Box-Wilson Experimental Design Research Articles

Green Extraction of Carotenoids from Tomato By-products Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate

AbstractTomato peel by-products contain high levels of lycopene, which has traditionally been extracted using organic solvents. This research focuses on the optimisation of a sustainable method to obtain a lycopene-rich extract using the biodegradable anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). A Plackett–Burman experimental design was used to investigate the effect of seven factors on the extraction of carotenoids from tomato peels using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS volume and concentration, homogenisation intensity and time, sonication phase, extraction time and ultracentrifugation intensity). Based on the responses of total carotenoid extraction, the SDS volume, the use of ultrasound and the extraction time significantly influenced the extraction yield and were selected for optimisation using a Box–Wilson experimental design. The final green extraction protocol (1 g sample + 11.9 ml SDS 0.3%, homogenisation at 13,500 rpm for 2 min, ultrasound phase, agitation for 8.2 h and ultracentrifugation) was selected after quantification of total carotenoids by UV–VIS and HPLC-DAD. Finally, we used nuclear magnetic resonance to demonstrate a high lycopene purity in the carotenoid extract obtained. Furthermore, using transmission electron microscopy, we observed the presence of intact chromoplasts in the extract, protecting the carotenoids from the exposure to external agents. Thus, this work reports an optimised method for the sustainable extraction of carotenoids and demonstrates the viability of the degradable solvent SDS for the extraction of liposoluble bioactive compounds, like carotenoids and mainly lycopene. The lycopene extract could be used for the technological and nutritional enrichment of new foods and/or the design of nutraceuticals.

Optimization of sponge iron (direct reduced iron) production with Box-Wilson experimental design by using iron pellets and lignite as reductant

Turkey’s iron ores may be used to manufacture sponge iron, and the country’s coal resources, which are plentiful despite being of poor quality, can be used as a reducing agent. With such a production, Electric Arc Furnace based on scrap imports, will be an alternative raw material for steel production, and this will create high value due to the usage of domestic resources. In this study, sponge iron production was tried to be optimized by using local sources. For this purpose, the effects of time, temperature and [CFix/FeTotal] weight ratio on the Reduction Degree (%) of the important parameters effective in the production of sponge iron by using Divriği Iron Pellets and Dodurga Lignite as a reductant were studied using a Box-Wilson experimental design. The optimum parameters were determined as 82.59 min, 996.73 °C and 0.49, and the highest Reduction Degree (%) value was calculated as 96.46%. The sponge iron obtained with a 71.91% Reduction Degree contains 97.12% Fe, of which 7.12% is oxidized. It is evident that higher Fe contents may be attained with research carried out in optimum parameters.

Optimization of proportions of a composite binder that has multi-component additives

Introduction. The problem of increasing the strength and durability of Portland cement stone is not new, but it is still highly relevant. To improve the properties of the cement binder at the stage of manufacturing cement composites, finely dispersed additives of inorganic origin can be used. They affect processes of hydration and curing of concrete. Finely dispersed additives, being fillers of mineral and inorganic origin, compact the structure of the cement stone, and, consequently, concrete itself due to substantial porosity reduction. They also increase its strength, impermeability and frost resistance and reduce shrinkage. Besides, these additives allow saving clinker and improve the water-retaining capacity of concrete mixes, preventing their segregation, if used together with superplasticizers.
 
 Materials and methods. The effect of binder compositions on mechanical properties of a composite binder was studied using the Box-Wilson experimental design method. The compressive strength of cement stone was determined at the age of 7 and 28 days using the method of result processing according to GOST 30744–2001. The study was conducted at the laboratory of Department of Building Materials Engineering of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.
 
 Results. The results are presented as the surface of the second level regression equation, describing the dependence of compressive strength of the cement stone on the composition of multi-component expanding and pozzolanic additives. The optimal composition of the mix, having multi-component additives, was obtained as a result of the experiments.
 
 Conclusions. In the future the authors will contribute the results of this study to their research into the properties of binders, containing multi-component expanding and pozzolanic additives.

UTILIZATION OF BOX-WILSON EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MATRIX IN BIOGAS PRODUCTION: A RESPONSE SURFACE APPROACH.

