea that prenatal androgens affect aggression in boys. Obese children with low 2D:4D ratios may need education to change views, values, and increase physical activity.

Obesity Is Associated with Increased 11-Oxyandrogen Serum Concentrations during Puberty

Introduction: While the influence of various factors on classical androgen synthesis in children and adolescents and its impact on puberty has been widely investigated, there appear to be gaps and contradictory findings regarding the association of overweight and obesity with the synthesis of adrenal-derived 11-oxygenated androgen (11-OA) serum levels. With this study, we aimed to examine how overweight and obesity affect 11-OA serum levels during puberty in a large cohort of children and adolescents. Methods: Our cohort comprised 1,054 healthy children aged 6–19 years providing serum samples at a total of 1,734 visits. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), 11-ketoandrostendione (11-KA4), 11-β-hydroxytestosterone (11-OHT), 11-β-hydroxyandrostendione (11-OHA4), testosterone, androstenedione, and DHEAS. In addition, we assessed BMI-SDSs, skinfold thicknesses, and Tanner stages. The significance level α was set to α = 0.05. Results: Increases in 11-KT, 11-KA4, 11-OHT, and 11-OHA4 levels were observed in boys and girls during puberty. 11-KT (β = 0.2, p < 0.001), 11-KA4 (β = 0.16, p < 0.001), and 11-OHA4 (β = 0.12, p = 0.003) were positively correlated with BMI in boys aged 13 years and under. 11-KT (β = 0.1, p = 0.047) was positively correlated with BMI in girls aged 11 years and under. 11-OHT was positively correlated with BMI independent of age (boys 13 years and under: β = 0.17, p < 0.001; over 13 years: β = 0.14, p = 0.001; girls 11 years and under: β = 0.17, p < 0.001; over 11 years: β = 0.18, p < 0.001). Conclusion: We found increasing 11-OA serum levels throughout all Tanner stages. 11-OAs were observed to be associated with BMI and skinfold thickness, suggesting that overweight and obesity may be associated with pubertal alterations in 11-OA serum levels.