Biogas is a renewable energy comprising mixture of gases produced from organic matter, mostly waste, by mixture of bacteria anaerobically using a digester as a bioreactor. It can be burnt to generate heat, electricity or be used as vehicle fuel. The residual (digestate) can be used as fertilizer. This study was carried out to optimize the temperature of the reactor and biogas yield from three independent variables (K=3) namely waste biomass (yam peel, potato peel, unripe plantain peel, watermelon waste, cabbage waste, bread fruit husk, melon husk and cow dung) as feed stock, pH and retention time designed according to Box-Wilson (1951) experimental design matrix. The three variables were varied, each into five equal spaced levels; feedstock volume (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14) litres; pH (2, 4, 6, 8, 10) and retention time (7, 14, 21, 28, 35) days. The feedstock was fermented inside locally fabricated biodigester for maximum of 35 days. A total of 21 experimental runs were generated and subjected to response surface data analysis using MINITAB (version 11.21). A Central Composite Rotatable Response Surface Design (CCRRSD) model was employed to study the linear, quadratic, and cross product effects of the three variables on the biogas yield and temperature of the reactor. Six-dimensional response surface contour figures were plotted to visualize the effects of process variables on the responses with MATLAB (version R2007b). Results revealed that at variable combinations of 10, 6 and 35 respectively for feedstock volume, pH and retention time, there was maximum biogas yield (4. 42 litres) at temperature (33oC i.e mesophilic temperature). Minimum values of biogas yield (0.95 litres) at temperature (28oC) were equally obtained at variable combinations of 10, 6, 7 respectively for volume of feedstock, pH and retention time. Regression coefficient and ANOVA analysis also revealed significant (P < 0.05) negative linear correlation of pH on the temperature of the reactor and positive correlation of retention time on temperature of the reactor quadratically. The three variables have positive linear and interactive effect on the volume of biogas yield with negative effect on the interaction of feedstock and pH. Coefficient of determination was given as 62.03% and 64.93% with R values of 0.79 and 0.81 for the temperature reactor and volume of the biogas obtained respectively hence the model gave good fit for such optimization.

The Variance of the Polypropylene α Relaxation Temperature in iPP/a-PP-pPBMA/Mica Composites

By considering that the α relaxation related to the glass to rubber transition (obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis) of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) can be identified with the thermal history of the material (and so, with the processing step), this work deals with the changes in this transition temperature (Tα) in polypropylene/mica composites caused by the mutual effect of the other components (mica and interfacial additive). Here, the additive used is a p-phenylen-bis-maleamic grafted atactic polypropylene (aPP-pPBMA) obtained from polymerization wastes (aPP) by the authors. This additive contains 5.0·10−4 g.mol−1 (15% w/w) grafted pPBMA. In essence, this article has two different objectives: (1) To observe and discuss the changes in Tα of the polymer matrix (iPP) caused by the combined effect of the other components (mica and aPP-pPBMA); and (2) predicting the values for Tα in terms of both aPP-pPBMA and mica content for whatever composition in the experimental space scanned. This task was undertaken by employing a Box–Wilson experimental design assuming the complex character of the interactions between the components of the iPP/aPP-pPBMA/mica system, which define the ultimate properties of the composite.

Sustainable extraction of hazardous metals from crystal glass waste using biodegradable chelating agents

Extraction of hazardous metals from dumped crystal glass waste was investigated for site decontamination and resource recovery. Mechanically activated glass waste was leached with biodegradable chelating agents of ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), where the concentration and reaction time were determined by using Box–Wilson experimental design. Hazardous metals of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) and cadmium (Cd) with concentrations higher than regulatory limits were extracted wherein the extraction yield was found to vary Pb > Sb > As > Cd. Extraction was influenced more by type and concentration of chelator rather than by reaction time. A maximum of 64% of Pb could be extracted by EDDS while 42% using NTA. It is found that increase of chelator concentrations from 0.05 M to 1 M did not show improved metal extraction and the extraction improved with reaction time until 13 h. This study provides sustainable alternative for treating hazardous glass waste by mechanical activation followed by extraction using biodegradable chelator, instead of acid leaching.Graphical abstract

On the Combined Effect of Both the Reinforcement and a Waste Based Interfacial Modifier on the Matrix Glass Transition in iPP/a-PP-pPBMA/Mica Composites.

This work deals with the changes of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer in polypropylene/mica composites due to the combined and synergistic effect of the reinforcement and the interfacial modifier. In our case, we studied the effect on Tg of platy mica and an interfacial modifier with p-phenylen-bis-maleamic acid (pPBMA) grafted groups onto atactic polypropylene (aPP-pPBMA). This one contains 5.0 × 10−4 g·mol−1 (15% w/w) grafted pPBMA and was previously obtained by the author’s labs by using industrial polymerization wastes (aPP). The objective of the article must be perceived as two-fold. On one hand, the determination of the changes in the glass transition temperature of the isotactic polypropylene phase (iPP) due to both the reinforcement and the agent as determined form the damp factor in DMA analysis. On the other hand, forecasting the variation of this parameter (Tg) as a function of both the interfacial agent and reinforcement content. For such purposes, and by assuming the complex character of the iPP/aPP-pPBMA/Mica system, wherein interaction between the components will define the final behaviour, a Box–Wilson experimental design considering the amount of mica particles and of interface agent as the independent variables, and the Tg as the dependent one, has been used. By taking in mind that the glass transition is a design threshold for the ultimate properties of parts based in this type of organic–inorganic hybrid materials, the final purpose of the work is the prediction and interpretation of the effect of both variables on this key parameter.

A Novel Validated Stability Indicating Analytical Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Metformin Hydrochloride and Empagliflozin in Bulk and Marketed Formulation by HPTLC using Box-Wilson Experimental Design Approach

Abstract: Background: A novel stability indicating analytical method was developed and validated by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) using Design of experiment approach. The proposed method is useful for quantification of Metformin hydrochloride and Empagliflozin in bulk and its dosage forms simultaneously. Design of experiment approach was applied for optimization of chromatographic conditions. Materials and Methods: For optimization process independent variables were used as Isopropyl alcohol proportion in mobile phase, saturation time of chamber and distance travelled by mobile phase. Experiments were carried out on silica gel pre-coated plate using mobile phase as 2 % Ammonium acetate: Isopropyl alcohol: Triethylamine (4:6:0.1 v/v/v). Direct evaluation of chromatograms were done by TLC scanner with reflectance/absorbance mode set at 242 nm. Method was validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) requirements. Results: Correlation coefficients for calibration curves were found to be 0.985 and 0.988, the calibration curve is in concentration range of 5000-30000 ng band-1 and 125–750 ng band-1 for Metformin hydrochloride and Empagliflozin respectively. The method showed % recovery between 99.05 to 102.54 % for Metformin hydrochloride and 99.20 to 101.50 % for Empagliflozin. The method has a prospective to determine Metformin hydrochloride and Empagliflozin simultaneously. The Metformin hydrochloride and Empagliflozin were subjected to forced degradation studies like hydrolysis, oxidation, thermolysis and photodegradation. Conclusion: Proposed method has capacity to separate the Metformin hydrochloride and Empagliflozin in its degradation products. Hence one can apply this method effectively for routine analysis and during stability study as per regulatory requirements. Key words: Method development, Validation, HPTLC, Stability studies, DoE.

Optimization of sulfuric acid leaching of roasted chalcopyrite concentrate with Box–Wilson experimental design

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is commonly used ore in production of copper, but leaching of this ore is very slow and inefficient due to “passivation” during leaching at atmospheric conditions. In this study, in order to overcome drawbacks of the passivation layers, the concentrate supplied from Eti Bakir A.S. Kure Plant in Turkey was roasted at 600 °C for 1 h and after leached. Box–Wilson procedure of statistical experimental design was utilized to identify the effects of significant leaching variables for instance leaching time (X1; 10–120 min), solid/liquid ratio (X2; 0.01–0.20), and H2SO4 concentration (X3; 0.01–1.00 M) on Cu extraction (%) from roasted concentrate and was tried to be optimized. The coefficients of response functions have been calculated by regression analysis, and the estimates have been found to be well in line with the experimental outcomes. The optimal leaching parameters, time, solid/liquid rate and H2SO4 concentration were determined as 115 min, 0.116, and 0.71 M, respectively, and the highest Cu extraction (%) value was calculated as 92.45%.

Process Optimization Study of Pb(II) Removal by Bulk Liquid Membrane (BLM)

Box-Wilson experimental design method was employed to optimized lead ions removal efficiency by bulk liquid membrane (BLM) method. The optimization procedure was primarily based on four impartial relevant parameters: pH of feed phase (4-6), pH of stripping phase (9-11), carrier concentration TBP (5-10) %, and initial metal concentration (60-120 ppm). maximum recovery efficiency of lead ions is 83.852% was virtually done following thirty one-of-a-kind experimental runs, as exact through 24-Central Composite Design (CCD). The best values for the aforementioned four parameters, corresponding to the most restoration efficiency were: 5, 10, 7.5% (v/v), and 90 mg/l, respectively. The obtained experimental data had been utilized to strengthen a semi-empirical model, based on a second-degree polynomial, to predict recovery efficiency. The model was tested using ANOVA software (Design expert®) and found acceptable R-Squared were (0.9673). Yield responseurface and contour plots have been created using the developed model, which revealed the presence of high-recovery plateaus whose specs will be useful in controlling pilot or industrial scale future devices to ensure economic feasibility.

Aluminum ASA 6061 Anodizing Process by Chromic Acid Using Box–Wilson Central Composite Design: Optimization and Corrosion Tendency

The behavior of anodic porous alumina film formed on an aluminum surface by anodizing in chromic acid solutions was optimized using Box–Wilson experimental design. The film thickness was correlated as a function of temperature, acid concentration, applied voltage, and time. A mathematical model was suggested and optimized. Results of coating thickness indicate that both temperature and time play an important role in the anodizing process. The interaction effect of variables on the film thickness is less pronounced compared with the effect of the main variables. Optimum film thickness obtained during the anodizing process was 10.43 µm at the optimum value of temperature (45 °C) and time (68 min). The polarization measurement of anodized aluminum ASA 6061 in chromic acid shows a high corrosion resistance in the presence of coating. The results confirmed by using surface morphology investigations.

The Role of a Succinyl Fluorescein-Succinic Anhydride Grafted Atactic Polypropylene on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Polyamide-6 Blends at the Polypropylene Glass Transition.

The present article adequately supports a twofold objective. On one hand, the study of the dynamic mechanical behavior of polypropylene/polyamide-6 blends modified by a novel compatibilizer was the objective. This was previously obtained by chemical modification of an atactic polypropylene polymerization waste. On the other hand, the accurate predictions of these properties in the experimental space scanned was the objective. As a novelty, this compatibilizer contains grafts rather than just maleated ones. Therefore, it consists precisely of an atactic polymer containing succinic anhydride (SA) bridges and both backbone and terminal grafted succinyl-fluorescein groups (SFSA) attached to the atactic backbone (aPP-SFSA). Therefore, it contains 6.2% of total grafting (2.5% as SA and 3.7% as SF), which is equivalent to 6.2 × 10−4 g·mol−1. This interfacial agent was uniquely designed and obtained by the authors themselves. Essentially, this article focuses on how the beneficial effect of both PA6 and aPP-SFSA varies the elastic (E’) and the viscous (E’’) behavior of the iPP/aPP-SFSA/PA6 blend at the iPP glass transition. Thus, we accurately measured the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) parameters (E’, E’’) at this specific point considering it represents an extremely unfavorable scenario for the interfacial modifier due to mobility restrictions. Hence, this evidences the real interfacial modifications caused by aPP-SFSA to the iPP/PA6 system. Even more, and since each of the necessary components in the blend typically interacts with one another, we employed a Box–Wilson experimental design by its marked resemblance to the “agent-based models”. In this manner, we obtained complex algorithms accurately forecasting the dynamic mechanical behavior of the blends for all the composition range of the iPP/aPP-SFSA/PA6 system at the glass transition of iPP.

Production and characterization of lignin and cellulose fractions obtained from pretreated vine shoots by microwave assisted alkali treatment

This work deals with the optimization of the second stage of a biorefinery scheme to separate simultaneously cellulose and lignin from hydrothermally pre-treated vine shoots. For this, the suitability of the microwave-assisted alkaline delignification was assessed and optimized through a Box-Wilson experimental design. The optimum conditions (150 °C, 6 wt% NaOH, 30 min) allowed maximizing the lignin removal (82 wt%) and minimizing the loss of the cellulose (35 wt%) present in the pre-treated vine shoots. A thorough characterization of the two fractions obtained at optimum conditions was performed: the cellulose rich solid was analyzed by XRD and FTIR and the lignin was subjected to HPSEC, Py/GC–MS, 13C- and 1H NMR. This purposed second stage would allow performing an integral biorefinery with low energy requirements and environmentally friendly conditions. This approach aligns with the circular economy and the zero waste production philosophies, promoting the sustainable development.

Industrial waste origin succinic anhydride‐grafted atactic polypropylene as compatibilizer of full range polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends as revealed by dynamic mechanical analysis at the polypropylene glass transition

This work deals with a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) study on the effect of a novel interfacial agent containing maleated grafts on an industrial waste origin atactic polypropylene. This contains 3% of bridge‐, backbone‐, and terminal‐grafted succinic anhydride groups (aPP‐SA/SA). By considering a polymer blend as a special case of composite where the dispersed phase is mobile, it is assumed that both the amounts of polyamide 6 (PA6) and the interfacial agent (aPP‐SA/SA) cause changes in the glass transition temperature of the polypropylene phase in the blend. In this work, we have used DMA parameters to evidence the real interfacial modifications caused by the presence of aPP‐SA/SA in the isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/PA6 system at the iPP glass transition temperature on the basis that this is an unfavorable scenario for the action of aPP‐SA/SA. Since each component of the blend is interacting with each other, and to include the influence of the dispersed phase, it is possible to use a Box–Wilson experimental design model by resembling the so‐called “agent based models” to obtain algorithms forecasting the dynamic mechanical parameters (storage, E’, and loss moduli, E”) at the glass transition of iPP, in all the composition range of whatever iPP/PA6/aPP‐SA/SA‐modified blend. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2458–2466, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

Application of Box Wilson experimental design method for removal of acid red 95 using ultrafiltration membrane

The applicability of the ultrafiltration process for color removal from dye-containing water has been examined in this study. The optimization of major process variables, such as dye concentration, chitosan concentration and transmembrane pressure on permeate flux and color removal efficiency was investigated. To find the most appropriate results for the experiment, the Box-Wilson experimental design method was employed. The results were correlated by a response function and the coefficients were determined by regression analysis. Permeate flux variation and color removal efficiency determined from the response functions were in good agreement with the experimental results. The optimum conditions of chitosan concentration, dye concentration and pressure were 50 mg/l, 50 mg/l and 3 bars, respectively for the highest permeate flux. On the other hand, optimum conditions for color removal efficiency were determined as 50 mg/l of dye concentration, 50 mg/l of chitosan concentration and 1 bar of pressure.

The effect of a p‐phenylen‐bis‐maleamic acid grafted atactic polypropylene interfacial agent on the dynamic‐mechanical properties of iPP/Mica composites measured at the polymer transitions

This work deals with the study of the evolution (with temperature) of the in‐phase (E′) and the out‐of‐phase (E″) moduli of polypropylene/mica composites with improved interfacial interactions by the presence of an industrial waste based interfacial modifier named as p‐phenylen‐bis‐maleamic (pPBMA) acid grafted atactic polypropylene (aPP–pPBMA). This additive contains 15% w/w grafted pPBMA (5.0·10−4 g mol−1) obtained from polymer industrial wastes in the Polymer Engineering Group (GIP) labs. The purpose of the work is twofold. One, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) has been used to evidence the improvement in properties due to the interfacial modifications by the addition of the novel interfacial modifier (aPP–pPBMA). And two, to obtain a mathematical model to predict the DMA moduli of the composite at α and β transition temperatures. So, a Box–Wilson experimental design considering the amount of mica particles and of interfacial agent as independent variables, and the modulus as the dependent ones at each transition was used. Thus, the final purpose of the work is obtaining forecasts for the DMA parameters as a function of the composite components and of the type of temperature dependent relaxation phenomena taking place. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:746–755, 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Box-willson 실험계획법 기반 고강도 자기충전형 콘크리트의 최적설계방법

Box-Wilson experimental design method, known as central composite design, is the design of any information-gathering exercises where variation is present. This method was devised to gather as much data as possible in spite of the low design cost. This method was employed to model the effect of mixing factors on several performances of 60 MPa high strength self compacting concrete and to numerically calculate the optimal mix proportion. The nonlinear relations between factors and responses of HSSCC were approximated in the form of second order polynomial equation. In order to characterize five performances like compressive strength, passing ability, segregation resistance, manufacturing cost and density depending on five factors like water-binder ratio, cement content, fine aggregate percentage, fly ash content and superplasticizer content, the experiments were made at the total 52 experimental points composed of 32 factorial points, 10 axial points and 10 center points. The study results showed that Box-Wilson experimental design was really effective in designing the experiments and analyzing the relation between factor and response.

Micronutrient evaluation of fortified soymilk from sprouted whole soybean for complementary feeding using response surface methodology

Soymilk from TGX 923-2E soybean variety sprouted for 72hrs after 12 hours tap steeping was fortified with ferric ammonium citrate (Fe), calcium (Ca) and vitamin C (VC) according to BoxWilson (1951) experimental design matrix. A central composite rotatable response surface design(CCRRSD) for K = 3 was employed to examine the linear, quadratic and cross product effects of independent process variable concentrations at 5 levels, Fe (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mg/100ml), Ca (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250mg/100ml) and VC (8, 16, 24, 32 and 40mg/100ml) on the nutrient density of fortified soymilk stored at ambient temperature for 12 weeks. A total of 21 experimental runs were generated and the response surface data for each run were statistically regressed and analyzed for variance using Minitab computer software (version 11.21). Three-dimensional response surface figures were plotted with Matlab software (version R 2007b) to visualize the effects of fortificants variables on the responses. Results obtained showed that all the fortificants were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) linearly related to their respective responses. None of the response micronutrient met the respective RDI per serving except samples with variable combinations 2, 100, 32; 2, 200, 32; 4, 200, 32 and 3, 150, 40mg/100ml for ferric ammonium citrate, calcium carbonate and vitamin C respectively.

Rheological behaviour of fortified soymilk from sprouted soybean for complementary feeding: a response surface analysis

Viscosity of soymilk extracted from 12hrs tap water steeped and 72hrs sprouted TGX 923-2E soybean variety fortified according to Box-Wilson (1951) experimental design matrix using ferric ammonium citrate (fe), calcium carbonate (Ca) and vitamin C (vC) fortificants was optimized. Central composite design (k = 3) was used to develop a prediction model to investigate the influence of these fortificants on the viscosity. Data on each run were statistically regressed with Minitab (version 11.21) computer software. Regression models showed that calcium carbonate (CaCO3) had significant (P ≤ 0.05) increasing effects on viscosity. Fortified soymilk exhibited an apparent non-ideal Newtonian viscosity with alternating pseudoplastic and dilatant flow behaviours. Maximum viscosity was obtained from fortificant combinations 2, 250, 24 for ferric ammonium citrate, calcium carbonate and vitamin C.

Pretreatment of Cheese Whey Effluent Using a Microfiltration Process: A Statistical Design Approach

Pretreatment of cheese whey effluent from the dairy industry using chitosan as a coagulant and a microfiltration process such as a solid/liquid separator was investigated in this study. The optimization of major process variables, such as chitosan concentration, transmembrane pressure, and operation time on permeate flux and COD removal efficiency was investigated. To find the most appropriate result for the experiment, The Box–Wilson experimental design was employed. Response function coefficients were determined by regression analysis of experimental data and predictions were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The optimal concentration of chitosan and transmembrane pressure was 5 mg/L and 2 bar pressure for maximum permeate flux with a 23.0 L/m2.h flux value, respectively. On the